• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2010

Phytoextraction, one type of phytoremediation processes, has been widely used in the removal of heavy metals from polluted soil. This paper reviewed literature on metal uptake by plants and characterized the metal uptake by types of metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and As), plant species, initial metal concentrations in soil and the distribution of metals in different parts of plants. The potential of metal accumulation and transport by plants was closely related to plants species, types of metals, and initial metal concentrations in soil. The plants belonging to Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae, and Convolvulaceae families have shown the high potential capacity of Cd accumulation. The Gentianaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Polygonaceae families have exhibited relatively high Pb uptake potential while the Pteridaceae and Cyperaceae families have shown relatively high Zn uptake potential. The Pteridaceae family could uptake a remarkably high amount of As compared with other plant families. The potential metal accumulation per plant biomass has increased with increasing initial metal concentration in soil up to a certain level and then decreased for Cd and Zn. For As, only Pteris vittata had a linear relationship between initial concentration in soil and potential of metal uptake. However, a meaningful relationship for Pb was not found in this study. Generally, the plants having high metal uptake potential for Cd or Pb mainly accumulated the metal in their roots. However, the Euphorbiaceae family has accumulated more than 80% of Pb in shoot. Zn has evenly accumulated in roots and stems except for the plants belonging to the Polygonaceae and Rosaceae families which accumulated Zn in their leaves. The Pteridaceae family has accumulated a higher amount of As in leaves than roots. The types of metals, plant species, and initial metal concentration in soil influence the metal uptake by plants. It is important to select site-specific plant species for effective removal of metals in soil. Therefore, this study may provide useful and beneficial information on metal accumulation by plants for the in situ phytoremediation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 2011

To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis on N uptake and its assimilation under drought-stressed conditions in white clover, total $^{15}N$ amount and $^{15}N$ amount incorporated into $NO_3^-$, amino acids and soluble proteins were quantified by $^{15}N$ tracing during 7 days of water treatment. Under well-watered conditions, there were no significant effects of AM symbiosis on all parameters analyzed in this study. Drought stress decreased total $^{15}N$ amount both in AM and non-AM plants, with a lower rate in AM plants (-13.8%) relative to non-AM plants (-28.5%) at day 7. Drought significantly increased $^{15}N-NO_3^-$ amount in non-AM plants. The amount of $^{15}N$-amino acids was 1.26-fold and 1.33-fold higher, respectively, in leaves and roots of AM plants compared to those of non-AM ones. Drought decreased the amount of $^{15}N$-soluble proteins in leaves at day 7, with a higher rate in non-AM plants than in AM ones. These results clearly indicate that AM colonization effectively alleviating the decrease in N uptake, amino acids and proteins synthesis caused by drought stress.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 2012

The management and control of mineral nutrients is one of most important techniques to increase the productivity and the quality of Korean ginseng. The mineral nutrients are measured with different plant tissues and different growth stages of 2-year-old ginseng grown under hydroponic culture with two different temperatures. The content of N, P, Ca, and Mg were higher at low temperature in both leaves and roots than those at high temperature. However, the content of K was high in leaves at low temperature compared to that of high temperature, while it was not significantly different in roots. The uptake amounts of N and K was higher throughout the experimental period at low temperature in both leaves and roots than those at high temperature. However, the uptake amount of P was not clearly different between two different temperatures and among six different growth stages. The uptake amount of N, P, K was generally decreased in leaves from June to August, while it was increased in roots. The relationship between dry weight and mineral nutrients in leaves was appeared positive with N, K, Ca, and Mg, but negative P. In roots, N, K, Ca, and Mg were negative, showing that was positive with only P. Comparing the correlation coefficients among mineral nutrients in leaves, N and K were significantly positive correlation each other. P was significantly positive correlation with Na and Zn. In case of roots, N was highly significant positive correlation with K, Mg, and Mn, but P was negatively correlated with Ca, Cu, Na, Fe, and Zn.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2015

Farmers with forage barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping system at reclaimed tidal lands burn crop residues to facilitate seedbed preparation or remove them for feed stock. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of rice straw amendment and N fertilization on soil properties and N uptake of rice under forage barely-rice cropping system at reclaimed tidal paddy field. Rice straw was applied at the rates of 0, 2.5 and $5.0ton\;ha^{-1}$ and N was fertilized at 0, 100, 200 and $400kg\;ha^{-1}$. Although there was no significant difference in the growth and yield of rice, fresh and dry weight of forage barely increased with increasing the amount of rice straw. The amount of N uptake of rice at harvesting stage was $65.8-69.2kg\;ha^{-1}$ by the amount of rice straw amendment, but there were no significant differences among rice straw amendment levels. After harvesting the rice, the soil salinity decreased with rice straw amendment compared to the control. After forage barely and rice cultivation, soil organic matter contents increased to $2.6-2.8g\;kg^{-1}$ and $3.2-3.5g\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of N uptake of rice at harvesting stage increased up to $82kg\;ha^{-1}$ in $400kg\;ha^{-1}$ N applied plots which were $37.8kg\;ha^{-1}$ higher than the control. Nitrogen fertilization decreased N recovery efficiency. The highest yield of rice was observed at $244kg\;ha^{-1}$ N fertilization level, but the optimum N level was estimated at $168kg\;ha^{-1}$ in order to keep the protein content of rice under 6.5%. Further researches on N uptake and application of organic matter according to soil salinity will be necessary to increase N use efficiency at reclaimed tidal paddy field.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two amino acid fertilizers on the growth of creeping bentgrass and N uptake. Fertilizer treatments were designed as follows; non-fertilizer (NF), control (CF), recommended amount (ALF), double amount (2ALF) of amino acid liquid fertilizer (AaLF), recommended amount (ASLF) and double amount (2ASLF) of amino acid liquid fertilizer contained with saponin (AaSLF). Turf quality of treatments of AaLF and AaSLF such as turf color index, chlorophyll index and root length was similar to the treatment of CF. Dry weight and content, uptake and availability of N were investigated highest in the 2ALF and 2ASLF. These results suggested that foliar application of AaLF and AaSLF was enhanced turf quality and growth of creeping bentgrass by stimulating uptake and availability of N.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2009

Using the "Statistical Yearbooks of Korean forestry", we assessed the uptake of nitrogen and base cations by Korean forest. Combined amount of base cations uptake by forest tress during its growth and that of at the time of harvest reached to 1,034 eq/ha/yr. The base cations uptake in the range of 900 ~ 1,100 eq/ha/yr occupied approximately 48.6% out of total. Coniferous forest in the range of 170 ~ 200 eq/ha/yr was 59.9%, deciduous forest in the range of 430 ~ 530 eq/ha/yr was 42.6%, and mixed forest in the range of 270 ~ 370 eq/ha/yr was 35.7% out of total. Deciduous forest recorded higher uptake rate of nitrogen and base cation than coniferous forest in Korea. Combined amounts of nitrogen uptake by forest tress during growth and that at the time of forest, was 1,108 eq/ha/yr and nitrogen uptake was in the range of 1,000 ~ 1,200 eq/ha/yr, Within Korea, forest with nitrogen uptake in the range of 1,000 ~ 1,200 eq/ha/yr account for 45.7% of the entire country. Locations in the range of 320 ~ 390 eq/ha/yr occupied 43.9% of all coniferous forest while deciduous forest in the range of 470 ~ 570 eq/ha/yr was 40.4% of total deciduous forest. As for mixed forest in the range of 270 ~ 370 eq/ha/yr, it occupied 35.9% of all mixed forest of Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.323-326
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• 2002

Oxygen uptake characteristics of soil microcosm added by hydrocarbon degrading bacteria screened from polluted site in Korea was studied. The degradation of TPH was enhanced by additon of nononionic surfactants. The amount of oxygen consumed was decreased at higher concentration. The degradation rate of hydrocarbon was decreased by increasing the hydrcarbon concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.162-165
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• 2003

Uptake efficiencies of PCB 153 in fathead minnow through food chain of sediment-midge-fish were evaluated. Contaminated fish food, the midge Chironomus plumosus was prepared by exposing to sediments with PCB 153. We could harvest the midges with body PCB 153 levels of ∼ 1.0 mg/g and ∼ 10.0 mg/g, respectively, in 2 wk of exposure. PCB 153 level in fish fed with midge of 10.0 mg/g PCB 153 (high-dose group) reached its highest at 11.2 mg/g after 30 d of exposure. However, PCB level in fish fed with midge of 1.0 mg/g PCB 153 (low-dose group) kept increasing following first order rate kinetics until the end of exposure (38 d). When the fish food was changed to the uncontaminated ones, the fish body PCB levels were stabilized in ∼ 3 wk. The uptake efficiency in high-dose fish group was 37%, whereas low-dose group was 55%. Uptake efficiencies in fathead minnows were notably lower than that of pike (∼ 70%). This finding suggests that the uptake efficiency of this PCB congener may depend on the amount of the PCB in diet.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1271-1277
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the ratios of phosphorus release to COD uptake, phosphorus release to nitrate removal, and phosphorus uptake to phosphorus release by DNPAOs(denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms). In case $I{\sim}IV$, influent 1 were fed with synthetic wastewater with influent 2 $NO_3^--N$ injection to anoxic zone and the case V were fed with municipal wastewater with side stream oxic zone instead of influent 2 $NO_3^--N$ injection. As a result, the ratio of phosphorus release to carbon uptake was increased in accordance with nitrate supply. The DNPAOs simultaneously took up phosphate and removed nitrate from the anoxic reactor. In case $I{\sim}IV$, with above 20 mg/L of sufficient $NO_3^--N$ supply, phosphate was taken up excessively by the DNPAOs in anoxic condition. The large amount of both uptake and release of phosphorus occurred above 20 mg/L of nitrate supply, achieving the ratio of phosphorus uptake to phosphorus release to be 1.05. In case V, phosphate luxury uptake was not occurred in system due to 6.98 mg/L of insufficient $NO_3^--N$ supply and the ratio of phosphorus uptake to phosphorus release was 0.98. Consequently, if nitrate as the electron acceptor was sufficient in anoxic zone, the ratio was found to be high.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.219-227
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• 2021

Background and objective: Urban street trees play an important role in carbon reduction in cities where greenspace is scarce. There are ongoing studies on carbon reduction by street trees. However, information on the carbon reduction capacity of street trees based on field surveys is still limited. This study aimed to quantify carbon uptake and storage by urban street trees and suggest a method to improve planting of trees in order to increase their carbon reduction capacity. Methods: The cities selected were Sejong, Chungju, and Jeonju among cities without research on carbon reduction, considering the regional distribution in Korea. In the cities, 155 sample sites were selected using systematic sampling to conduct a field survey on street environments and planting structures. The surveyed data included tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at root collar (DRC), height, crown width, and vertical structures. The carbon uptake and storage per tree were calculated using the quantification models developed for the urban trees of each species. Results: The average carbon uptake and storage of street trees were approximately 7.2 ± 0.6 kg/tree/yr and 87.1 ± 10.2 kg/tree, respectively. The key factors determining carbon uptake and storage were tree size, vertical structure, the composition of tree species, and growth conditions. The annual total carbon uptake and storage were approximately 1,135.8 tons and 22,737.8 tons, respectively. The total carbon uptake was about the same amount as carbon emitted by 2,272 vehicles a year. Conclusion: This study has significance in providing the basic unit to quantify carbon uptake and storage of street trees based on field surveys. To improve the carbon reduction capacity of street trees, it is necessary to consider planning strategies such as securing and extending available grounds and spaces for high-density street trees with a multi-layered structure.