• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.253-271
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of EMG activity of the Orbicularis oris and Mentalis muscle between normal occlusion and class III malocclusion group during various lip position and to find out whether any correlations exist between the muscular activity and craniofacial morphology. In this study, 50 subjects with a mean age of 22.9 Years (range 20.0-26.0) were investigated (25 subjects were normal occlusion, and 25 subjects were class III malocclusion). EMG data were recorded from the Orbicularis oris and Mentalis muscle during rest lip posture, lip position at maximum biting, lip position at maximum sealing effort, lip position at chewing, swallowing and phonation with the Medelec MS-25 electromyographic machine. Lateral cephalometric radiographs was taken with the mandible in intercuspal position on all subjects. All data were recorded and statistically processed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows: 1. In normal occlusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during the lip position at chewing was lower than that of lower lip and mentalis muscle. But the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle during the other lip position was not statistically different. 2. In Class III malocclusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during the lip position at chewing, swallowing and phonation was lower than that of lower lip and mentalis muscle. But the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle during the other lip position was not statistically different. 3. Compare to normal occlusion, the Class III malocclusion was showed low maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during rest lip posture and the lip position at swallowing of saliva, and showed great maximal mean amplitude of lower lip and meantalis muscle during the lip position at chewing and phonation. 4. In normal occlusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during various lip position was not correlated with the length and thickness of upper lip, but the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip during the lip position at chewing and swallowing was positively correlated with the thickness of lower lip. 5. In Class III malocclusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during rest lip posture was negatively correlated with the thickness of upper lip, and the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip and mentalis muscle during the lip position at chewing and swallowing was positively correlated with the thickness of lower lip and mentalis muscle. But the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle during the other lip position was not correlated with the cephalometric measurements of soft tissue. 6. The correlation between the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle and cephalometric measurements of incisors was not nearly present. 7. In normal occlusion, the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip and mentalis muscle during the lip position at maximum biting was negatively correlated with the angle between palatal plane and mandibular plane. In Class III malocclusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip, lower lip and mentalis muscle during function was negatively correlated with the length of maxilla, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip and lower lip during function was negatively correlated with the SNA and SNPo, and the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip during the lip position at chewing was negatively correlated with the ANB.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2010

This study sought to compare the amounts of posterior anchorage loss during the en masse retraction of the upper anterior teeth between orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) and conventional anchorage reinforcement (CAR) such as headgear and/or transpalatal arch. The subjects were 52 adult female patients treated with sliding mechanics (MBT brackets, .022" slot, .019X.025" stainless steel wire, 3M-Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). They were allocated into Group 1 (N=24, Class I malocclusion (CI), upper and lower first premolar (UP1LP1) extraction, and CAR), Group 2 (N=15, Cl, UP1LP1 extraction and OMI), and Group 3 (N=13, Class II division 1 malocclusion, upper first and lower second premolar extraction, and OMI). Lateral cephalograms were taken before (T0) and after treatment (T1). A total of 11 anchorage variables were measured. Analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. There was no significant difference in treatment duration and anchorage variables at T0 among the three groups. Groups 2 and 3 showed significantly larger retraction of the upper incisor edge (U1E-sag, 9.3mm:7.3mm, P<.05) and less posterior anchorage loss (U6M-sag, 0.7~0.9mm:2mm, P<.05; U6A-sag, 0.5mm:2mm, P<.01) than Group 1. The ratio of retraction amount of the upper incisor edge per 1 of anchorage loss in the upper molar made for the significant difference between Groups 1 and 2 (4.6mm:7.0mm, P<.05). Group 3 showed a relatively distal inclination of the upper molar (P<.05) and the intrusion of the upper incisor and first molar (U1E-ver, P<.05; U6F-ver, P<.05) compared to Groups 1 and 2. Although OMI could not shorten the treatment duration, it could provide better maximum posterior anchorage than CAR.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-62
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• 1983

To recognize the problems in malocclusion by roentgenocephalograms, the author designed a new pentagonal frame based on maxillary and mandibular bones. The subjects consisted of 44 normal occlusions (20 male and 24 female), 44 Class II division 1 malocclusions (15 male and 29 female) and 67 Class III malocclusions (31 male and 36 female). The results are as follows; 1. In normal group, the maxillary and mandibular skeletons of female we placed more closely to FH plane, so more anteriorly and upward than those of male. 2. In normal group, the posterior vertical height is longer in male than in female and the upper anterior teeth of female are in more labioversion than those of male. 3. By the X, Y coordinate values in pentagonal frame, it is helpful to recognize certain problems in malocclusions. 4. The posterior vertical height is a good indicator in detecting Angle's Class III malocclusion. 5. The maxillary and mandibular body length, the anterior point of maxillary and mandibular body length and the axial inclination of upper and lower anterior teeth can be useful in discerning Angle's Class II & Class III malocclusion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.22
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• pp.297-312
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• 1994

Today though the word ginyoe(gisaeng) was remained as a historic relic but they were firmly existed about 40 years ago and ginyoe's number was about three million in Chosun it's almost near 0.5% of the total population of Chosun. To think that point the ginyoe's so-ciety was considered a special one in the his-tory of Korean woman. The ginyoe as a special social class were specialize in technical art such as dancing and prostitute. Although they were low class they were luxurious slaves whoses clothing was almost equal to that of royal family. They were the leaders of fashion in woman clothing that's because their role was entertainer, This study can be summarized as follows. First ginyoe and public woman's clothing codes were nearly same in koryo but tatally separated in chosun. I could find that was came from those day's moral sprit. Second ginyoe's clothing was not only have luxuriance like royal family but also have unique clothing codes for them. Though they are low class ginyoe could use upper class's clothing codes. But upper class women could'nt use ginyoe's clothing codes are vary various and have their own clothing codes. Third I analyzed ginyoe's clothing codes and then derived 6 ginyoe's clothing messages. They were symbol of wealth symbol of power symbol of occupational function symbol of sexual attraction symbol of social position symbol of freedom.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing the upper airway dimensions in skeletal Class II children and adolescents. In total, 67 patients were selected. Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were three-dimensionally assessed. Craniofacial morphology and skeletal maturity were assessed on generated two-dimensional cephalograms. The measurements were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Upper airway dimensions were significantly smaller in pre-peak stage group, and positively associated with age. Anterior facial height and age were the most relevant factors for airway volume. Mandibular width and age were the most relevant factors for minimal cross-sectional area. Upper airway dimensions were significantly associated with age, skeletal maturity and craniofacial morphology in all three planes.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.11 no.1 s.29
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• pp.65-84
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• 2002

This study has main purpose to understand and interpret the house Nok-U-dang, an upper class built in Chosun dynasty, not by outsider researcher's view but insider dweller's view. To interpret correctly, dweller's everyday life in the space and form is examined on a microscale beyond the physical space and form of the house, main object of architectural history To understand the present form exactly, the study restore traditional life in past era, 1940s. Main method of restoration is the ethnographic interview, based on cultural anthropology. Like any other upper-class house, the house has been influenced under ruling Confucian ideology in Chosun dynasty: separation of man's and woman's quarters and hierachical arrangement by generation, and worshipping ceremony for ancestor. However, it is by practical management for agricultural production that every court and building of the Noku-Dang can be explained correctly; preparing seed for sowing, tool storing, preparing and serving meal for laborers, making manure, harvesting, threshing grain, storing grain and so on. Precedent studies interpreted the house by the Confucian principle too much and made conclusion of dignity and austerity of ritual: woman's quarter, is closed and serene space. However this study shows that the space is semi-opened and composite space by agricultural works. And the Sarangchae, master's quarter, is located properly at visual center to control every agricultural activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.675-684
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• 2003

The purposes of this study was to identify the dimensions of salesperson's effort and to examine the effect of salesperson's effort on relationship quality and customer intent to relationship continuity of middle upper class older female customers. The subjects used for the study were 202 middle upper class older female customers over 55 years living in Seoul. Factor analysis, paired t-test, multiple regression analysis and path analysis were used for statistics analysis. The results of this study were as follows. First, 5 factors were identified for the dimensions of salesperson's effort in older female customer's perception: attentiveness/product competence/effective access/friendliness/ special treatment. The salesperson's effort perceived most importantly was friendliness. Second, the salesperson's effort perceived by customer had direct and indirect effects on customer intent to relationship continuity; indirect effect mediated by relationship quality was larger than the direct one. Relationship quality was proved to have a crucial role in customer intent to relationship continuity. The influences of dimensions of salesperson's effort were also investigated. The effective access affected considerably on customer intent to relationship continuity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.65-70
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• 2005

The human scale of the interior space of a korean traditional residence is normally user-friendly. And this aspect is reinterpreted and implemented in the modern structure. While our conscious awareness has become greatly westernized through the east-west exchanges, the interior of the traditional Korean residence has always reflected the people and their daily lives of the time. In this study, an attempt has been made to identify the aesthetic characteristics of the inner space elements through the analysis of visual perception inside a Korean traditional upper class residence, kangreung Sunkyojang, designated as the 5th Cultural Information Material with regards to the inherent philosophy and human scale that influenced the emotions of the Korean people. The different parts of the interior space of Anchae, and the Symmetrical of Formal, Balance of the walls give a sense of calmness, and the ornaments are used to give gaiety. The ceiling of Yeolwhadang hall give an energetic feeling and pillare are used to enhance spaciousness. In Whalejeong, by making use of similar and continuous lines, the light and darkness was controlled and the link with nature has been emphasized. Different decorations used reflect scholarly spirit.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.139-146
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• 1999

It is known that a right nilpotent congruence $\beta$ on a finite algebra A is also left nilpotent [3]. The question on whether the left nilpotency class of $\beta$ in less than or equal to the right nilpotency class of $\beta$is still open. In this paper we find an upper limit for the left nilpotency class of $\beta$. In addition, under the assumption that 1 $\in$ typ{A}, we show that $(\beta]^k=[\beta)^k$ for all k$\geq$1. Thus the left and right nilpotency classes of $\beta$ are the same in this case.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.281-304
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• 2018

This paper aims at analysing what impacts the experience of self-employed business have had on the income mobility. Since 2000s, the flexibilization of labor market and the population aging led to the increase of the number of self-employed job as many retirees at the age of early 50s has set up the self-employed business as a bridge job. However, previous researches just have emphasized on the impoverishment of the self-employed, but not focused on what different effects the experience of self-employed had on the income class mobility by age group. This paper compares the difference in the income class mobility by age group and employment status, and analyses its longitudinal trends. According to the result, as a whole the experience of self-employed has positive effect on the upper mobility of income class, but it become disadvantageous for the upper mobility as the age goes up. When belonging to the age group over 60s, the experience of self-employed rather increases the risk of lowering income class. Just as the experience of self-employed has different effects on income class mobility by age group, so the differentiated measures for age groups are demanded.