• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.181-185
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• 1999

Higenamine is a cardiotonic constituent of Aconite root, one of the most important oriental traditional medicine. Since Aconite root contains toxic aconitine alkaloids, variously processed roots have been often used. Much works have been done with the chemical significances concerning with the toxic aconitine alkaloids during the processing periods. However, effects of processing on higenamine have not yet been previously studied. In this paper, the extract pattern and the amounts of higenamine extracted with water from unprocessed and processed Aconite roots were compared. R-(+)-isomer was the only higenamine enantiomer detected although racemic higenamine was reported to be separated from Aconitum spp. Sonication for 1 hour resulted in higher higenamine extraction $(12.3\;{\mu}g/g)$ than boiling water extraction for 3 hours $(6.7\;{\mu}g/g)$ of unprocessed Aconite root. Extraction of not only higenamine but also most of the other components of unprocessed Aconite roots were reduced with boiling in water. Similarly, reduced extraction was observed with extracts of all three processed Aconite roots (Kyung-Po-Aconite root, Dang-Po-Aconite root and Huk-Peon-Aconite root) by either sonicated extraction or boiling water extraction.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.152-157
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• 2006

Enterobacter sakazakii, designated as an unique microbial species in 1980, may cause bacteremia, necrotizing enterocolitis and infant meningitis. The distribution and the thermostability of E. sakazakii in unprocessed ready-to-eat (RTE) agricultural products of 252 and in 25 powdered infant formulas (PIF) were analyzed. Eighty one, 50, 43, and 47% of brown rice, pumpkin, potato, and carrot samples, respectively, had aerobic plate counts (ARC) in the range of 5 log CFU/g or more. Almost all the other products sampled had APC of approximately 2 log CFU/g. Fifty three, 75, 67, and 68% of banana, pumpkin, soybean, and carrot had Enterobacteriaceae counts approximating 3 log CFU/g. Sixty six percent of the brown rice tested had Enterobacteriaceae counts approximating 5-6 log CFU/g. E. sakazakii was isolated from 3/25(12%), 4/23(17%), 1/24(4%), and 1/27(4%) of PIF, brown rice, laver, and tomato samples, respectively. D-values were 3.52-4.79 min at 60 and $D_{60}-values$ were similar as the isolates reported. Thermal inactivation of four thermovariant E. sakazakii strains during the rehydration of PIF with hot water were investigated. At $50^{\circ}C$, the levels of E. sakazakii decreased one log CFU/g for 4-6 min and thereafter the levels remained stable for 20 min. At $60^{\circ}C$, inactivation by about 2 log CFU/g occurred for 20 min. Therefore, the unprocessed agricultural products might be a source of contamination for PIF when used as an ingredient after drying and pulverization. Rehydration of PIF for infant feeding with a water temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ rather than $50^{\circ}C$, as recommended by the manufacturers, may be helpful in the reduction of potential E. sakazakii risk.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.123-126
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• 2003

Advanced glycation end products(AGEs) are largly involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. It is obvious that inhibition of AGEs formation is important in preventing the occurrence and progression of diabetic complications. Therefore, to seek possible AGEs inhibitors in herbal medicines, unprocessed - und processed Puerariae Radix were tested. The inhibitory effect on AGEs formation was slightly increased through processing. Unprocessed-, processed Puerariae Radix and puerarin showed potential inhibitory action than that of positive control, amino guanidine HCI.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.4 s.131
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• pp.308-311
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• 2002

Advanced glycation end products(AGEs) are largly involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. It is obvious that inhibition of AGEs formation is important in preventing the occurrence and progression of diabetic nephropathy. In diabetes, this reaction is greatly accerated and is important in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, especially diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, to seek possible AGEs inhibitors in herbal medicines, unprocessed - and processed Magnolia Bark were examined in vitro as basic data for aniaml experiment. The content of magnolol in unprocessed Magnolia Bark was $0.796{\pm}0.072%$, and after processing was decreased to $0.586{\pm}0.101%(p<0.01)$. The content of AGEs was measured by their intrinsic fluorescence. The $IC_{50}({\mu}g/ml)$ values of aminoguanidine, unprocessed- and procesled Magnolia Bark are $38.845{\pm}8.36{\mu}g/ml$, $54.264{\pm}3.153{\mu}g/ml$ and $27.882{\pm}1.836{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. This result means that prcessed Magnolia Bark was more effective than aminoguanidine, as positive control.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of partial substitution of an extruded or extruded-pelleted corn product for unprocessed corn of the starter diet on growth performance and incidence of diarrhea in weanling pigs. Seventy-two 21-day-old weanling pigs were allotted to 24 pens and provided ad libitum with one of the four experimental diets for 3 wk in two serial feeding trials during summer beginning from late June. The treatments were a milk product-soy-corn-based control diet containing 25% unprocessed corn and the other three diets only substituted with 12.5% extruded corn Suprex$^{(R)}$, Optigrain$^{(R)}$, an extruded mixture of wheat, rye and durum, or extruded-pelleted corn for an equal percentage of unprocessed corn of the control diet. All diets were supplemented with 100 ppm sulfathiazone, 50 ppm penicillin, and 100 ppm chlortetracycline for preventive medication. The initial and final weights as well as gain : feed were less in the second trial than in the first one (P<0.05). However, effects of the dietary treatments were not detected in any of the performance variables including final weight, ADG, ADFI, and gain : feed, nor were there any interactions between the trial and dietary treatment. In addition, almost all pigs exhibited normal firm feces in both trials and therefore there was no main effect in the fecal consistency score. Results suggest that partial substitution of the thermally processed corn for unprocessed corn of the milk product-corn-soy-based and medicated starter diet has no effect on growth performance or incidence of diarrhea in weanling pigs.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.196-206
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• 1996

In order to characterize the chemical change, of the constituents and pharmacological transformation of Glycyrrhizae Radix(GR) which may occur during its processing, processed GR has been investigated in comparison with unprocessed GR. It was found that glycyrrhizin(GL) and other several constituents contained in GR were remarkably changed by processing, and the decrease of contents of GL was identified by making use of thin layer chromatography-chromatoscanner. And also, it was found that glycyrrhetic acid (GA) was identified from processed GR. We recognized that commonly processed GR showed less hemolytic effect than unprocessed GR and processed GR at $190{\circ}c$. It was also found that commonly processed GR showed more effective analgesic effect and prolonged the duration of hypnosis induced by pentobarbital-Na in mice as compared with corresponding unprocessed GR and processed GR at $190{\circ}c$. And then, commonly processed GR significantly suppressed the increases of s-GOT, s-GPT and s-LDH activities in injured mice induced by $CCl_4$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.594-598
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and frequency of food-borne pathogens in unprocessed Products such as grains, tubers, vegetables, and seaweeds. Three hundred and twenty seven samples were purchased from the retail market and the supermarket in the Kyonggi-do and Seoul areas, and washed with running tap water for 4 minutes. The total aerobic bacteria count was approximately 2 to 6 log CFU/g and the highest counts were 6 log CFU/g far lettuce and sesame leaf. The coliform count showed 1-5 log CFU/g and the highest counts were 4 log CFU/g for lettuce and carrot. Escherichia coli was detected in seven samples of white rice, sweet potato, lettuce, sesame leaf, and cabbage. Clostridium perfringens was detected in six samples of brown seaweed, laver, lettuce, and sweet potato. However, Bacillus cereus contamination was found in more than 30% of brown rice, carrot, sweet potato, lettuce and sesame leaf samples, and some of these showed contamination of more than 2.0 log CFU/g. Therefore, these results suggest that pretreatment with sanitizer to remove Bacillus cereus in such products is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.6_2
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• pp.1117-1132
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• 2019

Forest covers 30% of the Earth's land area and plays an important role in global carbon flux through its ability to store much greater amounts of carbon than other terrestrial ecosystems. The Gross Primary Production (GPP) represents the productivity of forest ecosystems according to climate change and its effect on the phenology, health, and carbon cycle. In this study, we estimated the daily GPP for a forest ecosystem using remote-sensed data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and machine learning algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM). MODIS products were employed to train the SVM model from 75% to 80% data of the total study period and validated using eddy covariance measurement (EC) data at the six flux tower sites. We also compare the GPP derived from EC and MODIS (MYD17). The MODIS products made use of two data sets: one for Processed MODIS that included calculated by combined products (e.g., Vapor Pressure Deficit), another one for Unprocessed MODIS that used MODIS products without any combined calculation. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation coefficient (R), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the outcomes of the model. In general, the SVM model trained by the Unprocessed MODIS (R = 0.77 - 0.94, p < 0.001) derived from the multi-sites outperformed those trained at a single-site (R = 0.75 - 0.95, p < 0.001). These results show better performance trained by the data including various events and suggest the possibility of using remote-sensed data without complex processes to estimate GPP such as non-stationary ecological processes.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.319-330
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• 2023

Some preservatives are naturally contained in raw food materials, while in some cases may have been introduced in food by careless handling or fermentation. However, it is difficult to distinguish between intentionally added preservatives and the preservatives naturally produced in food. The objective of this study was to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of propionic acid, sorbic acid, and benzoic acid for inhibiting food spoilage microorganisms in animal products, which can be useful in determining if the preservatives are natural or not. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the MIC of preservatives for 57 microorganisms. Five bacteria that were the most sensitive to propionic acid, benzoic acid, and sorbic acid were inoculated in unprocessed and processed animal products. A hundred microliters of the preservatives were then spiked in samples. After storage, the cells were counted to determine the MIC of the preservatives. The MIC of the preservatives in animal products ranged from 100 to 1,500 ppm for propionic acid, from 100 to >1,500 ppm for benzoic acid, and from 100 to >1,200 ppm for sorbic acid. Thus, if the concentrations of preservatives are below the MIC, the preservatives may not be added intentionally. Therefore, the MIC result will be useful in determining if preservatives are added intentionally in food.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.810-814
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• 2002

According to the image level definition for KOMPSAT-2 in KOMPSAT-2 Ground Station Specification, the level 0 is frame formatted, unprocessed data at full resolution; any and all communications artifacts (e.g., synchronization frames, communications headers) removed. The level 0 is used for two purposes: 1) exchange of imagery between image receiving & processing element (IRPE), and 2) image transfer from the Receiving & Archiving Subsystem to Search & Processing Subsystem. On-board processing of imagery data of KOMPSAT-2 includes JPEG-like compression and encryption besides conventional CCSDS packetization. The encryption is used to secure imagery data from any intervention during downlink and compression allows real-time downlink of image data reducing data rate produced from the camera. While developing ground receiving system for KOMPSAT-2, it was necessarily to define level 0 products. In this paper, we will suggest level 0 product definition for KOMPSAT-2 and explain reasons of the decisions made. The key factor used while defining the level 0 products is the efficiency of whole ground receiving system. The latter half of the paper will explain the implementation of software that generates level 0 products. The necessary steps to produce level 0 products will be explained, and the performance achieved will be presented.