• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.5-37
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• 1982

Plywood used for construction as a decorative inner material is inflammable to bring large fire accidents and burn out human life and their properties. To diminish the fire disaster, fire retardant plywood has been required indeed. In the methods of manufacturing the fire retardant plywood the soaking method is occasionally used. However after soaking plywood into fire retardant chemical solutions, redrying of soaked plywood is the most important. In this study, 3.5mm thin and 5.0mm thick plywoods were selected for fire retardant treatment. Treating solutions were prepared for 20% dilute solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, borax-boric acid and minalith, and water solution. 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9 hour-soaking treatments were applied and after treatments hot plate drying was applied to those treated plywoods at $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$, of press temperature. Drying rates, drying curves, water absorption rates of fire retardant chemicals, weight per volume and fire retardant degree of plywood were investigated. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The plywoods treated with ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate showed increase of chemical absorption rate with proportion to increase of treating time, but not in case of the plywood treated with borax-boric acid and minalith. 2. In the treatment of definite time, the absorption rate per unit of volume of plywood showed higher in thin plywood (thickness of 3.5mm) than in thick plywood (thickness of 5.0mm). In both thin and thick plywoods, the highest absorption rate was observed in 9 hour-treatment of ammonium sulfate. The value was 1.353kg/$(30cm)^3$ in thin plywood and 1.356kg/$(30cm)^3$ in thick plywood. 3. The volume per weight of plywood after chemical treatment increased remarkably and. after hot plate drying, the values were to a little extent higher than before chemical treatment. 4. The swelling rates of thickness in chemical-treated plywoods increased similarly with that of water-treated plywood in 1- and 3 hour-treatment of both thin and thick plywoods. But in 6- and 9 hour-treatment, the greater increased value showed in water-treated ply wood than any other chemical, especially in thick plywood. 5. The shrinkage rates after hot plate drying showed the same tendency as the swelling rate, and the rate showed the increasing tendency with proportion to increase of treating time in thick plywood of both chemical and water treatments. 6. Among drying curves, the curves of water-treated plywood placed more highly than chemical-treated plywood without-relation to thickness in 6- and 9 hour-treatment except in 1- and 3 hour-treatment. 7. The drying rate related to thickness of treated plywood, was twice above in thin plywood compared with thick plywood. 8. The drying rate remarkably increased with proportion to increase of the plate temperature and, the values were respectively 1.226%/min., 6.540%/min., 25.752%/min. in hot plate temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in thin plywood and 0.550%/min., 2.490%/min, 8.187%/min, in hot plate temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in thick plywood. 9. In the treatment at $120^{\circ}C$ of hot plate temperature, the drying rates of chemical-treated plywood showed the highest value in monoammonium phosphate of thin plywood and in diammonium phosphate of thick plywood. But the drying rate of water-treated plywood was highest in 6- and 9 hour-treatment. 10. The fire retardant degree of chemical-treated plywood was higher than that of the untreated plywood as shown in loss of weight, burning time, flame-exhausted time and carbonized area. 11. The fire-retardant effect among fire retardant chemicals were the greatest in diammonium phosphate, the next were in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the weakest were in borax-boric and minalith.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-105
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• 2007

Objectives : Select and analyze the case record of dyspnea and wheezing asthma recorded in Xu Ming Yi Lei An that is the most abundant and wide in contents in existing case records that are systematic, comprehending relatively modern Traditional Chinese Medicine to secure more deep and objective basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine approach for dyspnea and wheezing asthma to analyze and review possibility for clinical application in this study. Methods: The study was conducted with the case records of dyspnea and wheezing asthma in whole Xu Ming Yi Lei An. Pattern identify and classify selected case records and again classified with deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome. Also analyzed prescriptions and herbs used in the case records. Nature of herbs and properties and flavors that were used in the case records were classified and frequency of each nature of herbs were analyzed. Applicable case records were interpreted and suggested prescriptions, pulse feelings, pattern classification were analyzed and described. Results : Among the 5254 case records stated on the complete collection, it is researched that there are 63 case records for the symptom complex of dyspnea as 1.2% of the whole case records, and the case records on the symptom complex of wheezing asthma are 14 as the 0.27% of the total examples. 63 case record examples related with symptom complex of dyspnea were pattern identified and classified. As a result, deficiency syndrome of the Kidney(33 %), deficiency syndrome of the Spleen(26.0%), Wind-Cold(12.3%), phlegm turbidity(12.3%), Heat in the Lung(8.2%), asthenia of the Lung(8.2%) were investigated as above order. 14 case record examples related with wheezing asthma were pattern identified and classified. As a result, phlegm-Heat(26.3%), upper excess and lower deficiency(26.3%), external affections Wind-Cold(15.8%), Dampness-phlegm(10.5%), Lung asthenia(10.5%), Cold phlegm(5.3%), mutual deficiency and detriment of Heart and Kidneys(5.3%) were investigated as above order. Symptom complex of dyspnea has 67.1% of deficiency syndrome, 32.9% of excess syndrome resulting more deficiency syndrome than excess syndrome. Symptom complex of wheezing asthma has 42.1 % of deficiency syndrome and 57.9% of excess syndrome resulting more excess syndrome than deficiency syndrome. In case of symptom complex of dyspnea prescription used in the case record, the order of frequency is as following. Palmijihwang-tang, Bojung-ikgitang, Yungmijihwang-tang, Ijintang, Sojaganggitang, Igongsan. In case of symptom complex of wheezing asthma prescription in the case record, Yungmijihwang-tang, Ohotang, Dodamtang were mostly used. Herbs used in case records of symptom complex of dyspnea are Ginseng Radix, Poria, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Aconiti Iateralis Preparata Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparat, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens are mostly used. Nature of herb properties used for symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma are herbs that are warm properties. When the symptom complex of dyspnea and the symptom complex of wheezing asthma were treated. if the patient felt tenderness at Pyesu, doctors conducted pricking blood around the opposite Pyesu or Sipseon acupoint. when the patient didn't have tenderness at Pyesu by soft press, pricking blood was performed both sidees, right and left Pyesu. In case of the treatment of symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma, when they got treatment, when the symptom complex of disease is severe, a doctor cauterized the opposite Pyesu while the other Pyesu felt tenderness, and decided how the above treatment is performed whether the degree of the symptom compolex of disease is severe or not. In case of the treatment of symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma, if the person felt tenderness at Pyesu and is caught by the Wind-Cold pathogen, slight acupuncture is treated at relevant Pyesu with Fire needling. When patient with symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma cannot hawk sputum up from the oral and laryngopharynx, suction method is treated. Conclusion : With this study, actual traditional and clinical pattern identification form and characteristics of symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma were recognized. Modern case report utilizing in clinical application need to be secured and an incurable disease asthma need to be diagnosed and improvement for treatments have to be searched through other case records.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.646-669
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• 2004

By treating skin diseases with Hyungsang medicine and reviewing the clinical cases of them through classifying skin diseases into general care and into Hyungsang medical care, the writer came to the conclusion as followings. The skin is a house of Kyungnak, and it' s a place which Ki comes in and out, which human body controls conditions of his physiological function and which doctors can make a diagnosis from seeing it. The skin is subject to lung and large intestine in the point of organ, but in the point of movement, to spleen and stomach. Skin diseases come from unbalance of Ki and Hyul, mostly from fever in blood and also from Dam, Wind, Dampness and Dryness because of including fire. Generally skin diseases are treated according to classifying into distinctive symptoms, region, cause or time being occurred, and concomitant symptoms. After being divided into man and woman, age and youth, fatness and leanness, Jung Ki Shin Hyul type, visceral figures, Yukkyung shapes on Hyungsang medicine method, the remedy of skin diseases which is combined common meditation with Hyungsang medical method is efficacious. In distinguishing into man and woman, age and youth, man gets sick mainly by drinking liquor and exhausting Jung, woman is taken ill generally by indigestion and Damwha, especially by drinking liquor. Young child gets ill mostly from inherent weakness, but in many cases he is occurred by disturbed digestion, so he must be taken care of ingesting food. The aged becomes ill from weakening, so he must be treated according to reasons of diseases. To fatness and leanness, skin diseases are showed symptoms by weakened Yang, insufficient Yin or excess fever on the theory of upper and lower parts, by unbalance of Ki and Hyul on the theory of left and right, by Dryness and Dampness on the theory of front and rear and by insufficiency of vitality and combined fever on the theory of inside and outside. Therefore doctors must cure the symptoms according to the theory of upper and lower, left and right, front and rear and inside and outside. In type of Jung Ki Shin Hyul, the balances between Jung-Hyul and Shin-Ki are important points. Concretely Jung type comes to easily shortage of Jung or gathering abnormally Dampness and Dam, Ki type is easy to make a mass with Ki or to be deficient of Ki, Shin type comes to press seven emotions togather or to be insufficient of Yin and fever inside, and Hyul type is inclined to be deficient of Hyul and to become feverish or to be deficient of Ki. Therefore on the ground of the above reasons skin diseases come into existence. Inclusively in Jung-Hyul type , Ki must be moved on the base of full Jung-Hyul, so Wukmijiwhangtang or Samultang is prescribed basically. In Shin-Ki type , Jung-Hyul is saved on the base of moving Ki, so Hyangsosan or Yijintang is the proper prescription. Considering the visceral figures, doctors judge for diagnosis and remedy by putting together the elements, that is, great and small sizes of a set of features (eye, ear, mouth, nose), color and temper. The yukkyung types are classified according to many or few of Ki-Hyul, and then skin diseases appear by being inclined toward one side between Ki and hyul, or among the six atmospheric elements(wind, cold, heat, dampness, dryness, and fire). Especially because Yangmyung type is full of much Ki and Hyul, and also has much fever in stomach, he gets skin symptoms frequently. So his prescription is based on taking off fever in stomach, and also he must be careful about regimen certainly.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.389-399
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• 1996

Remineralization of acid-etched enamel across the time has been one of the curiosities in the context of the orthodontic biomechanics(Arends J. et al., IRL Press, 1, 1985), nevertheless, is so far controversial. It was the aim of this study to observe the remineralization patterns of acid-etched enamel across the time and whether the existence of fluoride might carry out any modifications. The intact buccal surfaces of the first bicuspids which was extracted for orthodontic treatment were ground smooth, and etched with a 38w/w% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds, The surface was observed by the scanning electron microscope and surface microhardness was measured after immersion in the fluoride or non-fluoride containing remineralizing solution for 0 hour, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days. The following results and conclusions were drawn; 1. Surface microhardness increased in both fluoride containing and non-fluoride containing solution group with time lapse. 2. In fluoride containing solution group, the surface microhardness sharply increased at the 12 hours group, on the other hand, surface microhardness increased at 3 days in non-fluoride containing solution group. 3. The difference in microhardness value between two groups manifested gradual decrease. 4. Scanning electron microphotographs disclosed that the fluoride containing solution group generated spiculate sub-stances in the 12 hours group, which was increased in number and size with time lapse. 7 days later, spherical composure was began to be produced, The spiculate substances so much increased in number that the etched enamel surface looked like flat in 42 days. 5. In non fluoride-containing solution group, there was no surface change at 42 days, perceivable in scanning electron microphotographs which could be defined as remineralization though the surface was a little rougher than the incipient etched surface. These results demonstrate that the action of the fluoride is exceedingly pertinent in the remineralization of acid-etched enamel and the remineralization process goes uninterruptedly with time lapse.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.103-117
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• 2019

Under the uncertainties and the consequent turmoils of the IMF financial crisis in Korea, Hyunsung Techno was founded in 1997 on the basis of automobile press molding which is critical for the quality of automobile. Ever since, Hyunsung Techno has grown rapidly based on the domestic market; however, gradually, it had faced a stalemate in terms of the saturation, on the supply side and the growth limit, on the demand side, of the domestic molding market. Accordingly, Hyunsung pushed for a strategy to localize overseas markets and a new acquisition strategy instead of resting on the domestic mold industry's growth, and the success of these strategies enabled it to leap forward into a global company with five companies including affiliates and 70 billion won in sales. The main reason why Hyunsung Techno evolved from a small and medium-sized manufacturing company into a global businesses is due to the success of Boa Constrictor M&A strategy. Its acquisition strategy is not just a successful case of any acquisition, but a rare, maybe the first domestic case of a successful acquisition of a primary supplier by a secondary supplier. Through the success of this strategy, Hyunsung Techno has achieved a continuous growth of businesses, an increase in sales volume, and expansion into new businesses. And on top of that, this achievements is leading it to be a global conglomerate In this study, Hyunsung Techno's success strategy, which is transformed from a small domestic manufacturing company into a global enterprise, was analyzed in detail with its development stages divided into start-up, overseas expansion, acquisitions, and business diversification. Eventually, this case study is meant to offer strategic implications for other small and medium-sized businesses under the current, gloomy economy of low or zero growth of today.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.14-34
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• 1985

One of the techniques for altering the properties of wood that has received considerable attention in the last twenty years is the formation of a wood-polymer composite (WPC) by irradiation and heat-catalyst polymerization of a monomer incorporated into the wood matrix. Wood-polymer composites are the new products having the superior mechanical and physical properties and the combinated characteristics of wood and plastic. The purpose of this experiment was to obtain the basic data for the improvement of wooden materials by manufacturing WPC and Staypak. The species examined was Hyunsasi-Namoo (Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa) which had not been utilized yet. Methylmethacrylate (MMA) as monomer, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator and methyl alcohol as bulking agent were used. The monomer containing BPO was impregnated into wood pieces by the dipping and the vacuum process for 2 hours. After impregnation, the treated samples were polymerized on the hot press with pressure and heat-catalyst methods. The results obtained were summarized as follows 1. The monomer loading into wood by the dipping process was 12.13 percent and 29.99 percent by the vacuum. The polymer loading into wood by the dipping process was 6.79 percent and 15.44 percent by the vacuum. 2. Comparing with Staypak, antishrink efficiency (ASE) of WPC was 12.5 to 13.6 percent on the radial direction and 14.70 to 18.63 percent on the tangential. Antiswelling efficiency (AE) was 14.40 to 17.22 percent on the radial direction and 17.18 to 42.1 8 to 42.14 percent on the tangential. Reduction in water absorptivity (RWA) was 8.19 to 15.5 percent. As a whole, the vacuum process was better than the dipping. 3. The specific gravity of control, Staypak and WPC were 0.44, 0.66 and 0.61 to 0.62, respectively. 4. In the bending strength test, the strength in case that the load direction is on the radial surface was greater than that which the load direction is on the tangential. 5. Increasing rate of stress at proportional limit in compression perpendicular to grain was 72.26 percent in case of WPC by the dipping process, 78.93 percent by the vacuum and 99.09 percent in case of Staypak.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.543-560
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• 2018

With the increased development in downtown underground space facilities that vertically cross under a railway at a shallow depth, the demand for non-open cut method is increasing. However, most construction sites still adopt the pipe roof method, where medium and large diameter steel pipes are pressed in to form a roof, enabling excavation of the inside space. Among the many factors that influence the loosening region and loads that occur while pressing in steel pipes, the size of the pipe has the largest impact, and this factor may correspond to the magnitude of load applied to the underground structure inside the steel pipe roof. The super equilibrium method (SEM) has been developed to minimize ground disturbance and loosening load, and uses small diameter pipes of approximately 114 mm instead of conventional medium and large diameter pipes. This small diameter steel pipe is called an SEM pile. After SEM piles are pressed in and the grouting reinforcement is constructed, a crossing structure is pressed in by using a hydraulic jack without ground subsidence or heaving. The SEM pile, which plays the role of timbering, is a fore-poling pile of approximately 5 m length that prevents ground collapse and supports surface load during excavation of toe part. The loosening region should be adequately calculated to estimate the spacing and construction length of the piles and stiffness of members. In this paper, we conducted a comparative analysis of calculations of loosening load that occurs during the press-in of SEM pile to obtain an optimal design of SEM. We analyzed the influence of factors in main theoretical and empirical formulas applied for calculating loosening regions, and carried out FEM analysis to see an appropriate loosening load to the SEM pile. In order to estimate the soil loosening caused by actual SEM-pile indentation and excavation, a steel pipe indentation reduction model test was conducted. Soil subsidence and soil loosening were investigated quantitatively according to soil/steel pipe (H/D).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2005

3D QSAR studies for the fungicidal activities against resistive phytophthora blight (RPC; 95CC7303) and sensitive phytophthora blight (Phytopthora capsici) (SPC; 95CC7105) by a series of new 2-alkoxyphenyl-3-phenylthioisoindoline-1-one derivatives (X: A=propynyl & B=2-chloropropenyl) were studied using comparative molecular field analyses (CoMFA) methodology. The CoMFA models were generated from the two different alignment, atom based fit (AF) alignment and field fit (FF) alignment. The atom based alignment exhibited a higher statistical results than that of field fit alignment. The best models, A3 and A7 using combination fields of H-bond field, standard field, LUMO and HOMO molecular orbital field as additional descriptors were selected to improve the statistic of the present CoMFA models. The statistical results of the two models showed the best predictability of the fungicidal activities based on the cross-validated value $q^2\;(r^2_{cv.}=RPC:\;0.625\;&\;SPC:\;0.834)$, non cross-validated value $(r^2_{ncv.}=RPC:\;0.894\;&\;SPC:\;0.915)$ and PRESS value (RPC: 0.105 & SPC: 0.103), respectively. Based on the findings, the predictive ability and fitness of the model for SPC was better than that of the model for RPC. The fugicidal activities exhibited a strong correlation with steric $(66.8{\sim}82.8%)$, electrostatic $(10.3{\sim}4.6%)$ and molecular orbital field (SPC: HOMO, 12.6% and RPC: LUMO, 22.9%) factors of the molecules. The novel selective character for fungicidal activity between two fungi depend on the positive charge of ortho, meta-positions on the N-phenyl ring and size of hydrophilicity of a substituents on the S-phenyl ring.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.57-61
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to compare both 1.5T and 4.7T in Praietal White matter material Phantom using the same methodology at both field strengths. Data at both field strengths are compared in terms of $T_2$ relaxation times, line widths and SNRs MR imaging and $^1H$ MR spectroscopy were performed on GE 1.5T SIGNA system and Broker Biospec 4.7T/30 MRI/MRS system. After phantom axial scan $^1H$ MRS was obtained from T2 weighted image by 3-dimensional localization technique(PRESS : Point RE solved spectroscopy Sequence) this phantom is composed of an aqueous solution 36.7 mmol/L of NAA, 25.0 mmol/L of Cr, 6.3 mmol/L of choline chloride, 30.0 mmol/L or Glu, and 22.5 mmol/L of MI(adjusted to a pH of 7,15 in a phosphate buffet). Data processed using software developed inhouse. At 1.5T, T2 relaxation times for Cho, Cr, and NAA were $0.41{\pm}0.07,\;0.26{\pm}0.04,\;0.46{\pm}0.07$ while at 4.7T they were $0.17{\pm}0.03,\;0.14{\pm}0.05,\;0.20{\pm}0.03$ respectively. At 1.5T, line widths for water, Cho, Cr and NAA were $2.9{\pm}0.7,\;1.6{\pm}0.7,\;1.7{\pm}0.8,\;2.2{\pm}0.02Hz$ while at 4.7T they were $5.2{\pm}1.1,\;4.6{\pm}1.9,\;4.01{\pm}1.8,\;4.8{\pm}1.9Hz$ respectively. It can be seen that $T_2$ relaxation times were significantly shorter at 4.7 compared to 1.5T and that the line widths were also broader. The average SNRs for NAA for subjects at short and long TEs were $23.5{\pm}11.3$ at TE=20 msec ; $15.4{\pm}7.7$ at TE=272 msec at 1.5T and $40{\pm}8.3$ and $17{\pm}3.5$ respectively at 4.7T higher field strength is superior because of improved sensitivity and chemical shift dispersion. However these improvements are partially offset by increased line widths and decrease $T_2$ relaxation times, which act to reduce both sensitivity and resolution. In our experiments with the equipment available to us, 4.7T proton spectra at short TEs exhibit moderately improved sensitivity compared to 1.5T.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.115-145
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• 2023

The 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (hereafter referred to as "the 20th National Congress") was under the global spotlight long before it was held for seven days from 16 to 22 October 2022. People wondered whether Xi Jinping would secure a third term as China's leader or whether he would lay the foundations to be in power forever during the third term. In Korea, the press and media questioned whether the event would become the "crowning of Emperor Xi (Xi Huangdi)," whose power rivaled that of the first emperor in China, Shi Hunagdi, and featured the scene where Hu Jintao was forced to leave the venue during the Congress. On the other hand, many Korean academics focused more on how Xi would organize the Politburo and its Standing Committee and whether the outline of his heirs would appear during the event. This tendency in academia in turn worsened the media's concerns. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the 20th National Congress Report, as opposed to an analysis of Xi's political intentions at the event. The National Congress Report outlines the Party's visions, goals, and strategies for the next five years in politics, economy, society, culture, foreign affairs, and relationship with Taiwan. The authoritative document is rich in narrative and logic and deserves academic study. This research analyzes the 18th, 19th, and 20th Reports by identifying their keywords and regular expressions and checking their frequency and percentage through text-mining methods. This approach enables the quantification and visualization of the significant changes in the Party's sovereign vision over the fifteen years of Xi's rule from 2013 to 2027.