• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 1987

Humic acids extracted from decomposing plant residues were characterized by infrared(IR) spectra. The IR spectra were further interpreted by chemical analyses for oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxyl, phenolic, alcoholic, carbonyl, and quinionic groups. 1. The IR spectra obtained in this study were divied into three categories: spectra of humic acids from grain crop straws of rice, barley, wheat and rye produced Type I, while that from wild grass hay yielded Type II, and those from forest tree litter of the deciduous and conifers were led to give Type III. 2. There were no significant changes in the absorption bands observed among humic acids extracted at various stages of decomposition of a given Plant material. 3. The absorption band at about $3,430cm^{-1}$ represents the presence of hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups, phenolic-OH groups being the major component. 4. A close relationship was found between the total acidity and the content of phenolic-OH groups of humic acids. The content of carboxyl groups maintains a direct relationship with the content of total hydroxyl groups, and such a close relationship also exists between the content of alcoholic hydroxyls and that of total hydroxyl groups. 5. Overlapping of the absorption bands of carbonyl groups and quinones renders it difficult to make differentiation between the two. 6. A variety of non-armoatic cyclic hydrocarbons appears to be a structural component as evidenced by a sharp absorption peak near $995-1000cm^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.589-596
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• 2013

Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. is an evergreen plant that belongs to the Genus Vaccinium distributed in Korea, and its fruit has been used for food by the common people and thus has a high possibility of commercialization. Therefore, the habitat environment and individual characteristics of V. bracteatum in Jeju Island were investigated to obtain the basic data for commercialization and preservation. The results showed that V. bracteatum is mostly distributed on the southern slope of Mt. Halla at an altitude of 100 to 500 m. V. bracteatum that occurred in the quadrat were total 30 individuals, which had an average height of 6.0 m, an average DBH of 7.8 cm, and an average number of trunk of 4.3. As for the community structure of the habitat, the average percentage of vegetation cover for the tree layer was 36%, while that for the subtree layer was 78%, which emphasized the importance of the subtree layer. The total number of species that occurred in the quadrat was 76. For the tree layer, total 10 species occurred, which include 2 species of evergreen coniferous trees, 3 species of evergreen broad-leaved trees, and 5 species of deciduous broad-leaved trees. For the subtree layer, total 24 species occurred, which include 1 species of evergreen coniferous tree, 11 species of evergreen broad-leaved trees, and 10 species of deciduous broad-leaved trees. Among these, Eurya japonica Thunb. was the species with a high relative contribution, which threatened V. bracteatum For the shrub layer, 27 species occurred including Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold, and for the herbaceous layer, 64 species occurred including Ardisia crenata Sims. The similarity between the habitats of V. bracteatum was very low, and it did not prefer a characteristic community. The V. bracteatum community around Shinrei stream was distributed on the surrounding area adjacent to the slope of the stream rather than the slope. There were a lot of basins, but the branches, which did not receive sunlight, had withered. It is thought that V. bracteatum would decline if the forest formation continues.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 1987

In the present paper I described the relations of wood ray indicators such as ray height, ray width, number of rays per $0.25mm^2$, ray spacing and fusiform ray height on the stem of Pinus koraiensis and Larix leptolepis grown at the Experiment Forest of Kangweon National University. The results may be summarized as follows. 1. The number of rays and ray spacing were generally decreased with the increase of ray height on the sample woods. 2. According to the tree species the patterns of varition of ray width with the increase of ray height were different, namely the relation between ray width and ray height showed some positive correlation on Pinus koraiensis and negative on Larix leptolepis. 3. It was recognized that the variation of fusiform ray height due to the increase of ray height indicated two patterns(the increasing, md constant regions) in sample woods. This boundary seemed to appear at six cells of ray height on Pinus koraiensis and ninc cells on Larix leptolepis. 4. The relation between fusiform ray height and number of rays had a negative correlation on Pinus koraiensis, but this tendancy was not obvious on Larix leptolepis. And ray spacing and ray width due to the increase of fusiform ray height were generally decreased. 5. On the whole the values of ray spacing and ray width became gradually larger in proportion to the increase of number of rays. 6. According to the increase of ray spacing the values of ray width also increased gradually. But this tendency was more clear on Pinus koraiensis than larix leptolepis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to specify the prior eco-preserve zone by establishing the eco-landscape unit on the stream corridor and evaluating the stream ecosystem in the dam basin. The fundamental ecological data was surveyed and collected through "the ecosystem project on Yongdam multipurpose dam watershed" from 2008 to 2009. The Yongdam Dam Watershed has several streams, Jujacheon, Jeongjacheon and Guryangcheon, of which the area is $930km^2$, stretching to Jinangun, Jangsugun and Mujugun Jellabukdo. In spite of being used for drinking purpose, the dam water quality and ecosystem is threatened by in-watershed pollution produced by development, golf course grounds and sports complex, etc. The landscape unit of stream corridor was zoned across by 250m, 500m, and 750m from the vicinity line of stream, which was decided to the accuracy of mapping and surveying. Types of evaluation are the Stream Corridor Evaluation(SCE) and the Vegetated Area Evaluation(VAE). In the process of SCE, several indices were analysed, fish species diversity, species peculiarity, and stream naturality. Indices for VAE were forest stand map, vegetation protection grade, species diversity and peculiarity for wild bird and mammal life. The importance of the ecological items is categorized into three levels and overlapped for specifying the prior preserve zone. The area at which legally protecting species appeared is categorized as absolute preserve area. This study might be meaningful for proposing the evaluation process of a stream corridor ecosystem, which can synthesize a lot of individual ecological surveys. We hope further research will be actively performed about the ecotope mapping which is based on a individual wildlife territory and habitats and also their relationships.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2010

Recreation forests are in the spotlight as the place for personality development, mind and body comfort, companionship, and environment education in forests and valleys. Visitors to recreation forests have been on the increase along with booming in recreation forest building since 1988. Recreation forests are being categorized according to some features such as regional and environmental condition. Recreation forests, however, have not met the expectations of some visitors who want to take a rest with calmness due to the influence of the 5-day-work-week system, increasing interest in rest, leisure, and well-being, and users converge during weekends, summer, and the tourist season. In order to improve visitors' satisfaction efficiently, this study surveyed the level of satisfaction in each cluster based on the precedent study which had classified 85 national or public recreation forests in Korea into clusters. Questionnaires were distributed properly to each cluster and, of the 1,132 questionnaires collected, 1,015 were valid and used for analysis. Reliability of questionnaires and statistical validity of the model were verified. As a result, there are meaningful differences in the ranking of independent variables which affect the level of satisfaction according to clusters. Variables in rest and fatigue recovery have the strongest influence on the level of satisfaction in the clusters of potential factor, internal activation factor, and mixed potential capacity factor. In the use performance and visiting condition factor cluster, appropriateness of visit cost is most influential and, in the education cluster, connectivity with tourist attractions around it is most affective. These results can provide priority in services and maintenance of recreation forests for improving the level of satisfaction and differentiate the distribution of resources according to clusters.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.739-742
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• 2010

In order to select a superior yeast, 8 kinds of commercial active dry yeasts (Lalvin 1116, Lalvin 1118, Lalvin D-47, Lalvin Bourgovin, Parisienne, Fermivin, Red Star Monrachet, and Red Star Premier Cuvee) were utilized for omija wine fermentation. During fermentation, the physicochemical characteristics and sensory properties of the various omija wines were evaluated. According to the results, pH and titratable acidity were in ranges of 3.0-3.3% and 1.8-2.4%, respectively. Sugar content was $24^{\circ}Bx$ at early fermentation and changed to $8.4-10.2^{\circ}Bx$ at 24 days of fermentation. While the omija wines fermented by Lalvin D-47 and Red Star Premier Cuvee showed the highest alcohol contents (13.0%), the omija wine fermented by Parisienne showed the lowest alcohol content (10.8%). The omija wine fermented by Lalvin 1118 had an alcohol content of 12.0% and showed the lowest yeast count of 5.8 log CFU/mL. Hunter's values (L, a, and b) were all different among the 8 omija wines. Moreover, the omija wine fermented by Lalvin 1118 showed the highest scores for taste ($6.75{\pm}1.68$), swallowing ($6.65{\pm}1.50$), and overall acceptability ($6.70{\pm}1.34$). It is concluded that Lalvin 1118 was the best yeast among 8 tested commercial active dry yeasts, having a high potential for omija wine fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.82-93
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• 2008

This research focused on the process in which 'the same scenery' is recognized and represented as 'a different landscape' to determine the symbols and meaning of the scenery and landscape included in real-scenery landscape paintings of the 18th-19th centuries. As a result of analyzing the visual points, the content and expressions of 25 real-scenery landscape paintings of Chong Seok Jeong(叢石亭), it can be seen that the transmission of a kind of semiotic landscape on the basis of a specific symbol was accomplished naturally through imitation and representation for the purpose of the expression of Chong Seok Jeong-like idealized scenery. This shows that the unique images of Chong Seok Jeong have long been passed down after taking root as a unique benchmark The meaningful symbol of 'a strange Saseonbong(四仙峰)', which is broken by the spray after rising high, and 'a pine forest' have both been transmitted as being in the manner of Chong Seok Jeong. This has been equipped with the stereo-type scene by being a collective symbolization as the psycho-scenes in memory element of Chong Seok Jeong. Through the pictures of both Gyeomjae(謙齋) and Danweon(檀園), the process by which a specific painter's pictures become acculturated is highly interesting. The scenery expressed in these pictures was clearly that of a landscape of which its particularly emotions and remembrances were repainted through the experience of several places and original sketches. This can be explained as the concept in which the image from 'a specific scenery' gained through actual experience, that is, a personal feeling, has been expressed. The picture that was expressed as a different figure even at the same visual point for the same scenery is the result that was redefined through the scenery subject's recognition. Also, the modification of the scenery object can be colorful through meditation and Sachu(邪推: guessing with wicked doubt). The scenery recognized newly through adoption, omission and emphasis, it is 'the specific scenery' in the heart and is a figure having been more similar to 'a landscape' if the objective life reproduction before being acculturated is a figure similar to the scenery. So, the concept looks like being very persuasive that 'the nature with objectivity captured sensuously' simply is the scenery, and that 'the subjective phenomenon having acquired the cultural nature by being introspected in the method of aesthetic nostalgia is a landscape'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.64-79
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• 2010

Students with intellectual disabilities typically have great difficulties communicating their needs and wants and may get frustrated, anxious or show signs of aggressive behaviour. They are often unable to understand the concept of relationships with other people as well. This lack of social communication and interaction leads to poor motivation which increases other areas of difficulty in their lives. Therefore, to teach students with intellectual disabilities, it is essential to find special teaching methods to support their positive behavior. This paper proposes that special educational curriculum for students with intellectual impairments utilize natural environments(forests) and materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Educational Programs Utilizing Forests on maladjusted behavior of students with mental retardation and to examine the positive effects of such planning practices. The subjects were middle school students who attended a special school for mentally-retarded students. They were divided into two separate groups- an experimental group and a control group. All subjects received the pre and post test using the same method. This program was applied to the formal educational process of middle school from March 1st to October 30th, 2009. In this experiment the results indicate that the effect of using a natural environment(forest) and the materials within a formal educational curriculum was positive as a type of horticultural therapy and that it supports positive behavior strategies in students with intellectual impairments. The usage of various natural materials including plants and flowers within the natural environments provide students with increased opportunities to participate. Teaching methods including natural materials help teachers engage with their students more easily during routine activities as their interest is already stimulated. This project will help students with intellectual impairments to build skills which enable effective participation and increase independence throughout their lives. This should be embedded into both routine and planned activities of the classroom Also, it offers a needed interior plan for the treatment space through an analysis of psychological factors of how the environment affects students.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 1998

Physical geography is the discipline which deals with the relationship between man and natural environment. Therefore, it should be studied as the organized unity. In this paper I recognize the drainage basin as a framework outlining physical geography, describe the difference of inhabitant's life style due to the difference of natural environment in the drainage basin, and consider the meaning of drainage basin as a unit of life(and unit of regional geography). Munkyung is divided into three regions(intermontane basin region, middle mountainous region, marginal hilly region of the great basin) owing to the topographic characteristics. Subdivision in these regions is related closely to drainage network distribution, specially in intermontane basin region. And small regions have developed with the confluence point of $3{\sim}4$ order streams as the central figure. Intermontane basin region is the valley floor of Sinbuk-Soya-Kauun-Nongam stream located in the limestone region which is exposed according to Munkyung fault at its northern part. Small streams are affected strongly by the influence of the NNE-SSE or WNW-ESE tectolineament. Thus Kaeripryungro(鷄立嶺路), Saejaegil(새재길), Ewharyungro(伊火嶺路) and so on are constructed through the tectolineament. In the valley floors of small streams which flow into the intermontane basin, there are large floodplains. Floodplain in Sinbuk, Joryung, and Yangsan stream is used to paddy field or orchard, and in Nongam stream is used to paddy field or vegetable field. Hills are distributed largely in the periphery of intermontane basin. Limestone hills in Kauun and Masung basin are not continuous to the present low and flat floodplain, and most of those are used to forest land and field. On the other side. granite hills in Koyori are continuous to be used to the present floodplain, and they are used to residential area and field. In the middle mountainous region are there hilly mountains constructed in the geology of Palaeozoic Pyeongan System in northern area and Chosun System's Limestone Series in southern area, and banded gneiss and schist among Sobaeksan Gneiss Complex. In Palaeozoic Pyeongan System region are there relatively rugged mountains and ingrown meanders developed along tectolineaments. Chosun System's Limestone Series region builds up a geomorphic surface, develops various karst landforms. Mountainous area is used to field. On the other hand, especially in case of Hogye, valley bottom is wide, long, and discontinuous to slope, is used to paddy field dominantly. And schist region in Youngnam Block of Pre-Cambrian is rugged mountainous. Marginal hilly region of the great basin is hilly zone located in the margin of erosional basin(Bonghwa-Youngju-Yechon-Hamchang-Sangju). This region is lower geomorphic surface which is consisted of hills of $50{\sim}100$m height. Hills are used to field or orchard, and dissected gentle depression is used to paddy field.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.238-246
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the directions for establishing a disaster safety village in rural areas where damage from a similar type of disaster occurs repeatedly by conducting the consciousness survey targeting at experts and disaster safety officials in a local government. Method: The risks of disaster in rural areas were examined and the concept and characteristics of disaster safety village which is a measure on the basis of Myeon (township) among the measures of village unit were examined in order to carry out this study. In addition, opinion polling targeting at officials-in-charge in the local government and survey targeting at experts in disaster safety and building village were conducted. Based on the findings, the directions for establishing a disaster safety village that fitted the characteristics of rural areas were examined. Result: The officials-in-charge in the local government answered that rural areas have a high risk of storm and flood such as heavy snowing, typhoon, drought, and heavy rain as well as forest fire, and it is difficult to draw voluntary participation of farmers for disaster management activities due to their main duties. They also replied that active support and participation of residents in rural areas are necessary for future improvement measures. The experts mostly replied that the problem of disaster safety village project is a temporary project which has low sustainability, and the lack of connections between the central government, local governments and residents was stressed out as the difficulties. They said that measures to secure the budget and the directions of project promotion system should be promoted by the central government, local governments and residents together. Conclusion: The results of this study are as follows. First, a disaster safety village should be established in consideration of the disaster types and characteristics. Second, measures to secure the budget for utilizing the central government fund as well as local government fund and village development fund should be prepared when establishing and operating a disaster safety village in rural areas. Third, measures to utilize a disaster safety village in rural areas for a long period of time such as the re-authorization system should be prepared in order to continuously operate and manage such villages after its establishment. Fourth, detailed measures that allow residents of rural areas to positively participate in the activities for establishing a disaster safety village in rural areas should be prepared.