• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to check the degree of residual microbial contamination after disinfection of reusable suction containers, used in an intensive care unit (ICU) and present basic data for efficient use through cost analysis in comparison to disposable suction containers. Methods: This study was conducted on 32 reusable suction containers used in an ICU on a selected specific day. After disinfection and washing, specimens were collected from the used containers and cultured to check for microbial contamination. Additionally, a comparative narrative study analyzes the cost of using reusable suction containers and disposable suction containers. Data were analyzed with the SPSS WIN 20.0 program using real numbers and percentage ${\chi}^2$-test. Results: As a result of the study, microorganisms were found in all samples where in 30 were gram-positive (62.5%) while 13 were gram-negative (27.1%). Based on level of contamination, microorganisms were less than 10CFU/ml in 18 samples (56.3%); 11-99CFU/ml in six samples (18.8%); and more than 100CFU/ml in eight samples (25%). Cost per day for a reusable suction container was $10,655+{\alpha}$ while cost per day for a disposable suction container was 10,666 won. Conclusion: This study found that reusable suction containers, even after disinfection, accounted for factors of potential infection as well as microbial contamination. So, disposable suction containers are superior in cost-effectiveness and highly efficient for use with infected patients.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 1998년도 하계종합학술대회논문집
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• pp.717-720
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• 1998

In this paper, we propose a VLSI architecture for implementing a crecently proposed fast block matching algorithm, which is called the HSBMA3S. The proposed architecture consists of a systolic array based basic unit and two shift register arrays. And it covers a search range of -32 ~+31. By using a basic unit repeatedly, we can redcue the number of gates. To implement the basic unit, we can select one among various conventional systolic arrays by trading-off between speed and hardware cost. In this paper, the architecture for the basic unit is selected so that the hardware cost can be minimized. The proposed architecture is fast enough for low bit-rate applications (frame size of 352x288, 30 frames/sec) and can be implemented by less than 20,000 gates. Moreover, by simply modifying the basic unit, the architecture can be used for the higher bit-rate application of the frame size of 720*480 and 30 frames/sec.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1999년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1506-1509
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• 1999

This paper presents a new economic dispatch algorithm to improve the unit commitment solution while guaranteeing the near optimal solution without reducing calculation speed. The conventional economic dispatch algorithms have the problem that it is not applicable to the unit commitment formulation due to the frequent on/off state changes of units during the unit commitment calculation. Therefore, piecewise linear iterative method have generally been used for economic dispatch algorithm for unit commitment. In that method, the approximation of the generator cost function makes it hard to obtain the optimal economic dispatch solution. In this case, the solution can be improved by introducing a inverse of the incremental cost function. The proposed method is tested with sample system. The results are compared with the conventional piecewise linear iterative method. It is shown that the proposed algorithm yields more accurate and economical solution without calculation speed reduction.

• 대한전기학회논문지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.331-338
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• 1988

A simple algorithm is presented for solving the thermal unit commitment problem which is one of very important areas in economic operation of power systems. This algorithm is based on simple priority ordering by the unit operation cost and it is shown that the operation cost of chosen sets of generators is the minimum. The proposed method differs from the conventional priority-based formulations in that the unit operation are calculated in every load level. Further the poerating reserve requiements are satisfied by the newly derived analytical security function or the expectation of reserve. The proposed method is proven to be very simple, accurate and efficient in a sample system.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2011년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회 1부
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• pp.187-189
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• 2011

Standard production unit system has been used as accumulated standard for the cost estimation of public construction projects. However, it is difficult to estimate reasonable cost due to adaptation of a uniform standard and reflect changes in the technology. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for improvement of standard production unit system through the identifying problems and analysing its influence on enactment and/or revision work of standard production unit system.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.422-425
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• 2003

CBP market which is the first stage of competitive electricity market has been operated and the KPX has been established since April, 2001 by restructuring plan for electricity industry. Baseload unit are settled with baseload CP and BLMP in CBP market. The other unit are settled with peakload CP and SMP. The difference of settlement between two groups occurs the profit changes of the unit. This paper analyzes the profit by units under settlement rule in CBP market. It analyzes the difference between market clearing price and variable costs, and fixed cost recovery through CP income. Finally, this paper suggests the plan how market was affected by the difference of fixed cost recovery by generators and how to improve Intermediate and peak load unit's profit.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.66-94
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to examine how to maximize the efficiency of hospital management by minimizing the unit cost of hospital operation. For this purpose, this paper proposes to develop a model of the profit maximization based on the cost minimization dictum using the statistical tools of arriving at the maximum likelihood values. The preliminary survey data are collected from the annual statistics and their analyses published by Korea Health Industry Development Institute and Korean Hospital Association. The maximum likelihood value statistical analyses are conducted from the information on the cost (function) of each of 36 hospitals selected by the random stratified sampling method according to the size and location (urban or rural) of hospitals. We believe that, although the size of sample is relatively small, because of the sampling method used and the high response rate, the power of estimation of the results of the statistical analyses of the sample hospitals is acceptable. The conceptual framework of analyses is adopted from the various models of the determinants of hospital costs used by the previous studies. According to this framework, the study postulates that the unit cost of hospital operation is determined by the size, scope of service, technology (production function) as measured by capacity utilization, labor capital ratio and labor input-mix variables, and by exogeneous variables. The variables to represent the above cost determinants are selected by using the step-wise regression so that only the statistically significant variables may be utilized in analyzing how these variables impact on the hospital unit cost. The results of the analyses show that the models of hospital cost determinants adopted are well chosen. The various models analyzed have the (goodness of fit) overall determination (R2) which all turned out to be significant, regardless of the variables put in to represent the cost determinants. Specifically, the size and scope of service, no matter how it is measured, i. e., number of admissions per bed, number of ambulatory visits per bed, adjusted inpatient days and adjusted outpatients, have overall effects of reducing the hospital unit costs as measured by the cost per admission, per inpatient day, or office visit implying the existence of the economy of scale in the hospital operation. Thirdly, the technology used in operating a hospital has turned out to have its ramifications on the hospital unit cost similar to those postulated in the static theory of the firm. For example, the capacity utilization as represented by the inpatient days per employee tuned out to have statistically significant negative impacts on the unit cost of hospital operation, while payroll expenses per inpatient cost has a positive effect. The input-mix of hospital operation, as represented by the ratio of the number of doctor, nurse or medical staff per general employee, supports the known thesis that the specialized manpower costs more than the general employees. The labor/capital ratio as represented by the employees per 100 beds is shown to have a positive effect on the cost as expected. As for the exogeneous variable's impacts on the cost, when this variable is represented by the percent of urban 100 population at the location where the hospital is located, the regression analysis shows that the hospitals located in the urban area have a higher cost than those in the rural area. Finally, the case study of the sample hospitals offers a specific information to hospital administrators about how they share in terms of the cost they are incurring in comparison to other hospitals. For example, if his/her hospital is of small size and located in a city, he/she can compare the various costs of his/her hospital operation with those of other similar hospitals. Therefore, he/she may be able to find the reasons why the cost of his/her hospital operation has a higher or lower cost than other similar hospitals in what factors of the hospital cost determinants.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.91-101
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• 1993

Unit price of meal provision in industrial foodservice differs with each business. It is believed that menu management work, contents of menu, and nutrition supply performed by dietitian are different with unit price of meal provision. In this sense, purposes of this study are to examine meal management work and contents of menu, by food cost, at industrial foodservice in Taegu, Kyungbuk area and to evaluate variety of menu and nutrition supply. Results of the study are as follows: 1. Average number of side dishes provided at meal, including Kimchi, was 2 at low unit price, 3.0 at middle unit price and 3.1 at high unit price. 2. Possession ratio of account books using for menu management was low. 3. With regard to kind of menu, high unit price was most various and showed more various, compared to low unit price, especially in cooking oil-used cook methods such as broil, pan-fried food, fry, and roast. 4. High unit price was found as the highest in kind of used food and supply volume. 5. Sugar, Mineral, Vitamine, and Protein were satisfied with standard food content, but fat and calcium were not. 6. Supply volume of food was positively correlated to supply volume of nutrient, but kinds of cook methods and food type were not correlated to that of nutrient.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2007

In this paper, we consider a periodic imperfect preventive maintenance(PM) policy in which the system's failure rate after each PM remains unchanged. The system undergoes only minimal repairs at failures between PMs. Exact mathematical formula of the expected cost rate per unit time is derived. Optimal number of PMs and optimal maintenance period are derived by minimizing the expected cost rate per unit time. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed approach under Weibull lifetime distribution.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2014년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.166-167
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• 2014

Recently, in according to increase cognizance of energy and resources exhaustion, renewable energy system is received attention. In particular, ground heat pump system(GSHP) utilizing annually stable ground temperature for energy saving have been attracted in many buildings. However, GSHP system have disadvantage due to increase of initial installation and boring cost. In this study, in order to reduce the initial cost and to supply ground heat pump system into small scale house, an unit-type ground heat exchanger was developed.