• 기본간호학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.395-403
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• 2005

Purpose: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen in the intensive care units (ICUS). The purpose of this case-control study is to identify risk factors for acquisition of MRSA during ICU stays in patients with and without MRSA. Method: The study was conducted in a 16 beds-neurosurgical intensive care unit of a 2200-bed tertiary care university hospital in Seoul, Korea. Medical record and Critical Classification Scoring System were reviewed retrospectively in patients who were admitted more than 3 days from August 1, 2003 to May 30, 2004. Cases and controls were matched for age and gender. The obtained specimens were nasal swab and sputum. Result: There were 950 patients' admissions during the period. Among them, MRSA was isolated from twenty-three patients who were considered as hospital acquired. Artificial airway (p=.045), frequency of suction (p=.002), nasogastric tube (p=.004), wound drain (p=.045), and vancomycin (p=.019) were risk factors for MRSA acquisition in univariate analysis. Frequency of suction (p=.012, OR 3.5) was revealed as the only risk factor in multivariate conditional logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings give support to recent studies that suggest that frequent physical contact maγ increase the nosocomial acquisition of MRSA in a neurosurgical ICU.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to examine the incidence of pressure ulcers and associated factors, by inspecting the skin of newborn babies in a newborn unit or newborn intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: The participants were 101 newborn babies in either a newborn unit or NICU in D general hospital. The incidence of pressure ulcer was measured using the skin inspection tool for pressure ulcer, suggested by Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Results: Incidence rate of pressure ulcer was 19.8%, and 80% of the newborns with pressure ulcers were premature babies. The commonest region of onset was the ear (36.8%), followed by the foot (31.6%), occipital region (15.8%) and knee (15.8%). Those are the regions related to external medical devices like nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Pulse Oximetry. Factors related to pressure ulcers were gestational period of 37 weeks or less, hospitalization for 7 days or more, birth weight under 2,500 g and a low level of serum albumin. Conclusion: The results of the study show that the skin and underlying tissues of premature infants is at risk for pressure-related skin breakdown. As most pressure ulcers are caused by medical devices, nursing interventions are required to prevent further aggravation of the lesions.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2018

This study aims to objectively measure the efficiency of nanotechnology R&D programs by systematically evaluating the inputs and outputs of nanotechnology R&D activities and to find implications for improving the efficiency of nanotechnology R&D programs. Data on input factors such as R&D investment, R&D manpower, R&D period, and output factors such as paper, patent, and commercialization for R&D projects which started from 2008 or afterwards and ended by 2011 are gathered through National Science and Technology Knowledge Information Service, which are used for efficiency evaluation. In this study, we analyzed R&D efficiency in detailed technology units in depth. The process taken in this study is as follows. First, the basic statistics of input and output factors to compare and analyze R&D investment, R&D manpower, R&D period, paper, patent, and commercialization status by technology unit are analyzed. Next, DEA models are utilized to derive the overall efficiency, pure technology efficiency, and scale efficiency by conducting the efficiency evaluation for each technology unit, from which implications for strategic budget allocation are derived. In addition, partial efficiency evaluation is conducted to identify advantages and disadvantages of each technology unit. In turn, cluster analysis is performed to identify similar technology units, from which implications for efficiency improvement are derived.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to substantiate the relationship between on-the-job training (OJT) characteristic factors and OJT outcomes and the moderating effect of the tie strength between a trainer and a trainee on the relationship. OJT characteristic factors were composed of a unit of work to be learned, trainee's motivation, trainer's ability, OJT design, and OJT support. OJT outcomes included job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the research. The tie strength means a sense of intimacy with a trainer. All of the OJT characteristic factors, OJT outcomes, and the tie strength were defined operationally as the perceived ones by a trainee. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzed the data of 302 employees in a domestic travel agency as early career for seven years or less. The main methods for the analysis were multiple linear regression analysis and moderating effect analysis. The whole process of the data analysis was conducted using the SPSS 21.0 for windows. Results - The results of the study are as follows: First, every five element of OJT, including unit of work to be learned, trainee's motivation, trainer's ability, OJT design, and OJT support, showed positive influence on OJT outcomes - job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Second, the tie strength between a trainer and a trainee was positively related with OJT outcomes. Finally, the strength of ties between the trainer and the trainee was found positively to moderate the relationship of a unit of work to be learned, OJT design, or OJT support, with OJT outcomes. However, the moderating effect of the tie strength was not significant statistically between the trainee's motivation or the trainer's ability, and OJT outcomes. Conclusion - In the study, it was demonstrated that every OJT characteristic factors have a positive contribution to job satisfaction and organizational commitment for early career employees. In addition, the study showed the need to pay attention to improve the quality of relationships between trainers and trainees, in order to increase the impact of a unit of work to be learned, OJT design, and OJT support. These findings suggest the implications in the three factors as external factors that constitute OJT. The three factors are made by HRD practitioners who are involved in design and operation of the program as well as their interventions to improve the quality of the relationship between trainers and trainees. On the other hand, it was demonstrated in the research that trainee's motivation and trainer's ability, regardless of their tie strength, have a direct impact on OJT outcomes by itself. Moreover, the trainee's motivation and trainer's ability are intrinsic characteristics, rather than external factors that constitute OJT. Therefore, they are unlikely to be changed by HRD practitioners' interventions. In conclusion, it was argued in the research that the trainee's motivation and trainer's ability should be a consideration in selecting and matching partners in OJT participants before starting OJT.

• 전기의세계
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1969

According to the construction of Seoul Thermal #5 (250MW) unit, there will be prospected several new problems on the power system operation. This paper describes the characteristic of system frequency decay during severe emergencies which result in sudden outage of such large generator unit. It also studies the factors involved in applying under frequency relays to maintan an allowable frequency level and to prevent total area collapse by automatic load shedding program.

• 농촌계획
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.128-137
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• 1998

The objective of this study is to approach on the spatial boundary of rural development protect by areal classification technique with spatial reference to searching of areal homogeneities in two hierachial administrative units, Ri Eup/Myun. In this study, a criterion for judging areal homogeneities is the degree of agriculture and urbanizing. Variables selected by these two criteria are analysed with the method of fator analysis. The results of areal analysis are as follows: first, generally, the importance of agricultural factors in areal analysis is getting less. Second, areal classification by Myun, Ri in Ansong City is revealed variously because of urban factors. Urban factors make areal heterogeneities become greater, Therefore urban factors are important when analyzing areal characteristics. Third, lately, in areas near by Chung- cheong Do and areas with bad road's condition, areal heterogeneities have been also getting greater. The results of analysis about areal characteristics of Myun and Ri are different from each other. In addition, urban factors are more influential on the areal characteristics than agricultural factors. Therefore, the establishment of rural development project for inindle spatial boundary between Myun unit and Ri unit is needed.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.99-115
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• 2014

Uncertainties in design variables and design equations have a significant impact on the safety of geotechnical structures like retaining walls and slopes. This paper presents a possible framework for obtaining the partial safety factors based on reliability approach for different random variables affecting the stability of a reinforced concrete cantilever retaining wall and a slope under static loading conditions. Reliability analysis is carried out by Mean First Order Second Moment Method, Point Estimate Method, Monte Carlo Simulation and Response Surface Methodology. A target reliability index ${\beta}$ = 3 is set and partial safety factors for each random variable are calculated based on different coefficient of variations of the random variables. The study shows that although deterministic analysis reveals a safety factor greater than 1.5 which is considered to be safe in conventional approach, reliability analysis indicates quite high failure probability due to variation of soil properties. The results also reveal that a higher factor of safety is required for internal friction angle ${\varphi}$, while almost negligible values of safety factors are required for soil unit weight ${\gamma}$ in case of cantilever retaining wall and soil unit weight ${\gamma}$ and cohesion c in case of slope. Importance of partial safety factors is shown by analyzing two simple geotechnical structures. However, it can be applied for any complex system to achieve economization.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1981

The purpose of this study is to cut down cost of production and improve the productivity of industry through quality improvement of castings and reduction of defectives by applying the experimental design to the foundry sand mixing operation done at molding department in the foundry. Among the related foundry sand mixing factors which have an effect on casting the experiment of which factors have a dominant effect on quality improvement was performed between two different levels by means of "$2^n$ type orthogonal array." The results cail be summarized as follows ; (1) The optimum conditions per each foundry sand mixing between two different levels proved to be such as $A_2$(used sand) : 24 unit (172.8kg), $B_2$(unused sand ) : 2 unit (15.0kg), $C_2$(binder) : 2.5 unit (4.4kg). $D_2$(addition agent) : 1 unit(1.4kg) and $F_1$(moisture) : 7.4%(14.6kg). (2) As a result of the application of experimental design, the fraction defective during the foundry sand mixing operation turned out to be reduced front 6.6% to 2.04%. (3) For the purpose of cost-down, It was found that the optimum level decision of foundry sand mixing for various castings is required to be made by means of experimental design.al design.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 1996

This study was aimed at providing valuable information that can help the government and the housing development staff deal with the problem with ‘Redevelopment Apartment Rehabilitation’ in Ulsan city.For the purpose of this study, questionaire are constructed with contents about socio-demography factors, housing factors. attitute forward reconstruction, and housing needs of respondents. questionaire were collected from 232 housewives living in old-aged and deteriorated apartment houses in Ulsan. Apartment houses of respondents are 5 floor. more than 100unit houses. and above 10 years old the living size of apartmet is less than 25 pyoung(82.5m2) per unit house and average living size is 16~20 Pyoung(52.8m2~66.Om2)/unit house. Average family size is 4-5 persons. and average income is about 1,200,000 Won(about $ 1,500) Per month. The major findings are as follows :First, they want the reconstruction of old-aged and deteriorated apartment house very positively.Second. they want high rise building, more lager parking lot. market. sports facility. and play yard for children. Third they want that size of unit house is 26~30 pyoung85.8m2~99.0m2). the number of room is 3~4, the number of bathroom is 1-2. and type of access is stair style.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.63-67
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• 2012

Calcium density in human bones decreases as people are getting older due to the interior or exterior environmental factors. Bone aging forms osteoporosis. And this can bring out various spine fractures which develops a complications. Thus the prediction of seniliy is one of the important factors in spine diseases. Once spine aged, diverse fractures occur such as compression fracture and micro fracture. Side images of the spine by the digital radiography (DR) were prepared, and pixel arbitrary unit with Image J was measured from one spot in the lumbar bone part. By calculating pixel arbitrary unit of the simple contrast, it was obtained that the value of pixel arbitrary unit decreased as seniliy of bones increased. By simply applying Image J to the seniliy of patient's spine, the seniliy of bones predicts the level of danger with only digital radiography(2D) image. consequently we show that Image J value of pixel arbitrary unit index for predicts the level of precaution of osteoporosis patient.