• 정보과학회 논문지
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• 제43권12호
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• pp.1342-1350
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• 2016

귀납법과 코인덕션은 모두 컴퓨터 과학 분야에서 사용되는 중요한 증명 기법이다. 귀납법은 컴퓨터 과학 분야 학부 과정에서 기본적으로 가르치는 기법이며, 상대적으로 잘 알려지고 컴퓨터과학 분야 전반에 걸쳐 잘 쓰이고 있다. 반면에 코인덕션은 귀납법에 비해 많은 사람들에게 다소 어렵고 친숙하지 않은 개념이다. 본 논문에서는 재귀 타입과 합집합 타입을 포함하는 간단한 타입 언어에 대해 서브타입 시스템을 정의하고, 정의한 시스템의 추이성을 증명함으로써 코인덕션에 대해 소개한다. 이를 통해, 코인덕션에 대한 이해도를 높이고, 동시에 재귀 타입과 다양한 타입 요소가 있을 때 서브타입 시스템을 정의하는 방법에 대한 기초를 제공한다.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2005

Between June 1989 and may 2004 Ipsilateral vascularized fibular transposition was performed on nine patients with segmental tibial defects combined with infection following trauma. Ipsilateral vascularized fibular graft was performed on two or three stage according to the degree of infection. Initially free vascular pedicled graft was done followed by ipsilateral vascularized fibular graft. Type of free flap used is scapular free flap 3 cases, latissimus dorsi free flap 5 cases and dorsalis pedis flap 1 cases. The patients were followed for an average of 3.4 years. the average time to union was 6.7 months, and in all patients the graft healed in spite of complication. Complication was free flap venous thrombosis in 1 cases, persistent infection in 1 cases, delayed bony union at the distal end of fibular graft in 2 cases. The results showed that more faster bony union was seen in which cases firmly internally fixated and more faster hypertrophy of graft in which cases was permitted to ambulate on early weight bearing and more faster healing in which cases debrided more meticulously. Reconstruction of tibia defect with free flap followed by Ipsilateral fibular transposition is a useful and safe method to avoid the potential risk of infection for patients with tibial large bone defect and soft tissue defect associated with infection.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2022

Distal humerus fractures (DHFs) are challenging to treat due to the locally complex osseous and soft tissue anatomy. Adequate exposure of the articular surface of the distal humerus is crucial when performing an anatomical reconstruction of the elbow. Even though "triceps-on" approaches are gaining popularity, one of the most commonly used surgical treatments for DHF is olecranon osteotomy. The incidence of complications related to this approach is unclear. This review was performed to assess the type and frequency of complications that occur with the olecranon osteotomy approach in the treatment of DHF. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library digital databases up to February 2020. Only English articles describing complications of olecranon osteotomy in the treatment of DHF were included. Data on patient and surgical characteristics and complications were extracted. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. A total of 41 articles describing 1,700 osteotomies were included, and a total of 447 complications were reported. Of these 447 complications, wound infections occurred in 4.2% of osteotomies, of which 1.4% were deep infections and 2.8% were superficial. Problems related with union occurred in 3.7% of osteotomies, 2% of which represented non-union and 1.7% delayed union. The high risk of complications in olecranon osteotomy must be considered in the decision to perform this procedure in the treatment of DHF.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7219-7222
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• 2014

Background: Early gastric cancer (EGC) is well accepted as having a favorable prognosis, but some patients experience an ominous outcome after curative resection. This study was aimed at evaluating predictive factors associated with prognosis of D2 gastrectomies in patients with early gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 518 patients with early gastric cancer who underwent D2 gastrectomies were reviewed in this study. The clinicopathological features and surgical outcomes were analyzed. The survival rate was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log rank test. Prognostic factors were analyzed using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Results: The 5-year survival rate was 90.3%. Tumor infiltration, lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion were significant prognostic factors for survival. Gender, age, tumor size, tumor location, macroscopic type and histological type were not significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis indicated that lymph node metastasis was an independent poor prognosis factor. Conclusions: Early gastric cancers with lymph node metastasis have a relatively poor prognosis after standard surgery. Even after curative resection, patients with EGC with positive lymph nodes should be closely followed and be considered as candidates for comprehensive therapies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권13호
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• pp.5371-5375
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• 2014

Background: An accurate assessment of potential lymph node metastasis is important for the appropriate treatment of early gastric cancers. Therefore, this study analyzed predictive factors associated with lymph node metastasis and identified differences between mucosal and submucosal gastric cancers. Materials and Methods: A total of 518 early gastric cancer patients who underwent radical gastrectomy were reviewed in this study. Clinicopathological features were analyzed to identify predictive factors for lymph node metastasis. Results: The rate of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer was 15.3% overall, 3.3% for mucosal cancer, and 23.5% for submucosal cancer. Using univariate analysis, risk factors for lymph node metastasis were identified as tumor location, tumor size, depth of tumor invasion, histological type and lymphovascular invasion. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size >2 cm, submucosal invasion, undifferentiated tumors and lymphovascular invasion were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis. When the carcinomas were confined to the mucosal layer, tumor size showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis. On the other hand, histological type and lymphovascular invasion were associated with lymph node metastasis in submucosal carcinomas. Conclusions: Tumor size >2 cm, submucosal tumor, undifferentiated tumor and lymphovascular invasion are predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. Risk factors are quite different depending on depth of tumor invasion. Endoscopic treatment might be possible in highly selective cases.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.325-336
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• 1999

In this paper, we prove that any $\lambda$-firmly nonexpansive mapping ($0<\lambda<1)T:C{\rightarrow}C$ has a fixed point in C whenever C is a finite union of nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subsets of a metric space of hyperbolic type.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제11권1_2호
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• pp.317-326
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• 2003

We classify all possible level Artinian O-sequences of socle degree 5 and type 3. Moreover, we show how to construct level Artinian algebras with those Hilbert functions using the sum of two ideals of finite sets of points in $P^2$ such that the ideal of the union of two sets is level.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.331-337
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• 2009

We investigate the correlation between the glycosylation modified prion proteins and apoptosis. The wild-type PRNP gene and four PRNP gene glycosylated mutants were transiently expressed in HeLa cells. The effect of apoptosis induced by PrP mutants was confirmed by MTT assay, Hochest staining, Annexin-V staining and PI staining. ROS test detected ROS generation within the cells. The mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed by the flow cytometry. The expression levels of Bcl-xL, Bax, cleaved Caspase-9 proteins were analyzed by Western Blot. The results indicated that the expressed non-glycosylated PrP in HeLa cells obviously induced apoptosis, inhibited the growth of cells and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential, and more ROS generation and low levels of the apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-xL, the activated the cleaved Caspase-9 proteins were found. The apoptosis induced by non-glycosylated PrP demonstrates that its underlying mechanism correlates with the mitochondria-mediated signal transduction pathway.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6803-6806
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• 2013

Background: Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) is a transcription factor with distinct and conserved DNA and protein binding domains. Mutations within the protein binding domain have been significantly observed in subjects with orofacial cleft relative to healthy controls. In addition, recent studies have identified loss of expression of IRF6 due to promoter hypermethylation in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Since mutational events occurring within the conserved domains are likely to affect the function of a protein, we investigated whether regions within the IRF6 gene that encodes for the conserved protein binding domain carried mutations in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: Total chromosomal DNA extracted from 32 post surgical OSCC tissue samples were amplified using intronic primers flanking the exon 7 of IRF6 gene, which encodes for the major region of protein binding domain. The PCR amplicons from all the samples were subsequently resolved in a 1.2% agarose gel, purified and subjected to direct sequencing to screen for mutations. Results: Sequencing analysis resulted in the identification of a mutation within exon 7 of IRF6 that occurred in heterozygous condition in 9% (3/32) of OSCC samples. The wild type codon TTC at position 252 coding for phenylalanine was found to be mutated to TAC that coded for tyrosine (F252Y). Conclusions: The present study identified for the first time a novel mutation within the conserved protein binding domain of IRF6 gene in tissue samples of subjects with OSCC.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.13-29
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• 2020

Objectives This study was performed to decide the bone union effect of Hwaweo-jeon on tibia fractured mice. Methods In this study, laboratory experiments were implemented by the stage of in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro, MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with various concentration of Hwaweo-jeon extract (HWJ). To investigate effect of HWJ for osteoblast, relative mRNA expression of 5 substances (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], runt-related transcription factor 2 [Runx2], osteocalcin [OCN], osterix [OSX] and collagen type II alpha 1 chain [Col2a1]) was used as a marker of osteogenesis. In order to determine HWJ's effect for fracture healing, relative gene expression level of ALP, Runx2, OCN, OSX and Col2a1 were used to find out the influence to osteoblast. Furthermore, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and osteoprotegerin relative mRNA expression were used to estimate the impact to osteoclast. Also, X-ray was used for the purpose of identifying bone union in tibia-fracture mouse model. Results In in vitro experiment, most part of relative mRNA expression were increased compared to control group. In in vivo and in vitro experiment, HWJ induced osteoblast activitation by verifying relative mRNA expression of 5 substances. And in vivo experiment, we can also identify that HWJ triggered osteoclast activation during early stage of tibia fracture. Furthermore, X-ray pictures show noticeable recovery of tibia fracture. Conclusions HWJ extract promotes bone union by facilitating the osteoblast. But, HWJ may occur liver & kidney toxicity over specific concentration. Therefore, when HWJ is applied to human body, doctors have to follow up the liver function test & renal function test of patient.