• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

Purpose - This study aims to examine whether key differences in characteristics of unions have significant implications for absenteeism. To uncover what characteristics of union made workers make decisions to be absent, this study used such key dimensions of unionism as democracy, cooperative strategy of a union, and d density rate. Research design and methodology - The research model of this study is that absenteeism has positive relations with union's democracy and density. But it has negative relations with union cooperative strategy. This study was conducted by survey method on 333local unionized business entities of metal industry in South Korea. Results - The result shows that significant and positive relationship between unions with high density rates, democracy and absenteeism which is in line with the argument of the previous studies. Different from the expectation, the hypotheses 2, it has been shown that there is positive relation between cooperative strategy of union and the decision of workers to be absent. Conclusions - Employers with unions with high density rates could not fully exercise disciplinary power against those workers absent at workplace since a strong union shields them effectively from punishments by employers.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.23-45
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• 2002

The main findings from the analysis of the micro-determinants of joining union are : Firstly, joining union is mainly determined by union reach (supply-side) rather than by union propensity (demand-side). Secondly, union existence is closely correlated with firm size. Thirdly, job satifaction is not statistically significant with joining union, though it is significant with non-union workers' propensity to join union. Finally, trade union movement is required to extend union reach and emphasize institutional and behavioral factors for increasing union density.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 2019

Background: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) causes vascular endothelial cell inflammatory response and apoptosis and plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a metabolite produced by the hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1, possesses strong anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether or not CK protects ox-LDL-damaged endothelial cells and the potential mechanisms have not been elucidated. Methods: In our study, cell viability was tested using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl-)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Expression levels of interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}m$) was detected using JC-1. The cell apoptotic percentage was measured by the Annexin V/ propidium iodide (PI) assay, lactate dehydrogenase, and caspase-3 expression. Apoptosis-related proteins, nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways protein expression were quantified by Western blotting. Results: Our results demonstrated that CK could ameliorate ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) inflammation and apoptosis, $NF-{\kappa}B$ nuclear translocation, and the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, anisomycin, an activator of p38 and JNK, significantly abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of CK. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that CK prevents ox-LDL-induced HUVECs inflammation and apoptosis through inhibiting the $NF-{\kappa}B$, p38, and JNK MAPK signaling pathways. Thus, CK is a candidate drug for atherosclerosis treatment.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-143
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• 2006

This paper illuminates the patterns of growth and declines in sizes of union membership in metal, chemical, financial, and auto transport sectors in three distinct periods during the last four decades from 1963 to 2003. This paper also calculates union densities in auto assembly, auto supply, and shipbuilding industries of the metal sector, cement, petroleum refining, and pharmaceutical industries of the chemical sector, private banking industry of the financial sector, and city bus industry of the auto transport sector. Such diversities in both sizes of union membership and union densities among sectors and industries turned out to be associated with attitudes and choices of employers and unions in interaction with sector- and industry-specific economic (growth stage and path), institutional (degrees of government intervention), and social (demographic features of employees and prevailing sizes of firms) environment. Such finding shows that theoretical reasonings on sizes of union membership and union densities across sectors and industries in advanced nations are also relevantly useful to analyze the Korean case.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.79-108
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• 2017

Using data sets from the Korean Labour and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) for the period 2003-2015, this study shows that wages of nonunion workers are positively related to the percentage of unionized workers in the same geographic region. A 10 percentage point increase in a region's union density is associated with a 4.9 percent increase in the region's average wage of nonunion workers. It is also shown that this positive spillover effect is observed for various subgroups of nonunion workers, including women, youth, low-educated workers, small firm employees, and those employed under nonstandard work arrangements. In contrast, the average wage of union workers is found to respond insignificantly to changes in a region's union density.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2007

As a part of the study for the materials development of compound feelings, therefore, this study investigated into the effects of the colors of warp and weft on the overall colors of fabrics, along with the visual changes of colors by the measuring angle of both warp and weft, by means of cross-dyeing of cotton/PET union fabrics. First, the dyeing of cotton and PET fabrics individually with the same color, the dyeing of PET fabrics followed by that of cotton fabrics resulted in a small difference in color than the dyeing in the reversed order. Second, in the case of the dyeing of cotton/PET union fabrics with the color of one fiber fixed and that of the other in ten colors, the color of cotton fiber, which is warp, gave much influence. In addition, the color change was remarkable among complementary colors, while it was negligible among adjacent colors. Third, in the case of dyeing of cotton/PET union fabrics with the color of one fiber fixed and that of the other in ten colors, the results were different by the measuring angle. When PET was fixed in green and cotton was dyed in ten colors, color-deepening was observed by the inclination in the direction of warp and weft without the dominance over all colors like cotton. When cotton was dyed in red and PET in ten colors, the color of PET appeared dimly in the horizontal case by the direction of the light, and red appeared as inclined in the direction of warp and weft. This is because of the dominance of cotton color over the overall color, since the density of cotton fiber, the warp of union fabrics, is higher than that of PET, the weft. Thus, this is to be considered in the selection of the warp's color. In view of the above results, the color changes are outstanding when the color of warp dominates the overall color and when the colors of warp and weft are complementary, in comparison with the case when the colors are adjacent. The colors also change by the measuring angle.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.151-162
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• 2006

This study investigated into the effects of the colors of warp and weft on the overall colors of fabrics, along with the visual changes of colors by the measuring angle of both warp and weft, by means of cross-dyeing of cotton/PET union fabrics. First, the reflectance of polyester is higher than that of cotton over the whole wavelength. Second, the dyeing of polyester uses the disperse dyes and that of cotton uses fiber-reactive dyes, the differences in the features of dyes and the reflectance of fabrics cause the same colors to be perceived different by the angle of observation. Third, the dyeing of cotton and PET fabrics individually with the same color revealed that the dyeing of cotton and PET fabrics in one bath resulted in a small difference in colors between the two fabrics than the separate dyeing in two bathes. In the case of one bath, the dyeing of PET fabrics followed by that of cotton fabrics resulted in a small difference in color than the dyeing in the reversed order. Fourth, when cotton/PET union fabrics were dyed in ten colors, the difference in colors between the two fabrics was small; and due to the difference in the density of warp and weft of union fabrics, some difference was detected in comparison with the results of separate dyeing of cotton and PET fabrics in one bath. The latter did not produce the changes in color which was recognizable with the naked eyes. Fifth, when cotton/PET union fabrics were dyed in ten colors, any color change was not observed by the measuring angle, and the inclination in the direction of warp or weft resulted in the tendency of color-deepening. In the measurement of the latter, the inclination in the direction of weft resulted in the higher color-deepening than that in the direction of warp, due to the influence of weft.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3747-3752
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• 2014

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most common carcinoma of the biliary system. Among its research models, orthotopic xenograft models, important research tools, have been rarely reported in the literature however. Aim: To explore establishment of an orthotopic xenograft model and to evaluate the advantage and disadvantage as compared with other models. Materials and Methods: Subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic xenograft models of gallbladder carcinoma in nude mice were established and compared with human gallbladder carcinomas. Results: For the orthotopic xenograft model and clinical gallbladder carcinomas, the lymph node metastatic rates were 69.2% and 53.3% (p>0.05); ascites generation rates, 38.5% and 11.7%(p<0.05); liver invasive rates, 100% and 61.7%(p<0.05); and lymphatic vessel densities (LVD), $10.4{\pm}3.02$ and $8.77{\pm}2.92$ (p>0.05), respectively. In the subcutaneous xenograft model, no evidence of ascites generation, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis were found, and its LVD was lower ($4.56{\pm}1.53$, p<0.05). Conclusions: Compared with the subcutaneous xenograft model, the orthotopic xenograft model better simulates clinical gallbladder carcinoma in terms of metastasis and invasion, which may be attributed to the difference in microenvironment and LVD.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.431-439
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• 1996

In the process of simplifying the complex fate of the plant into a binary state, the information loss is inevitable. To minimize the information loss, the quantification of plant safety status has been formulated through the combination of the probability density function arising from the sensor measurement and the membership function representing the expectation of the state of the system. Therefore, in this context, the safety index is introduced in an attempt to quantify the plant status from the perspective of safety. The combination of probability density function and membership function is achieved through the integration of the fuzzy intersection of the two functions, and it often is not a simple task to integrate the fuzzy intersection due to the complexity that is the result of the fuzzy intersection. Therefore, a methodology based on the Algebra of Logic is used to express the fuzzy intersection and the fuzzy union of the arbitrary functions analytically. These exact analytical expressions are then numerically integrated by the application of Monte Carlo method. The benchmark tests for rectangular area and both fuzzy intersection and union of two normal distribution functions have been performed. Lastly, the safety index was determined for the Core Reactivity Control of Yonggwang 3&4 using the presented methodology.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9921-9926
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• 2014

To investigate the value of expression of annexin A2, microvessel density (MVD) and CD105 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues and adjacent normal tissues, immunohistochemical staining was used. The positive expression rate of Annexin A2 and the MVD in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissues was higher than that in in adjacent normal tissues (p<0.005). Expression of Annexin A2 and MVD correlated with histological grade (p<0.05). MVD of cancers in TNM stage IIb was higher than that in TNM stageI~IIa (p<0.026). Cancerous tissues with Annexin A2 staining grade 3+ had lower MVD than the tissues with the other Annexin A2 staining grade (p<0.05). Patients with high MVD had worse prognosis. However, our study did not confirm Annexin A2 was an independent risk factor for patients with PDAC. We confirmed MVD labeled by CD105 was an independent risk factor for patients with PDAC and had moderate predictive value of prognosis.