• 제목/요약/키워드: Uniform Consistency

검색결과 51건 처리시간 0.022초

Testing the Existence of a Discontinuity Point in the Variance Function

  • Huh, Jib
    • Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
    • /
    • 제17권3호
    • /
    • pp.707-716
    • /
    • 2006
  • 분산함수는 회귀함수와 더불어 회귀모형의 연구에 매우 중요한 함수이며 이 함수가 불연속일 때의 연구는 Delgado and Hidalgo (2000)와 Perron (2001)은 시계열모형에서는 비모수적 추정법에 의해 분산함수의 추정을 연구하였으며 Kang and Huh (2006)은 Perron의 추정법을 회귀모형에 적용하여 분산함수의 불연속점의 추정에 대하여 연구하였고, Huh (2005)는 Kang and Huh의 잔차제곱들을 이용한 분산함수의 불연속점의 추정 대신 이차적률함수를 이용하여 분산함수의 불연속점을 추정하였다. 이는 Kang and Huh의 연구에서 잔차제곱들을 구하기 위하여 회귀함수의 추정이 우선되어야 하기에 전체적인 계산량이 늘어나게 되고, 늘어난 만큼 불연속점 추정의 정도가 떨어지게 됨으로 반응변수의 표본의 제곱을 이용하여 이차적률함수의 추정으로 불연속점을 추정하는 것이 더 용이하기 때문이다. 이러한 연구를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 Huh의 점프의 크기 추정량의 점근분포를 이용하여 불연속점의 존재 유무에 대한 가설검정법을 제안하였다. 즉, 점프의 크기 추정량의 귀무가설 하의 점근분포가 가지고 있는 장애모수인 불연속점의 위치에서 확률밀도함수와 4차적률함수를 비모수적 방법으로 추정하는 방법을 제안하고 이들의 균일 일치성을 보여 가설검정법을 제안하였다. 불연속점의 추정에 앞서 불연속점의 존재 여부의 가설검정이 우선되어야 하기에 다른 통계적 함수에 대한 불연속점의 연구에서도 이러한 본 논문에서 연구한 방법으로 불연속점의 존재 유무에 대한 가설검정법을 제안 할 수 있을 것이다.

  • PDF

Effects of 3D contraction on pebble flow uniformity and stagnation in pebble beds

  • Wu, Mengqi;Gui, Nan;Yang, Xingtuan;Tu, Jiyuan;Jiang, Shengyao
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
    • /
    • 제53권5호
    • /
    • pp.1416-1428
    • /
    • 2021
  • Pebble flow characteristics can be significantly affected by the configuration of pebble bed, especially for HTGR pebble beds. How to achieve a desired uniform flow pattern without stagnation is the top priority for reactor design. Pebbles flows inside some specially designed pebble bed with arc-shaped contraction configurations at the bottom, including both concave-inward and convex-outward shapes are explored based on discrete element method. Flow characteristics including pebble retention, residence-time frequency density, flow uniformity as well as axial velocity are investigated. The results show that the traditionally designed pebble bed with cone-shape bottom is not the most preferred structure with respect to flow pattern for reactor design. By improving the contraction configuration, the flow performance can be significantly enhanced. The flow in the convex-shape configuration featured by uniformity, consistency and less stagnation, is much more desirable for pebble bed design. In contrast, when the shape is from convex-forward to concave-inward, the flow shows more nonuniformity and stagnation in the corner although the average cross-section axial velocity is the largest due to the dominant middle pebbles.

Shear correction factors of a new exponential functionally graded porous beams

  • Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari;Aicha Bessaim;Tarek Merzouki;AhmedAmine Daikh;Aman Garg;Abdelouahed Tounsi;Mohamed A. Eltaher;Mohamed-Ouejdi Belarbi
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
    • /
    • 제89권1호
    • /
    • pp.1-11
    • /
    • 2024
  • This article introduces a novel analytical model for examining the impact of porosity on shear correction factors (SCFs) in functionally graded porous beams (FGPB). The study employs uneven and logarithmic-uneven modified porosity-dependent power-law functions, which are distributed throughout the thickness of the FGP beams. Additionally, a modified exponential-power law function is used to estimate the effective mechanical properties of functionally graded porous beams. The correction factor plays a crucial role in this analysis as it appears as a coefficient in the expression for the transverse shear stress resultant. It compensatesfor the assumption that the shear strain is uniform across the depth of the cross-section. By applying the energy equivalence principle, a general expression for static SCFs in FGPBs is derived. The resulting expression aligns with the findings obtained from Reissner's analysis, particularly when transitioning from the two-dimensional case (plate) to the one-dimensional case (beam). The article presents a convenient algebraic form of the solution and provides new case studies to demonstrate the practicality of the proposed formulation. Numerical results are also presented to illustrate the influence of porosity distribution on SCFs for different types of FGPBs. Furthermore, the article validates the numerical consistency of the mechanical property changesin FG beams without porosity and the SCF by comparing them with available results.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Commercial Oral Capsules for Chronic Enteropathies in Dogs and Cats

  • Min-Ok Ryu;Soh-Yeon Lee;Se-Hoon Kim;Hwa-Young Youn;Kyoung-Won Seo
    • 한국임상수의학회지
    • /
    • 제41권3호
    • /
    • pp.150-156
    • /
    • 2024
  • This retrospective case series assessed the effectiveness of commercially available oral fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for treating chronic enteropathies in eight animals, five dogs, and three cats, between 2020 and 2023 at the Seoul National University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Chronic enteropathies, often resistant to conventional therapies, present a significant challenge in veterinary medicine. To assess oral capsule FMT's effectiveness (Doggybiome® one capsule daily for dogs and Kittybiome® one capsule daily for cats) as a universal adjunctive therapy for chronic enteropathies across species not responding to traditional treatments. This retrospective case series applied a uniform evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms and treatment efficacy, utilizing established scoring systems (Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index [CIBDAI] and Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index [CCECAI] for dogs, Feline Chronic Enteropathy Activity Index [FCEAI] for cats) before and one month after FMT. This approach ensured consistency in hypothesis testing across the study population. Results revealed significant improvements in clinical indices post-FMT, with notable reductions in the CIBDAI, CCECAI, and FCEAI scores (p < 0.05). Additionally, symptoms such as anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss showed marked improvement, with normalization of appetite and activity levels observed in most cases. No adverse effects were reported, indicating the safety and tolerability of this treatment. This study highlights the potential of oral capsule FMT as a viable therapeutic option for dogs and cats with chronic enteropathies unresponsive to conventional treatments, providing a new avenue for clinical management. Further research is warranted to expand these findings and explore the microbiome changes associated with FMT in veterinary patients.

Kefir 배양용 기능성 복합 Starter 개발 (Development of a Functional Mixed-Starter Culture for Kefir Fermentation)

  • 이봄이;이해창;문용일;오세종
    • Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
    • /
    • 제36권3호
    • /
    • pp.178-185
    • /
    • 2018
  • Kefir, which originates in the Caucasian mountains, is a cultured milk beverage produced by a combination of acidic and alcoholic fermentation. Kefir products are commonly used as food vehicles to deliver health-promoting materials including kefran and lactic acid bacteria to consumers. The aim of this study was to develop a freeze-dried starter culture without yeast and assess the suitability of kefir-like dairy products for the growth of lactic acid bacteria and the acidification of milk. Pasteurized whole milk (SNF 8.5%) stored at $25^{\circ}C$ was aseptically inoculated with starter cultures (0.002% w/v); it was kept at $25^{\circ}C$ until the pH attained a value of 4.6. Ten grams of the kefir-like product sample was diluted with 90 mL of 0.15% peptone water diluent in a milk dilution bottle, followed by uniform mixing for 1 min. Viable cells of Lactobacillus species were enumerated on modified-MRS agar (pH 5.2), with incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. Viable cells of Lactococcus species were enumerated on M17-lactose agar, with incubation at $32^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. The pH attained a value of 4.6 after fermentation for 9 h 30 min (Starter 1), 9 h 45 min (Starter 2), and 12 h (Starter 3). The viable cell count of Lactobacillus sp. and Lactococcus sp. was initially $10^5{\sim}10^6CFU/g$; it increased significantly to $10^9CFU/g$ after 12 h of incubation. During the storage of the kefir-like products at $4^{\circ}C$ for 1 4 days, the total viable cell numbers were unchanged, but the pH decreased slightly. The consistency of the kefir products increased gradually during the storage. The organoleptic properties of the kefir products fermented using the new starter culture are more desirable than those of commercial kefir. These results suggest that the newly developed starter culture without yeast could be suitable for kefir fermentation.

염지액의 식염농도와 염지기간이 돼지고기의 염용성단백질의 추출성, 소편화, 보수력, 식염함량 및 기호성에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Salt Concentrations of Curing Solution on Myofibrillar Protein Extractability, Fragmentation, Water Holding Capacity, Salt Contents and Palatability of Cured Pork Loins)

  • 문윤희;김영길;현재석;이종호;정인철
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
    • /
    • 제31권6호
    • /
    • pp.999-1004
    • /
    • 2002
  • 식염농도를 3, 5, 7 및 9%로 각각 조제한 2$^{\circ}C$의 염지액에 등심고기를 20일간 염지하면서 식염농도와 염지기간이 근원 섬유단백질의 추출성과 소편화도, 보수력, 식염함량 및 기호성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 식염농도 3, 5 및 7%의 염지액에 염지한 등심고기 근원섬유단백질의 추출성과 보수력은 염지 20일까지, 근원섬유 소편화도는 염지 16일까지, 모두 식염농도가 높을수록 점점 높게 나타났으며, 9%의 염지액에 염지한 것은 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 가열육의 색도는 염지액의 식염농도가 높을수록, 그리고 염지 16일까지 점점 양호하게 나타났다 염지액의 식염농도 3%에서는 염지육의 발색이 균일하게 되지 않았으며, 9%에서는 발색이 잘 되었으나 풍미와 종합적인 기호성이 좋지 않았다. 등심고기는 염지액의 식염농도5%에서 16일, 또는 7%에서 12일 염지하면 기호성이 우수하게 되었다.

터진고리 형태의 암석시편에 대한 인장강도 시험의 이론과 실제 (Theory and Practice in the Tensile Strength Test for Split Ring Shaped Rock Specimen)

  • 최병희;이연규;박찬;박철환
    • 화약ㆍ발파
    • /
    • 제38권1호
    • /
    • pp.30-37
    • /
    • 2020
  • 본 연구에서는 암석의 인장강도를 측정하는 데 터진고리(split ring; SR) 형태의 시편(NX 코어)을 이용하는 굽힘시험법의 적용성을 검토하였다. SR 시험법은 반고리(half ring; HR) 형태의 시편을 이용하는 HR 시험법(Choi et al., 2019)과 개념적으로는 동일하지만 파괴면이 하중방향과 직교하는 특징이 있다. 이 직교성 때문에 SR 시험법은 HR 시험법보다 더 높은 정확성을 발휘할 수 있을 것으로 예상되었다. HR 시편과 마찬가지로 SR 시편은 균일단면을 가진 굽은 각봉이다. 이 특수한 각봉의 이론적 인장강도는 재료강도학의 굽힘이론으로부터 계산할 수 있다. 일련의 LS-DYNA 수치해석을 수행한 결과, 예상대로 인장형 및 압축형 SR 시험법의 강도오차는 1% 및 5%로서 HR 시험법의 오차(12%)에 비해 매우 낮게 나타났다. 두 SR 시험법의 성능을 확인하기 위하여 실내실험을 실시하였다. 비교를 위하여 HR 시험과 Brazilian 시험도 함께 수행하였다. 실험 결과, Brazilian 강도에 대한 인장형 및 압축형 SR 시험의 강도비는 각각 1.2~1.4 및 1.1~1.2로 나타났는데, 이는 통상적인 굽힘시험의 경험치에 비해 너무 작은 수치였다. 결과적으로 SR 시험은 NX 코어로 성형한 암석시편에 대해서는 실용성이 없는 것으로 판단하였다. 반면, HR 시험의 강도비는 선행연구와 본 연구를 통해 1.7~2.0의 범위에 속하여 높은 일관성을 보였다.

주기억장치 데이터베이스를 위한 포인터 기반 모델의 구축 (A Construction of Pointer-based Model for Main Memory Database Systems)

  • 배명남;최완
    • 한국통신학회논문지
    • /
    • 제28권4B호
    • /
    • pp.323-338
    • /
    • 2003
  • 주기억장치 데이터베이스 시스템(MMDBMS)은 디스크가 아닌 주기억장치를 주요 저장 매체로 사용하므로, 고성능이 요구되는 데이터베이스 응용을 효과적으로 지원한다. 최근, 인터넷을 중심으로 고속 데이터 처리와 함께, 보다 향상된 데이터 표현력과 보다 엄격한 데이터 일관성 보장에 대한 요구가 증대되고 있다. MMDBMS에서는 모든 데이터가 주기억장치에 상주하기 때문에, 성능에 대한 오버헤드 없이 그러한 요구를 만족시킬 수 있는 방법을 제공할 수 있다. 이들은 구체적으로 데이터를 처리하기 위한 연산과 참조 무결성과 같은 제약들로 이루어진다. 이들로 구성된 데이터 모델은 MMDBMS에서 데이터베이스의 표현력을 측정하는 중요한 컴포넌트이다. 본 논문에서는 통신 서비스의 제공에 필요한 요구들과 이를 지원하는 데이터 모델에 대해 설명한다. 다루는 주요 이슈들은 1) 포인터를 사용한 테이블간의 관계성 정의, 2) 관계성에 의한 데이터들의 항해, 3) 포인터 연산에 대한 참조 무결성 지원, 4) 죠인시 균일한 처리 시간 보장, 5) 객체지향 특성 지원, 6) 다중 테이블간 인덱스의 공유 등이다. 본 논문에서는 복잡한 응용 환경에서 이러한 이슈들을 지원할 수 있도록 설계한 데이터 모델에 대해 설명한다.

태양열집열송풍(太陽熱集熱送風), 곡물순환식(穀物循環式) 건조기(乾燥機)의 벼 건조효과(乾燥效果) (Effect of Paddy Drying by Solar Energy Concentration Blast-Grain Circulation Dryer)

  • 이병영;김영배;손종록;윤인화;한판주
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
    • /
    • 제32권2호
    • /
    • pp.104-108
    • /
    • 1989
  • 미곡(米穀)의 안전건조(安全乾燥)와 건조시간(乾燥時間)을 단축(短縮)시킬 수 있는 건조기(乾燥機)를 개발(開發)하기 위하여 2.5ton 규모(規模)의 태양열집열송풍(太陽熱集熱送風), 곡물순환식(穀物循環式), 건조기(乾燥機)를 제작(製作)하여 상온송풍식(常溫送風式)과 비교(比較) 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 태양열집열송풍(太陽熱集熱送風), 곡물순환식(穀物循環式) 건조기(乾燥機)에 송풍(送風)되는 공기(空氣)의 온도(溫度)는 외기온도(外氣溫度) 및 상온송기식(常溫送氣式) 건조기(乾燥機)에 송풍(送風)되는 공기(空氣)의 온도(溫度) 보다 $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ 높았다. 2. 벼 건조기간중(乾燥期間中) 건조기내(乾燥機內)의 부위별(部位別) 수분함량(水分含量)은 상온송풍식(常溫送風式) 건조기내(乾燥機內)에서는 차(差)가 극심하였으나 태양열집열송풍(太陽熱集熱送風), 곡물순환식(穀物循環式) 건조기내(乾燥機內)에서는 차(差)가 거의 없었다. 3. 수분함량(水分含量) 24%의 벼를 15%까지 건조(乾燥)시키는데 상온송풍(常溫送風) 건조(乾燥)로는 14일(日) 정도(程度) 소요(所要)되었으나 태양열집열송풍(太陽熱集熱送風), 곡물순환식(穀物循環式) 건조기(乾燥機)로는 3일(日) 정도(程度) 소요(所要)되었다. 4. 상온송풍(常溫送風) 건조기(乾燥機)로 건조(乾燥)한 벼의 동할립율(胴割粒率)은 상부(上部), 중부(中部), 하부(下部)가 각각 6, 6 및 12%로 건조기내(乾燥機內)의 부위별(部位別)로 차(差)가 있었으나 태양열집열송풍(太陽熱集熱送風), 곡물순환식(穀物循環式) 건조기(乾燥機)로 건조(乾燥)한 벼는 모든 부위(部位)가 7%로 부위별(部位別)로 차(差)가 없었다. 5. 벼 건조기간(乾燥期間) 중(中) 에너지 (energy) 소요량(所要量)은 상온송풍식(常溫送風式) 건조기(乾燥機)는 108Kw/2.5ton인데 비(比)하여 태양열집열송풍(太陽熱集熱送風), 곡물순환식(穀物循環式) 건조기(乾燥機)는 28.8Kw/2.5ton이었다.

  • PDF

폭소노미 사이트를 위한 랭킹 프레임워크 설계: 시맨틱 그래프기반 접근 (A Folksonomy Ranking Framework: A Semantic Graph-based Approach)

  • 박현정;노상규
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
    • /
    • 제21권2호
    • /
    • pp.89-116
    • /
    • 2011
  • In collaborative tagging systems such as Delicious.com and Flickr.com, users assign keywords or tags to their uploaded resources, such as bookmarks and pictures, for their future use or sharing purposes. The collection of resources and tags generated by a user is called a personomy, and the collection of all personomies constitutes the folksonomy. The most significant need of the folksonomy users Is to efficiently find useful resources or experts on specific topics. An excellent ranking algorithm would assign higher ranking to more useful resources or experts. What resources are considered useful In a folksonomic system? Does a standard superior to frequency or freshness exist? The resource recommended by more users with mere expertise should be worthy of attention. This ranking paradigm can be implemented through a graph-based ranking algorithm. Two well-known representatives of such a paradigm are Page Rank by Google and HITS(Hypertext Induced Topic Selection) by Kleinberg. Both Page Rank and HITS assign a higher evaluation score to pages linked to more higher-scored pages. HITS differs from PageRank in that it utilizes two kinds of scores: authority and hub scores. The ranking objects of these pages are limited to Web pages, whereas the ranking objects of a folksonomic system are somewhat heterogeneous(i.e., users, resources, and tags). Therefore, uniform application of the voting notion of PageRank and HITS based on the links to a folksonomy would be unreasonable, In a folksonomic system, each link corresponding to a property can have an opposite direction, depending on whether the property is an active or a passive voice. The current research stems from the Idea that a graph-based ranking algorithm could be applied to the folksonomic system using the concept of mutual Interactions between entitles, rather than the voting notion of PageRank or HITS. The concept of mutual interactions, proposed for ranking the Semantic Web resources, enables the calculation of importance scores of various resources unaffected by link directions. The weights of a property representing the mutual interaction between classes are assigned depending on the relative significance of the property to the resource importance of each class. This class-oriented approach is based on the fact that, in the Semantic Web, there are many heterogeneous classes; thus, applying a different appraisal standard for each class is more reasonable. This is similar to the evaluation method of humans, where different items are assigned specific weights, which are then summed up to determine the weighted average. We can check for missing properties more easily with this approach than with other predicate-oriented approaches. A user of a tagging system usually assigns more than one tags to the same resource, and there can be more than one tags with the same subjectivity and objectivity. In the case that many users assign similar tags to the same resource, grading the users differently depending on the assignment order becomes necessary. This idea comes from the studies in psychology wherein expertise involves the ability to select the most relevant information for achieving a goal. An expert should be someone who not only has a large collection of documents annotated with a particular tag, but also tends to add documents of high quality to his/her collections. Such documents are identified by the number, as well as the expertise, of users who have the same documents in their collections. In other words, there is a relationship of mutual reinforcement between the expertise of a user and the quality of a document. In addition, there is a need to rank entities related more closely to a certain entity. Considering the property of social media that ensures the popularity of a topic is temporary, recent data should have more weight than old data. We propose a comprehensive folksonomy ranking framework in which all these considerations are dealt with and that can be easily customized to each folksonomy site for ranking purposes. To examine the validity of our ranking algorithm and show the mechanism of adjusting property, time, and expertise weights, we first use a dataset designed for analyzing the effect of each ranking factor independently. We then show the ranking results of a real folksonomy site, with the ranking factors combined. Because the ground truth of a given dataset is not known when it comes to ranking, we inject simulated data whose ranking results can be predicted into the real dataset and compare the ranking results of our algorithm with that of a previous HITS-based algorithm. Our semantic ranking algorithm based on the concept of mutual interaction seems to be preferable to the HITS-based algorithm as a flexible folksonomy ranking framework. Some concrete points of difference are as follows. First, with the time concept applied to the property weights, our algorithm shows superior performance in lowering the scores of older data and raising the scores of newer data. Second, applying the time concept to the expertise weights, as well as to the property weights, our algorithm controls the conflicting influence of expertise weights and enhances overall consistency of time-valued ranking. The expertise weights of the previous study can act as an obstacle to the time-valued ranking because the number of followers increases as time goes on. Third, many new properties and classes can be included in our framework. The previous HITS-based algorithm, based on the voting notion, loses ground in the situation where the domain consists of more than two classes, or where other important properties, such as "sent through twitter" or "registered as a friend," are added to the domain. Forth, there is a big difference in the calculation time and memory use between the two kinds of algorithms. While the matrix multiplication of two matrices, has to be executed twice for the previous HITS-based algorithm, this is unnecessary with our algorithm. In our ranking framework, various folksonomy ranking policies can be expressed with the ranking factors combined and our approach can work, even if the folksonomy site is not implemented with Semantic Web languages. Above all, the time weight proposed in this paper will be applicable to various domains, including social media, where time value is considered important.