• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.780-788
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• 2008

Modeling hand poses and tracking its movement are one of the challenging problems in computer vision. There are two typical approaches for the reconstruction of hand poses in 3D, depending on the number of cameras from which images are captured. One is to capture images from multiple cameras or a stereo camera. The other is to capture images from a single camera. The former approach is relatively limited, because of the environmental constraints for setting up multiple cameras. In this paper we propose a method of reconstructing 3D hand poses from a 2D input image sequence captured from a single camera by means of Belief Propagation in a graphical model and recognizing a finger clicking motion using a hidden Markov model. We define a graphical model with hidden nodes representing joints of a hand, and observable nodes with the features extracted from a 2D input image sequence. To track hand poses in 3D, we use a Belief Propagation algorithm, which provides a robust and unified framework for inference in a graphical model. From the estimated 3D hand pose we extract the information for each finger's motion, which is then fed into a hidden Markov model. To recognize natural finger actions, we consider the movements of all the fingers to recognize a single finger's action. We applied the proposed method to a virtual keypad system and the result showed a high recognition rate of 94.66% with 300 test data.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.615-621
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• 2014

This study suggests the design and assembly drawing of the prefabricated precast concrete arch ammo magazines using the numerical analysis as well as the explosion verification test. The protective capacity of the proposed magazines is identified with the maximum support rotation angles measured by explosion verification tests according to the U.S. Unified Facility Criteria 3-340-02. Using numerical analysis, it is examined that oval-type members are better than the semi-circle ones in terms of protective capacity. Based on this numerical results, the design and assemble drawing for the prefabricated precast concrete arch ammo magazine are developed. It is identified that the structure constructed by invented design and assembly drawing has enough protective capacity against blast pressure caused by 133.75kg TNT explosion. The detonation point cannot be open due to the military security. In sum, it could be concluded that the ammo magazine proposed in this study has reliable protective capacity with enough redundancy. The redundancy means that there are more economic design approach with reducing the curved wall thickness.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 2007

Critical chloride content for corrosion initiation is a crucial parameter in determining the durability and integrity of reinforced concrete structures, however, the value is still ambiguous. Most of the studies reporting critical threshold chloride content have involved the experimental measurement of the average amount of the total chloride content at arbitrary time. The majority of these researches have not dealt with this issue combined with carbonation of concrete, although carbonation can significantly impact on critical threshold chloride content. Furthermore, the studies have tried to define the critical chloride content within the scope of their experimental concrete mix proportion at arbitrary time. However, critical chloride content for corrosion initiation is known to be affected by a lot of factors including cement content, type of binder, chloride binding, concentration of hydroxyl ions, and so on. It is necessary to define the unified formulation to express the critical chloride content for various mix proportions of concrete. The purpose of this study is to establish an analytical formulation of the critical chloride content of concrete. In this formulation, affecting factors, such as mix proportion, environment, chemical evolution of pore solution with elapsed time, carbonation of concrete and so on are taken into account. Based on the Gouda's experimental results, critical chloride content is defined as a function of $[Cl^-]$ vs. $[OH^-]$ in pore solution. This is expressed as free chloride content with mass unit to consider time evolution of $[OH^-]$ content in pore solution using the numerical simulation programme of cementitious materials, HYMOSTRUC. The result was compared with other experimental studies and various codes. It is believed that the approach suggested in this study can provide a good solution to determine the reasonable critical chloride content with original source of chloride ions, for example, marine sand at initial time, and sea water penetration later on.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.591-600
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• 2008

Korean traditional culture has a long history and it is rooted in the deep down our national culture. It is like bread and pride for Korean people. The tale of Cheyong is a precious cultural heritage, which has existed in the public awareness of the Korean people since the period of unified Silla. Based on its mysterious and beautiful story, the value of traditional culture can be revealed through development of digital contents. With such precious cultural resource we can digitalize the fun contents which the general public can enjoy. Ways of digitalize of cultural archetype has been suggested by analyzing the content elements of the tale of Cheyong. Also, by making scientific approach to the development process of digitalization, the possibility of digitalization has been found through 3D animation restoration process for Cheyong Dance and the process of making the tale of Cheyong into animation. Through analyzing the contents development process of cultural archetype of the tale of Chetyong, a cultural archetype sourcehas been developed which has a great value as a contents product that can be developed and used as various cultural content art works. With studies on the theory of development method for digitalization of traditional culture, scientific studies and investigation have to be continuously carried out so the digitalization of Korean cultural heritage, which will shine in the world, can be continued as well.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.3-18
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• 2009

It is difficult for consumers to satisfy high safety request with post-management method such as inspection and surveillance, as various changes in-and-out of the country associated with food safety. In terms of food safety problems related to foods, it is crucial to recognize public health and consumer protection and construct pre-preventive Food Control System. A joint committee, FAO/WHO made the following consultations to the National Food Safety System. ${\circ}$ Approach entirely from farm to table ${\circ}$ Get ready for Risk Analysis System ${\circ}$ Secure transparency ${\circ}$ Establish the optimal policy by evaluating the effect of regulation When it comes to summarizing the consultation, it would be accumulated as two key words; "Efficiency" and "Credibility". Whereas the problem of efficiency focuses on precaution rather than post-management, it requires policy option to maximize consumer's benefit by evaluating the cost for the Food Safety Management and its benefit. Also, analyzing risk's character and amount, demanding an optimal means, and introducing scientific analysis system put much value on the stakeholder's communications are procedure's security which can satisfy both "Efficiency" and "Credibility" simultaneously. Especially, it is emphasized here that Risk Assessment need to be separated from Risk Management. This action is a valid means of credibility security throughout improving transparency. A number of nations and organizations have reformed the method of food management passing through reflection and examination of the prior National Food Safety Management since BSE occurred in Britain, 1996. FSA; Food Standard Agency, AFFSA, EFSA, BfR, and FSC are Risk Assessment Organization functionally separated from Risk Management Organization, JECFA, JMCFA, JMPR, JEMRA in Codex charge Risk Assessment internationally. In case of advanced countries excluding several those such as The U.S. and so forth, though these Risk Assessment Organizations are either separated functionally within Risk Management Organization or operated as apart organ, common factors are in which it has independence as Science Base. While securing independence of Risk Assessment Function, it is a tendency Risk Management should be functionally unified into efficiency as well. Though Germany constructs integral Risk Management System of diverse ways according to social and political conditions of each country such as GFOCP, DVFA, SNFA, CFIS and AQIS, there is a key word in the center, "Securing efficiency of Food Safety Management". However our nation has a representative plural；diversified system with The U.S., we took a step forward for unification as empowering policy's generalization；adjustment and Risk Assessment Function by means of enacting the "Food Safety Fundamental Law" in 2008 and establishing the "Food Safety Policy Commission" with private and governmental sectors in the Prime Minister's office. Even though the unification of Risk Management hereby increased, there is the lack of strengthening function of Risk Assessment and securing independence. It needs to be required for the professional committee in Food Safety Policy Commission to develop as a exclusive office of Risk Assessment by separating from a policy decision. Administrative Branches should reinforce feeble functions such as fundamental investigation；research for carrying out Risk Assessment with securing efficiency throughout reassessment of prior Risk Management Means.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.36S no.12
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• pp.85-96
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• 1999

In a number of predictive video compression standards, the motion is compensated by the block-based motion compensation (BMC). The effective motion field used for the prediction by the BMC is obviously discontinuous since one motion vector is used for the entire macro-block. The usage of discontinuous motion field for the prediction causes the blocky artifacts and one obvious approach for eliminating such artifacts is to use a smoothed motion field. The optimal procedure will depend on the type of motion within the video. In this paper, several procedures for the motion vectors are considered. For any interpolation or approaches, however, the motion vectors as provided by the block matching algorithm(BMA) are no longer optimal. The optimum motion vectors(still one per macro-block) must minimize the of the displaced frame difference (DFD). We propose a unified algorithm that computes the optimum motion vectors to minimize the of the DFD using a conjugate gradient search. The proposed algorithm has been implemented and tested for the affine transformation based motion compensation (ATMC), the bilinear transformation based motion compensation (BTMC) and our own filtered motion compensation(FMC). The performance of these different approaches will be compared against the BMC.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.9-20
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• 2020

This study redefines the networks' connection behaviors and the terms confusion over the settlement in Netflix-SK Broadband's dispute through domestic and foreign legal references. Conflict parties, academics and the media use the terms "interconnection fee" or "Access fee" without uniformity, and in some cases mixes for strategic purposes. The use of different terms for the same phenomenon (or vice versa) has a high need for research in that it makes it difficult to reach a unified approach to the problem, to discuss it productively and rationally, and, moreover, to resolve disputes. Therefore, this study cross-referenced/analyzed terms related to network utilization and connectivity, namely "Use", "Access", "Interconnection" and thus cost-related terms as a counter-pay. In addition, it suggests that interconnection fees and access fees should be used separately, and allows them to function as a starting point in resolving future ICT sector issues. As a result of this study, the price against the network access/use between Netflix and SK Broadband is access fee or retail price, and proposes to be used uniformly in the term "interconnection fee" only for fees incurred in interconnection between ISPs that possess or operate networks.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.29-39
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• 2017

This paper presents a unified framework to efficiently and realistically simulate surface and wave foams. The framework is designed to first project 3D water particles from an underlying water solver onto 2D screen space in order to reduce the computational complexity of determining where foam particles should be generated. Because foam effects are often created primarily in fast and complicated water flows, we analyze the acceleration and curvature values to identify the areas exhibiting such flow patterns. Foam particles are emitted from the identified areas in 3D space, and each foam particle is advected according to its type, which is classified on the basis of velocity, thereby capturing the essential characteristics of foam wave motions. We improve the realism of the resulting foam by classifying it into two types: surface foam and wave foam. Wave foam is characterized by the sharp wave patterns of torrential flow s, and surface foam is characterized by a cloudy foam shape even in water with reduced motion. Based on these features, we propose a technique to correct the velocity and position of a foam particle. In addition, we propose a kernel technique using the screen space density to efficiently reduce redundant foam particles, resulting in improved overall memory efficiency without loss of visual detail in terms of foam effects. Experiments convincingly demonstrate that the proposed approach is efficient and easy to use while delivering high-quality results.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.551-565
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a day care center model focused on public health institutions for the elderly residing in their homes. Method: Research design for this study was a mult-level research, which consisted of a related literature review, an Internet search for knowledge of the current situation at home and abroad, on-site interviews, questionnaires collected from a sample of residents in a rural area, and a key-informants approach. Results: 1) The subjects of service - Generalized service should be provided to the elderly, 65 years and older, regardless of their assets. 2) The contents of service - Providing pre-health oriented and post-social welfare service that can integrate and satisfy a wide variety of public health and welfare needs of the elderly would strengthen the health care service of a day care center for the elderly. 3) Delivery system - Basic-level local self-governments should become a central operating body, and establishing a properly adjusted delivery system to a rural area after considering the efficiency and the access of vulnerable rural areas is needed based on modification of 'a Special Law for Agricultural and Fishery Areas' (rural public health center>rural health sub-center ${\rightarrow}$ unified health sub-center ${\rightarrow}$ public health hospital (public health center) ${\rightarrow}$ public welfare office). 4) Facility - Public health facilities such as public health centers and sub-centers should be located in areas that can easily access the facilities. 5) Funding - For day care center for the elderly in local self-government, the central government should modify a relevant implementation of subsidy in and provide some facilities and service regardless of the degree of self reliance of local self-government. 6) Human resources - It is needed to guarantee the period of workers of a day care center for the elderly, at least 3 to 5 years, with considering their specialty on aged care and avoiding circulation based positions. Furthermore, appropriate specially trained personnel such as medical workers and social workers should be placed to take care of both health service and welfare through strengthening of 'rules of law of elderly welfare,' Conclusion: future research is needed to test the model through a demonstration study using a model which may be developed in the future and to standardize the appraisal criteria of people hoping to enter a day care center for the elderly.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.55-71
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• 2013

The prediction model is the main factor affecting the performance of a knowledge-based system for bankruptcy prediction. Earlier studies on prediction modeling have focused on the building of a single best model using statistical and artificial intelligence techniques. However, since the mid-1980s, integration of multiple techniques (hybrid techniques) and, by extension, combinations of the outputs of several models (ensemble techniques) have, according to the experimental results, generally outperformed individual models. An ensemble is a technique that constructs a set of multiple models, combines their outputs, and produces one final prediction. The way in which the outputs of ensemble members are combined is one of the important issues affecting prediction accuracy. A variety of combination schemes have been proposed in order to improve prediction performance in ensembles. Each combination scheme has advantages and limitations, and can be influenced by domain and circumstance. Accordingly, decisions on the most appropriate combination scheme in a given domain and contingency are very difficult. This paper proposes a confidence-based selection approach as part of an ensemble bankruptcy-prediction scheme that can measure unified confidence, even if ensemble members produce different types of continuous-valued outputs. The present experimental results show that when varying the number of models to combine, according to the creation type of ensemble members, the proposed combination method offers the best performance in the ensemble having the largest number of models, even when compared with the methods most often employed in bankruptcy prediction.