• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular training on the uneven surface that stroke patients encounter in their daily life on their ankle joint muscle activity and balance ability. They were divided into two groups: the gait training group on uneven surfaces and the gait training group on normal surfaces. Methods: In this study, 30 patients diagnosed with stroke and undergoing rehabilitation were selected. 15 people in the uneven surface gait training group and 15 people in the flat gait training group were selected. The muscle activation of the ankle muscles was measured when walking again on a even surface after walking on an uneven surface and on a flat ground. After each gait training, the limit of stability and Romberg test were performed to evaluate the balance ability. Results: As a result of the experimental results before and after walking by group, the tibialis anterior muscle activity of the paralyzed side was significantly decreased in the uneven surface walking group. As a result of measuring balance ability after training, the limit of stability in all directions was significantly increased in the uneven surface gait training group, and the area and length moved significantly decreased in the uneven surface gait training group in the Romberg test as well (p<0.05). Conclusion: After walking on uneven surface, it was confirmed that the muscle activity of the ankle joint decreased in normal flat walking, and thus the efficiency of muscle activity was increased. In addition, it was possible to confirm the improvement of the balance ability of the gait training on the uneven surface, and in conclusion, it could be confirmed that it had an effect on the improvement of the walking ability.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2009

In this study, a robot foot having toes for firm stepping on uneven surface is proposed. The toes are connected to the lower leg by parallel links so that the lower leg can rotate in the rolling and pitching directions during stance phase without ankle joint. The landing performance of the foot on uneven surface was evaluated by relative comparison with that of the most common foot making point contact with the walking surface, since the test conditions considering real uneven surface could be hardly defined for its objective evaluation. Anti-slip margin(ASM) was defined in this study to express the slip resistance of a robot foot when it lands on a projection with half circular-, triangular- or rectangular cross section, assuming that uneven surface consists of projections having these kind of cross sections in different sizes. Based on the ASM analysis, the slip conditions for the two feet were experimentally confirmed. The results showed that the slip resistance of the new foot is not only higher than that of the conventional point contact type foot but also less sensitive to the surface friction coefficient.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.159-160
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• 2008

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2005년도 창립60주년 기념 추계 학술대회
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• pp.203.2-203.2
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• 2005

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.77-79
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• 1978

Al-Si junctions were made by vacuum deposition of aluminium on to silicon wafers and examined by TEM. The uneven interfaces of the junctions are formed due to the surface tension of the molten solution resulting in preferential dissolution of silicon in aluminium at some areas. These undesirable uneven interfaces affect the junction shape and so the over-all characteristics of the devices.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.387-397
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• 2009

여가시간의 증대로 인한 개인의 신체활동이 증가하고 있다. 또한 대한민국의 지형적인 조건과 더불어 등산은 대중적인 야외 신체활동으로 각광을 받고 있다. 한편 바닥이 평평하지 않은 경사진 지면을 장시간 이동하는 데는 견교하고 안정 적이면서도 편안함을 제공할 수 있는 등산화가 제공되어져야 한다. 5명의 피험자들이 실험에 참여하였으며 4가지 조건하(맨발, 일반등산화, 경도 60의 등산화, 경도 65의 등산화)에서 압력분포가 측정되었다. 경도 60과 65의 등산화는 아웃솔의 바닥이 여러개로 분리되어 충격흡수에 적합한 디자인으로 설계되었다. 연구결과 경도 60과 65의 등산의 경우 일반 등산화에 비해 접촉면적이 넓고 신체의 추진과 관련된 압력분포 변인에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 나타내었다. 따라서 등산 시 착용하는 신발 및 의류나 기구의 운동역학적 적용을 통하여 건강한 신체를 유지할 수 있을 것이라 판단되어 진다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.139-153
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• 2013

고르지 않은 바닥을 지나는 천수 흐름을 해석하기 위해 천수방정식의 흐름률 경사항과 바닥 경사 생성항에 대해 HLLL 기법과 DFB(Divergence Form for Bed slope source term) 기법을 각각 적용하여 유한체적 모형을 구성하였다. 또한, PSC(Partially Submerged Cell)의 고려를 위해 VFR(Volume/Free-surface Relationship)도 이용하였다. MUSCL에서 WSDGM(Weighted Surface-Depth Gradient Method)을 보다 단순하게 고쳐도 원래의 방법과 정확도가 동등함을 1차원 정상 흐름에 대해 확인하였다. 1차원 PSC에 대한 VFR를 통해 흐름률 경사항과 바닥 경사 생성항의 선평형성이 정확하게 충족됨을 입증하였다. 2차원 PSC에서 DFB 기법으로는 지배방정식의 선평형성이 충족되지 않은 문제를 삼각형 격자에 대한 VFR를 이용하여 해소하였다. 삼각형 턱과 둥근 융기를 지나는 2차원 댐 붕괴 흐름에 대한 모의에서 실험실 실험 결과와 잘 부합됨을 확인하였다. 또한, 부분 댐 붕괴 흐름에 대한 모형의 적용에서 경사면은 물론 불규칙 바닥에서도 요철의 잠김이 성공적으로 모의되었다. 따라서 고르지 않은 실제 하천 지형에 대한 이 모형의 적용성이 기대된다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in walking pattern of the elderly during inclined walkway with uneven surfaces and level walking. 10 young($26.3{\pm}1.3$ years, $174.3{\pm}5.3\;cm$, $69.5{\pm}9.5\;kg$) and 13 elderly($72.4{\pm}5.2$ years, $164.5{\pm}5.4\;cm$, $66.1{\pm}9.6\;kg$) male subjects were participated in the experiment. Experiment consisted of 2 walking conditions: horizontal and inclined walkway with uneven surfaces. 3D motion capturing system were used to acquire and analyze walking motion data with sampling frequency of 120 Hz. To compare differences between conditions, kinematic variables(walking speed, stance-swing ratio, hip joint angle, knee joint angle, ankle joint angle, pelvic rotation angle) were used. Results showed that there were some changes of elderly walking pattern in inclined walkway with uneven surfaces: hip joint(adduction and rotation) and pelvic movement pattern. These changes by inclination and surface may affect gait pattern of young subjects as well as elderly subjects. However, in case of elderly it revealed more unstable gait than the young. Further study is necessary to clarify changes in walking pattern for elderly by considering various gait variables including head movement and various walkway conditions.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.74-83
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• 1998

The phenomenon of decrease in sizing efficiency when the stock temperature is increased is well recognized as summer sizing, and this is believed to be caused by uneven distribution of sizing agents on paper surface most often incurred by coagulation of sizing agents. When unevenly sized paper is used as coating base stock, nonuniform consolidation of the coating layer may result, which, in turn, causes uneven distribution of binder on coating surface. This causes nonuniform ink absorption to produce print mottle. In this study the effects of simple or polymeric electrolytes, storage temperature and time on the coagulation of cationic dispersed rosin size were investigated using a turbidity measurement method which was verified to correlate well with the particle size of rosin emulsion or its coagulates. Handsheets sized with rosin dispersions coagulated under various conditions were prepared and their sizing degree and coated paper properties including gloss and ink density were examined. The relationship between the sizing nonuniformity of coated papers and its ink absorption property was evaluated. Turbidity of rosin emulsion increased as the storage temperature and time were increased. Addition of simple or polymeric electrolytes caused reduction in $zeta$ -potential of the rosin dispersion and accelerated the coagulation tendency substantially. Reversion of the $zeta$ -potential of rosin dispersion, however, did not occur when coagulation was induced with simple electrolytes. On the other hand, addition of an anionic polyelectrolyte reversed the $zeta$ -potential of the flocculated rosin dispersion. This indicated that electrical double layer compaction and bridging flocculation were coagulation mechanisms for simple and polymeric electrolytes, respectively. Sizing degree decreased as coagulation of rosin was increased. Paper gloss, ink gloss and ink density were increased when sizing degree of base stock was increased most probably due to prevention of base paper swelling and increased binder migration to coating surface. This suggested that uneven printing ink density occurred when uneven sizing development was induced by coagulation of rosin particles.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1115-1125
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• 2013

This paper presents a scheme for geometric correction of projected content for planar and quadratic projection surfaces. The scheme does not require the projection surface to be perfectly quadratic or planar and is therefore suitable for uneven low-cost commercial and home projection surfaces. An approach based on the recursive subdivision of second-order B$\acute{e}$zier patches is proposed for the estimation of projection distortion owing to surface imperfections. Unlike existing schemes, the proposed scheme is completely automatic, requires no prior knowledge of the projection surface, and uses a single uncalibrated camera without requiring any physical markers on the projection surface. Furthermore, the scheme is scalable for geometric calibration of multi-projector setups. The efficacy of the proposed scheme is demonstrated using simulations and via practical experiments on various surfaces. A relative distortion error metric is also introduced that provides a quantitative measure of the suppression of geometric distortions, which occurs as the result of an imperfect projection surface.