• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.47-62
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the problem coping strategies and depression of unemployed husband's wives and to analysis the social support(education and counseling program) needs for their psychological adjustment. The subjects were 139 unemployed husband's wives living in Seoul city and Kyungi-do province. The questionnaire method was used for data gathering. The major findings were as follows" 1) Wives perceived the most negative change of unemployed husband. Wives' depression was influenced by self-esteem evaluation of husband's coping behavior weak health passive coping strategies and negative change of husband and marital relation. 2) Wives needed education and counseling support the most in the area stress & mental health problem marital conflict and marital communication. The result of this study were discussed in the relation with the contents of education and counseling program for unemployed husbands' wives.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.429-442
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• 1997

This study present s and tests a casual model of cohesion adaptability the level of stress recognition coping starategies and quality of life for employed wives and unemployed wives. For the data set 205 employed wives and 200 unemployed wives living in Pusan were chosen. The data were analyzed using M, SD, t-test multiple regression and path analysis. The findings of this study are as follows; First There level of stress recognition and quality of life are higher for employes wives than unemployed wives. Cohesion is higher for employed wives. Whereas adaptability is higher for unemployed wives than employed wives. Employes wives are greater use of coping starategies than unemployed wives. Second For employes wives adaptability the level of stress recognition and coping starategies have significant direct effect on quality of life. Besides wife's level of education age of the youngest child working hours employment motivation and cohesion have significant indirect effect on quality of life. For unemployed wives cohesion adaptability and level of stress recognition have signficant direct effect on quality of life. Besides wife's level of education number of children religion and husband's housework participation are indirectly associated with quality of life. From these results the proposed model is generally supported by the data.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.125-138
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• 1997

The major purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship of employed and unemployed wives' financial management behavior and financial well-being on the basis of the family resource management system theory. The data were obtained from 660 wives who lived in Seoul 1996. Major findings of this study were as follows: 1. Regardless of the wives' employment status marriage duration and level of wives' education negatively influenced objective financial well-being in the case of unemployed wives but one in the case of employed wives. 2. Both unemployed and employed wives locus of control over their financial situation positively influences subjective financial well-being 3. It was found that personal and managerial factors had effect on subjective financial well-being both for unemployed and employed wives. The path model designed in this research was found to be proven for unemployed but not for employed wives.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2002

This study compared the financial status between the employed-elderly households and the unemployed-elderly households, focused on income adequacy, expenditure adequacy and net wealth adequacy. Using data from 1997 KHPS, the lower financial status of the unemployed elderly households were found. Nine measures of financial status were used : income, per capita income, income-to-needs ratio, expenditure, per capita expenditure, expenditure-to-needs ratio, net wealth, net wealth-to-income ratio and net wealth- to-expenditure ratio. The results of this study showed that unemployed elderly households had 68%~77% of income adequacy and 72%~83% of expenditure adequacy for employed elderly households. Holding for gender, age, education, earners in the household, living area and home ownership constant, although the gap was getting smaller, significant differences between the unemployed-elderly households and the employed-elderly households were persisted. The result of this study indicated that the unemployed-elderly households and the employed-elderly households can not be regarded ac homogeneous group when public policies are developed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.274-285
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• 2006

The differences in food consumption between highly educated, married, unemployed and employed women were analyzed by food group and common food item intake, DDS (dietary diversity score), and DVS (dietary variety score) & DVSS (dietary variety score including condiment). In food group intake, the total amount of food intake of the unemployed women (1,554.0 g) were significantly higher than those of the employed (1,477.9 g), while the amount of food from fungi and mushrooms (4.2 g), seaweeds (2.4 g), and fish and shellfish (60.5 g) of the unemployed women was significantly lower than those of the employed. And the amount of meat, poultry and their products (102.8 g), eggs (29.9 g), and animal oil and fats (4.0 g) was significantly higher than those of the employed. Moreover, the common food items of the unemployed women were ranked as eggs (29.7 g), pork (28.9 g), chicken (27.2 g), and beef (26.7 g) at 7, 8, 9, and 10, respectively. When counting the major food groups consumed, DDS=4 has the highest proportion in both groups (unemployed 47.4%, employed 49.1 %). In case of the subjects who had not consumed one particular food group in DDS=4, dairy group was the first (83%), followed by fruit, meat, and vegetables. This order is same in other DDS levels. In dietary variety score (DVS & DVSS), the average number of foods consumed per day of employed women was higher than those of the unemployed. The level of DVSS in the employed women (31.9), especially, is significantly higher than in the unemployed women (30.6). Consequently, highly educated women should pay more attention to increasing dairy intake, and they have need of various foods, over thirty foods without condiments in their diet every day. In addition, encouraging unemployed women to have a nutritionally balanced diet, and offering nutrition education and guidance, such as appropriate choices about animal foods, are needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.163-180
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• 1978

Much of a person's energy is spent in the effort of becoming a productive member of to-day's complex society. This activity may cause tension, and chronic unrelieved tension is an influential factor in blood pressure elevation. The problem of this study was to identify manifest needs and self-actualization of patients with essential hypertension, and to analyse and compare their manifest needs and selt-actualization with the selected general characteristics of We, sex, religion, occupation and level of education with a control group of patients with normal blood pressure readings. The purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing interventions toward reducing the impact of complex psycho-somatic factors on the anxiety of patients with essential hypertension. The instruments used included selected items from the Edwards (1959) Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) as adapted by Hwang (1965) and from the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) (Shostrom 1964, 1974) adapted by Kim and Lee (1977) to measure manifest needs and self-actualization. The convenience sample was chosen from 149 persons who presented themselves for general physical examinations at Ewha University Medical Centre and 41 patients diagnosed with essential hypertension at three general hospitals in Seoul during June 1 and August 31, 1977. Forty-nine persons from the Ewha group with blood-pressure readings exceeding 150/90 were added to the experimental group. Data were analysed by the S.P.S.S. computer programme using t-test and tests for statistical significance. Statistically significant findings were as follows: A. Blood Pressure and Manifest Needs. 1. with the exception of Autonomy, patients with hypertension had significantly high scores on all variables Abasement, Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Emotionality, Exhibitionism and Sex. 2. When mean scores of normal persons were compared by age groups, normal persons had higher scores in the following order on Abasement (50's, 40's, 20's, 30's), Achievement (50's, 30's, 40's, 20's), Affiliation (50's, 40's, 30's, 20's), Dominance (50's, 40's, 40's, 20's) and Exhibitionism (30's, 50's, 40's, 20's). In each case, there was a significant difference between the first and last age group scores. 3. When the mean scores of normal persons were compared by sex, normal men had higher scores than women on Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex. Male patients had higher scores than female patients on Achievement, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex, but female patients scored higher in Emotionality. 4. Normal persons had higher scores related to religion in the following order on Achievement (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hyper tensive patients had higher scores on. Exhibitionism (no religion, Christianity, Buddhism). 5. Normal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Achievement and Exhibitionism (unemployed, office workers, teachless, businessmen), Emotionality (office workers, unemployed, businessmen, teacher) and Sex (office workers, unemployed, teachers, businessmen). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Achievement and Aggression (teachers, businessmen, office worker, unemployed), Dominance and Exhibitionism (businessmen, teacher, of ace workers, unemployed) and Sex (teachers, office worker, businessmen, unemployed). 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of edification in the following order on Abasement, Emotionality and Autonomy (secondary school graduation, university). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Abasement (no education, primary, university, secondary), Achievement (no education, secondary, university, primary) , Dominance (university, no education, secondary, primary), Exhibitionism (university, secondary, no education, primary), and Sex (university, secondary, primary, no education). B. Blood Pressure and Self_Actualization 1, Patients with hypertension had significantly lower scores on all variables. 2. Normal persons had higher scores related to age groups in the following order on Existentiality (20's, 30's, 40's, 50's). Hypertensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 3. Normal women had higher scores than men on Time Competence. Normal men had higher scores on Feeling Reactivity. Male patients had higher scores than women on Self-Actualizing Value and Self-Regard. 4. Normal persons ha 1 higher scores related to religion on spontaneity (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Time Competence and Nature of Man (Buddhism, Christianity, no religion). 5. Normal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Existentiality (teachers, office workers, businessmen, unemployed) and Self-Regard (unemployed, office workers, teachers, businessmen). Hypertensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of education in the following order on Existentiality and Self-Acceptance (university, secondary). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on inner-Director (university, secondary, no education, primary) and Existentiality (university, secondary, primary, no education). Recommendations for nursing interventions with hypertensive patients with emotional problems or low self-actualization were made. 1. The nurse should encourage the patient through her interactions with other members of the medical team to accept counselling and health education. 2. Through her therapeutic interpersonal relationships with the patient, the nurse should help him discover the causes of his emotional tension. 3. Through her health teaching with the family, the nurse should encourage them to participate with the medical team in the patient's therapeutic plan and in providing him with the minimum possible emotional support. 4. Through frequent counselling with the obsessive-thinking and inflexible patient, the nurse should reevaluate the patient's behaviour and her interventions. 5. Seriously ill patients should be given needed reeducation by members of the professional medical team.

• Journal of vocational education research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.187-208
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to help prepare basic data which is required for married women's vocation career education through analyzing the influence of career barriers perceived by unemployed married women on career preparation behaviors. Research subjects of this study are following. First, how are career barriers perceived by unemployed married women? Second, how are the career preparation behaviors levels of unemployed married women? Third, how is the influence of career barriers perceived by unemployed married women on career preparation behaviors? The summary of this study results are following. First, married women perceive career barriers highly in 'restriction of employment', 'discrimination', and 'child rearing environment' among 7 subordinate factors. Second, married women's average on career preparation behavior level is 3.06. When comparing with preceeding researches which analyzed career preparation behaviors levels of university students, married women's career preparation behaviors levels are relatively higher. Third, there are negative correlations between career barriers and career preparation behaviors perceived by married women. Furthermore, 'preparation/skill lack' and 'child rearing environment' factors among 7 subordinate factors of career barriers brought out negative effects on career preparation behaviors. 'Restriction of employment' factor, however, gives positive effects on career preparation behaviors. It showed that 7 subordinate factors of career barriers include 14% of career preparation behaviors.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.428-435
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to propose a health improvement education program for the majority of elderly people who could not work due to health issues. This study focused on the fact that employment has a positive influence on the health outcomes of the elderly. The paper compares the health outcomes of employed elderly versus that of the unemployed, and suggests directions for future lifelong education programs related to health for the unemployed elders. The study results show more positive health outcomes for employed elders in terms of nutrition status and ability to perform daily tasks. Furthermore, their cognitive ability was more active (orientation, peripheral concentration, awareness of daily life) and their overall quality of life. Therefore, the study aims to develop health outcomes in the unemployed elderly population through safety education, improving health habits, performance improvement education via cognitive activation and socializing, and to secure the professionalism of lifelong education programs for the elderly which is currently only seen as a leisure activity. The object of the proposed program in this study is to maintain health by providing opportunities employment - a core component of successful aging - and relevant social interaction. This will greatly improve the quality of life of the elderly and provide a basis for widening the social role of elderly people in the future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.160-170
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• 2006

This study was conducted to provide foundation data for making health care policy for married women by assessing the dietary intake between highly educated married, employed and unemployed women. It is a direct interview, cross-sectional study with 24-hour recall method for one day. In selecting the subjects for this study, married, unemployed women were selected from a certain area (Daedeok Science Town) in Daejeon where there are high rates of highly educated women, and the married, employed women were selected from the teaching profession in order to avoid confounding due to including a variety of jobs. According to the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations, teaching is the representational occupation of highly educated, married women. Then, to prevent confounding due to age, we selected the subjects out of each age group at the same rate through random sampling. Women who had not graduated college, worked only part-time, or had no current spouse were excluded. As a result, 486 highly-educated, married, unemployed (250) and employed (236) women were used for analyzing data. The unemployed women consumed a higher amount of fat, cholesterol, sodium, vitamin C and folic acid while the employed women consumed a higher amount of iron, vitamin $B_l$ and vitamin $B_2$. P/M/S ratio being 1/1.18/1.05 and 1/1.05/0.87, for the unemployed women and the employed women, respectively, unemployed respondents had a higher saturated fat intake than those of employed. It is in excess of the standard ratio (1/1/1) of the Korean RDA. At the same time, in unemployed respondents the percent of energy intake from fat (24.8%, 23.2%) and animal fat (12.4%, 11.4%) were higher than those of employed respondents. The mean daily nutrient intake of calcium, zinc, and iron for both groups of respondents were lower than the Korean RDA. Both groups had phosphorus as the highest nutrient and calcium as the lowest nutrient of INQ (Index of Nutritional Quality) while nutrients with the INQ being less than 1 were calcium and iron. To sum up, the following conclusions can be made: Nutrition education and guidance for reduction of the intake of fat, especially animal fat, are necessary for unemployed women. In addition, highly educated, married, unemployed and employed women should increase the consumption of foods rich in iron and calcium to prevent anemia and osteoporosis, while decreasing the intake of phosphorus to balance proportions of calcium and phosphorus.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to identify the possibility of unemployed married women's economic activity by analysing their willingness to work and possible influencial factors on it. This study estimates the effects of independent variables on the dependent available by using Binomial Probit Model. sample are 592 two-parent households. The results of this study are as follows ; The percentage of unemployed married women's willingness to enter into the labor market is 25.2%. Among the variables which have affected their willingness are family variables(family size, the number of children and the existence of children under the age of 6), personal variables(the age, education level and the past working experience) and financial variables(non-wage income, Engel's coefficient, expenditure o leisure activities and the subject judgement of their financial status). It is hard to accept those women's low willingness as is since the most crucial statistically was especially the children of 6 or less among the family variables. That is to say, more favorable conditions of the labor market and inexpensive day-care centres available would certainly encourage married women to be more willing to participate in economic activities as employees.