• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1657-1666
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• 2010

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) need stable efficient data transmission methods because of environmental characteristics such as limited energy resource, limited communication bandwidth, variable propagation delay and so on. In this paper, we explain an enhanced hybrid transmission method that uses a hexagon tessellation with an ideal cell size in a two-dimensional underwater wireless sensor network model (2D) that consists of fixed position sensors on the bottom of the ocean. We also propose an energy efficient sensing and communication coverage method for effective data transmission in a three-dimensional underwater wireless sensor network model (3D) that equips anchored sensors on the bottom of the ocean. Our simulation results show that proposed methods are more energy efficient than the existing methods for each model.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.641-648
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• 2009

Currently several kinds of sensor localization methods have been developed for terrestrial wireless sensor networks. This study, in order to extend the field to underwater environments, a localization technique is studied for UWSNs (Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks). In underwater environments, RF (Radio Frequency) signal is not suitable for underwater usage because of extremely limited propagation. Because of that reason UWSNs should be constituted with acoustic modems. But, to realize underwater application, we can borrow many design principles from ongoing research for terrestrial environments. So, in this paper we introduce the modified localization algorithm using ToA method which is based on the terrestrial research. First of all, we study the localization techniques for terrestrial environments where we investigate possible methods to underwater environment. And then the appropriate algorithm is presented in the underwater usage. Finally the proposed underwater based localization algorithm is evaluated by using computer.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.694-701
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• 2013

This paper deals with the problem of accurately tracking a single target moving through UWSNs (Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks) by employing underwater acoustic sensors. This paper addresses the issues of estimating the states of the target, and improving energy efficiency by applying a Kalman filter in a distributed architecture. Each underwater wireless sensor nodes composing the UWSNs is battery-powered, so the energy conservation problem is a critical issue. This paper provides an algorithm which increases the energy efficiency of each sensor node through WuS (Waked-up/Sleeping) and VM (Valid Measurement) selecting schemes. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the distributed tracking filter.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 2020

Research on underwater sensor networks is increasing due to such reasons as marine resource management, maritime disaster prediction and military protection. Many underwater sensor networks performs wireless communication using an acoustic sound wave band signal having a relatively low frequency. So the digital part of their modem can take charge of carrier band signal processing. To enable this, the sampling rate of the baseband band signal should be increased to a sampling rate at which carrier band signal processing is possible. In this paper, we designed a sampling rate increasing circuit based on a CIC interpolator for underwater sensor nodes. The CIC interpolator has a simple circuit structure. However, since the CIC interpolator has a large attenuation of the pass band and a wide transition band, an inverse sinc LPF is added to compensate for frequency response of the CIC interpolator. The proposed interpolator was verified in time domain and frequency domain using ModelSim and Matlab.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4971-4987
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• 2019

Node localization is the basic task of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Most of the existing underwater localization methods rely on ranging accuracy. Due to the special environment conditions in the ocean, beacon nodes are difficult to deploy accurately. The narrow bandwidth and high delay of the underwater acoustic communication channel lead to large errors. In order to reduce the ranging error and improve the positioning accuracy, we propose a localization algorithm based on ranging correction and inertial coordination. The algorithm can be divided into two parts, Range Correction based Localization algorithm (RCL) and Inertial Coordination based Localization algorithm (ICL). RCL uses the geometric relationship between the node positions to correct the ranging error and obtain the exact node position. However, when the unknown node deviates from the deployment area with the movement of the water flow, it cannot communicate with enough beacon nodes in a certain period of time. In this case, the node uses ICL algorithm to combine position data with motion information of neighbor nodes to update its position. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm greatly improves the positioning accuracy of unknown nodes compared with the existing localization methods.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.504-527
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• 2015

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are similar to the terrestrial sensor networks. Nevertheless, there are different characteristics among them such as low battery power, limited bandwidth and high variable propagation delay. One of the common major problems in UWSNs is determining an efficient and reliable routing between the source node and the destination node. Therefore, researchers tend to design efficient protocols with consideration of the different characteristics of underwater communication. Furthermore, many routing protocols have been proposed and these protocols may be classified as location-based and location-free routing protocols. Pressure-based routing protocols are a subcategory of the location-free routing protocols. This paper focuses on reviewing the pressure-based routing protocols that may further be classified into non-void avoidance protocols and void avoidance protocols. Moreover, non-void avoidance protocols have been classified into single factor based and multi factor based routing protocols. Finally, this paper provides a comparison between these protocols based on their features, performance and simulation parameters and the paper concludes with some future works on which further study can be conducted.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.109-114
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• 2013

In underwater wireless sensor networks, sensing data such temperature and salinity can be merged by averaging them. Data aggregation is a good choice to reduce the amount of packets and save energy in underwater wireless sensor networks. However, data aggregation could bring about packet delay and non-directional transmission to the sink. In this paper, we propose a new path building algorithm based on data aggregation to mitigate these problems. The paper reduces the delay without wireless interferences and maximizes the energy efficiency by removing the non-directional transmission to the sink. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms in terms of the energy efficiency and the packet delay.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2008

Underwater acoustic sensor networks exhibit characteristics such as high propagation delay and low data rates, which are different from those of terrestrial wireless networks. Therefore, the conventional protocols used in wireless networks can be restrictive and inefficient when applied to underwater acoustic sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a medium access control protocol (MAC) to enhance the energy efficiency and throughput in underwater acoustic sensor networks. The proposed protocol employs a slot-based competition mechanism that reserves a time slot to send a data packet in advance. In the proposed protocol, collision between nodes can occur due to competition to obtain a slot. However, the proposed protocol minimizes the collisions between nodes because the nodes store the reservation information of the neighboring nodes, this reduces unnecessary energy consumption and increases throughput. We perform a simulation to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol with regard to the energy consumption, the number of collision, channel utilization, throughput and transmission delay. We compare the proposed protocol with the conventional protocol, and the performance results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the conventional protocol.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.3064-3094
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• 2018

Currently, the Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is mainly an interesting area due to its ability to provide a technology to gather many valuable data from underwater environment such as tsunami monitoring sensor, military tactical application, environmental monitoring and many more. However, UWSNs is suffering from limited energy, high packet loss and the use of acoustic communication. In UWSNs most of the energy consumption is used during the forwarding of packet data from the source to the destination. Therefore, many researchers are eager to design energy efficient routing protocol to minimize energy consumption in UWSNs. As the opportunistic routing (OR) is the most promising method to be used in UWSNs, this paper focuses on the existing proposed energy efficient OR protocol in UWSNs. This paper reviews the existing proposed energy efficient OR protocol, classifying them into 3 categories namely sender-side-based, receiver-side-based and hybrid. Furthermore each of the protocols is reviewed in detail, and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, we discuss potential future work research directions in UWSNs, especially for energy efficient OR protocol design.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.63-64
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• 2007

The Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) consists of sensor nodes equipped with limited sensing coverages, energy resources and communication capacity. Hence, the deployment and movement algorithm is a key issue that needs to be organized in order to improve the sensing efficiency of the networks. In this paper, we use a Queen problem and Knapsack problem to prevent the reiteration phenomenon of sensors, to guarantee improvement sensing coverage and efficiency in the 3D UWSN.