• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

The interest in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), along with the rapid development of underwater industries, has increased. To operate UWASNs efficiently, it is important to adopt well-designed medium access control (MAC) protocols that prevent collisions and allow the sharing of resources between nodes efficiently. On the other hand, underwater channels suffer from a narrow bandwidth, long propagation delay, and low data rate, so existing terrestrial node pairing schemes for non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) cannot be applied directly to underwater environments. Therefore, a multi-dimensional node pairing scheme is proposed to consider the unique underwater channel in UWASNs. Conventional NOMA schemes have considered the channel quality only in node pairing. Unlike previous schemes, the proposed scheme considers the channel gain and many other features, such as node fairness, traffic load, and the age of data packets to find the best node-pair. In addition, the sender employs a list of candidates for node-pairs rather than path loss to reduce the computational complexity. The simulation results showed that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme by considering the fairness factor with 23.8% increases in throughput, 28% decreases in latency, and 5.7% improvements in fairness at best.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2012.07a
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• pp.379-380
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• 2012

수중 음향 센서 네트워크(Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network, UW-ASN) 환경에서 센서노드간 데이터를 안전하게 전송하기 위해 우선적으로 암호화 알고리즘을 사용하지만, 암호화 알고리즘만으로는 충분한 안전성을 제공하지 못한다. 암호화 알고리즘은 기밀성을 제공하지만 무결성은 제공하지 못하기 때문이다. 그렇기 때문에 수중 통신 환경에서도 암호화 기술 이외에, 전송된 데이터가 변경되지 않고 안전하게 전송되었다는 무결성을 보장할 수 있는 암호화 기술이 적용되어야 한다. 이에 본 논문에서는 무결성 보장을 위한 메시지 인증 기술에 대한 연구를 진행하며, 수중 환경에 가장 적합한 메시지 인증코드(MAC)의 도출을 위한 분석 절차를 제안한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.156-159
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• 2020

본 논문은 수중 다중 매체를 사용하는 수중 무선 통신 네트워크에서 수중 다중 매체 라우팅을 지원하는 프로토콜 계층 모델을 제안한다. 이 모델은 상향식 방식의 모델로써 각 물리 매체가 갖는 장점을 대부분 활용하여 수중 통신에 활용할 수 있는 장점이 있으며, 이 모델에 대한 프로토콜 계층 구조, 수중 노드와 수중 통신 매체에 부여되는 주소, 프로토콜 계층별 주요 기능과 인터페이스를 제시한다. 논문에서 제시된 수중 다중 매체를 위한 프로토콜 계층을 통해 수중 다중 매체 통신의 기반이 될 수 있으며, 제안한 프로토콜 계층 모델 기반으로 실제 구현 시 불안정한 수중 통신 환경에서 안정적으로 통신에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1769-1777
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• 2009

With the advent of the ubiquitous technology age, the progress of network technology has enabled a robust sensor communication, not just in cities, but also in poor surroundings such as deserts, polar regions, or underwater environments. In this paper, we propose a Multiple Acknowledgement (MA) technique to replace the conventional Automatic Repeat request (ARQ) technique. The MA mechanism is to send an Ack to many receivers simultaneously. The CH (master, coordinator) of the unit cluster broadcasts a Beacon frame where Ack information of the previously transmitted data is included. This technique can reduce the number of transmissions and overhead significantly. The proposed technique is a scheme improving the efficiency of an underwater sensor network where the uplink data transmission is the mainstream. The Performance of the ARQ, Block Ack, Pervasive Block Ack and the proposed method were compared with one another and analyzed. The proposed method showed significant performance improvement as compared with the ARQ, BA, and PBA in its channel efficiency.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39C no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 2014

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is one of the promising medium access control (MAC) schemes for underwater acoustic sensor networks because of its robustness against frequency-selective fading and high frequency-reuse efficiency. As a way of performance evaluation, sea or lake experiment has been employed along with computer simulation.. In this study, we design the underwater CDMA forward-link transceiver and evaluate the feasibility aginst harsh underwater acoustic channel in water-tank first. Then, based on the water-tank experiment results, we improved the transceiver and showed the improvements in a lake experiment. A pseudo random noise code acquisition process is added for phase error correction before decoding the user data by means of a Walsh code in the receiver. Interleaving and convolutional channel coding scheme are also used for performance improvement. Experimental results show that the multiplexed data is recovered by means of demultiplexing at receivers with error-free in case of two users while with less than 15% bit error rate in case of three and four users.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.106-114
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• 2015

Despite a series of various developments in underwater acoustic sensor networks, there are still occasions of loss of connection over the network. Because sufficient amounts of drawbacks causing disconnections posed particularly in the middle of connection over the network emerge in the ocean environment, there is a need of new testing mechanism for underwater acoustic networks. In this paper, we proposed to investigate the most vital parts of the network deployment whether they function well in order, without any failure so as to identify where exactly communication process problems and failures are. We introduce step-wised out-test mechanism for UWASNS and accomplished the mechanism by implementing experiments and rigorously checked all the underwater devices utilizing out-test function. Experimental results and out-test function are evinced by implementing, in order to explain our system and conclude with possible future improvements.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.336-339
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• 2011

In the RTLS(Real Time Location Based System), in case of existing a number of moving target, extremely complecated data flow is can be occurred. In the network where single gateway exists, various data which was collected from sensor node is transmitted along the simple route as time goes by. In case of multi-gateway configuration, the collected data is transmitted through diverse routes rather than simple route. This kind of data causes jams on nodes and this brings down the performance of the network. Different from existing studies, in this thesis, MAC (Media Access Control) protocol which minimizes data collision between nodes and guarantees QoS(Quality of Service) is suggested, in order to communicate efficiently in multi-gateway underwater sensor network environment. In the suggested protocol, source node which wants to transmit data makes a channel reservation to a number of destination node using a RTS packet. Source node reserves a channel without collision, by scheduling CTS response time using expected delay information from neighbor nodes. Once the reservation is made, source node transmit data packet without collision. This protocol analyzes/estimates the performance compared to a method provided from existing studies via simulation. As a results of the analysis, it was comfirmed that the suggested method has better performance, such as efficiency and delay.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2015

A Block-Time-Bounded Time Division Multiple Access (BTB-TDMA) medium access control protocol, which estimates the propagation delay of nodes according to their location and moving velocity information, has been proposed for underwater acoustic networks. BTB-TDMA provides nodes with their transmission schedules by a time block that is a time unit, newly designed for BTB-TDMA. In this paper, we investigate how the receiver collision, that is induced by the asymmetry between node's uplink and downlink propagation delay due to its mobility, affects the performance of BTB-TDMA. To do this, we analytically obtain the collision rate, the channel access delay, and the channel utilization by considering the asymmetry of propagation delay. Then, simulations are extensively performed with respect to the length of a time block by varying the number of nodes, the network range, and the node's velocity. Thus, the simulation results can suggest performance criteria to determine the optimal length of a time block which minimizes the collision rate and concurrently maximizes the channel access delay and the channel utilization.