• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.211-216
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• 2003

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidative, antimutagenic, and anticancer effects of Rhodiola sachalinensis root using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical donating method, Ames test and cytotoxicity, respectively. Rhodiola sachalinenis root were extracted with ethanol and then further fractionated to n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol and water, stepwise. Among five fractions, the Etohc fractions showed the highest electron donating activities (14.3 $\mu$g/mL). The inhibition rate of ethanol extract (200$\mu$g/plate) of Rhodiola sachalinensis root in the S. typhimurium TA100 strain showed 89.1% inhibition against the mutagenesis induced by MNNG. In addition, the suppression of EtOAc fractions with same concentration of Rhodiola sachalinensis root in the S. typhimurium TA98 and TAI00 strains showed 89.7% and 91.5% inhibition against 4NQO, respectively. The suppressions under the same condition against B($\alpha$)P and Trp-P-1 in the TA98 and TA100 strains were 94.2% and 95.7%, and 92.3% and 93.8%, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of Rhodiola sachalinensis root against the cell lines with human lung carcinoma (A549), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human gastric carcinoma (AGS) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) were inhibited with the increase of the extract concentration. The treatment of 1.0 mg/mL Rhodiola sachalinensis root of EtOAc fraction showed strong cytotoxicities of 90.5%, 81.5%, 92.2% and 82.6% against A549, HepG2, AGS and MCF-7, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of SCB (Slurry Composting & Biofiltration) liquid fertilizer on seed germination properties and physiological activities of P. densiflora and M. amurensis seedling on the sand and tailing soil. Seed germination of two, tree species on the sand and tailing soil was delayed and inhibited under SCB treatment. Seedling growth of two species was also reduced by SCB application, and the growth reduction was associated with its concentration. Chlorophyll content decreased in the leaves of SCB-treated P. densiflora but increased in the leaves of SCB-treated M. amurensis when compared to control seedlings irrigated with tap water. On the other hand, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, decreased in the leaves of SCB-treated P. densiflora, whereas it increased in the leaves of SCB-treated M. amurensis. Antioxidative enzyme activities in the leaves of P. densiflora increased on sand soil treated with 1/6 diluted SCB solution and on tailing soil treated with 1/3 diluted one, whereas those of M. amurensis seedlings increased only on tailing soil applied with the normal SCB solution and the 1/3 diluted SCB solution, respectively. These results were considered as side-effects of SCB liquid fertilizer which might accumulate salt through the physical changes in the soil.c

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.518-526
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• 2005

Hwanggumgung (HGG) is a hair-care product which is composed of several plant extracts used in oriental medicine. This study was carried out to investigate effect of HGG on hair regrowth in a shaving model of C57BL6 mice. Five-week-old mice were acclimated for 1 week under 23$\pm$3$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm10\%$ relative humidity and 12 h of a light/dark cycle before beginning experiment. There were four experimental groups including distilled water (D.W., control), 10$\%$ ethanol (EtOH, vehicle control), a positive control of 3$\%$ minoxidil (MXD), and HGG for female and male mice, respectively; Six-weeks old mice were trimmed by electric clippers so as not to damage the skin. The next day; mice without visible scraches were selected, randomized and separated in groups of 11 mice. The test compounds were topically treated with 0.15ml per mouse per day for 21 days. The hair regrowth was photographically and histologically determined during the experimental period of 21 days. Enzyme activities of $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were also determined using a rate assay method. There were no clinical signs in all experimental groups. The topical application of 3$\%$ MXD and HGG in female mice promoted hair regrowth earlier and faster than the control groups. In male mice, the topical application of 3$\%$ MXD and HGG also accelerated hair growth compared with the controls. Ten percent ethanol also promoted hair growth faster than D.W group. The histology of hair growth in experimental groups was strongly associated with the hair regrowth. 3$\%$ MXD and HGG promoted elongation of hair follicles compared with the controls in both female and male mice. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase, enzymes related to hair growth, significantly increased after treatments of 3$\%$ MXD and HGG for 2 weeks in both female and male mice (p < 0.05). These results suggest that HGG has hair growth promoting activities and it can be for treatment for alopecia.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2002

The pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury as well as the modulation of hepatic fibrogenesis is causally associated with involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical reactions. In this study, we investigated whether dried extracts of oriental medicine (LH) have antioxidant and antifibrotic effect under the biliary liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) c ondition. The female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in six groups (Normal, N-LH, op-2, op-4, opLH-2, opLH-4) and were observed in 2 weeks or 4 weeks. For this purpose the rats were operated by bile duct ligation/scission (BDL/S), which induced to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. After surgery, the prepared LH was administered p.o. 2 mι/day/rat in 2 weeks or 4 weeks for opLH groups. During the observation period, jaundices appeared in eyes, ears and tail of all BDL/S operated rats. And at the time of sacrifice, cholestasis was observed in proximal bile duct, especially the color of bile juice and urine in opLH-4 group showed more clear than op-2, op-4 and opLH-2 group. The value of clinical parameters and product of lipid peroxidation (MDA) in sera and the hydroxyproline (hyp) content in liver tissue were significantly increased in all liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) developed rats (p＜0.001~0.05). Among the clinical parameters of sera, value of BUN, ALP in opLH-4 group showed significantly lower than in op-4 group (p＜0.05, p＜0.001). The content of hyp in opLH-2, opLH-4 group (478.0 $\pm$ 134.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g 897.5 $\pm$ 118.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) showed lower than in op-2, op-4 group (528.9 $\pm$ 220.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g, 1023.8 $\pm$ 277.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and then the value of MDA in opLH-4 was also significantly reduced to 59.4% of that in op-4 group (p＜0.001). The histological change (bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, collagen bundle) was similarly observed in op-2 group and in opLH-2 group, but the weak fibrosis and bile duct proliferation were observed in opLH-4 group compared with in op-4 group. Our data indicate that the 4 weeks treatment with LH extract suppressed lipid peroxidation and inhibited fibrotic (cirrhosis) process, and experimental cholestatic liver disease is associated with increased lipid peroxidation in BDL/S operated rats. Hence we concluded that the measurement of MDA and hyp can be useful monitor for the screening of antioxidant and antifibrotic effect in experimental liver fibrosis (cirrhosis), and LH has been shown to have hepatoprotective effect, antifibrotic effect and antioxidant effect.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.449-453
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• 1995

The search for patinum (II)-based compounds with improved therapeutic properties was prompted to design and synthesize a new family of water-soluble, third generation cis-diamminedichlorplatinum (II) complexes linked to uracil and uridine. Six heretofore undescribed uracil and uridine-platinum (II) complexes are ; [N-(2-aminoethyl)uracil-5-carboxamide]dichloroplatinum (II)(3a), [N-2(2-aminoethyl)uracil-6-carboxmide]dichloroplatinum (II) (3b),[5-(2-aminorthyl)carbamoyl-2',3',5',-tri-O-acetyluridine] dichloroplatinum (II) (6b), [5-(2-aminoethyl)-carbamoyl]-2',3',5',-tri-O-acetyluridine] dichloroplatinum (II) (6b), [5-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoylu-ridine]dihloroplatinum (II) (7a), [6-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyluridine]dichloroplatinum (II) (7b). These analogues were prepared from the key starting materials, 5-carboxyuracil (1a) and 6-carboxyuracil (1b) which were reacted with ethylenediamine to afford the respective N-(2-aminoethyl)uracil-5-carboxmide (2a) land N-(2-aminoethyl)uracil-6-carboxamide (2b). The cisplatin complexes 3a and 3b were obtained through the reaction of the respective 2a and 2b ficiently introduced on the .betha.-D-ribose ring via a Vorbruggen-type nucleoside coupling procedure with hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane and stannicchloride under anhydrous acetonitfile to yield the sterospecific .betha.-anomeric 5-carboxy-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyluridine (4a) and 6-carboxy-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyluridine (4b), respective 5-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyluridine (5a) and 6-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyluridine (5b). The diamino-uridines 5a and 5b were reacted with potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II) to give the novel nucleoside complexes, 6a and 6b respectively which were deacetylated into the free nucleosides, 7a and 7b by the treatment with CH/sub 3/ONa. The antitumor activities were evaluated against three cell lines (K-562, FM-3A and P-388).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.683-693
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Er:YAG laser on cutting efficacy and its histologic findings. Dentin specimens of human premolars and molars were used and irradiated by Er:YAG laser with noncontact handpiece type delivery system under different treatment condition of irradiation time. Cavity pattern and volume were evaluated to determine the cutting efficacy and following results were obtained. 1. Cutting volume of sound dentin was getting larger with time immersed in water increase 2. With the condition of irradiation (150mJ, 10Hz, 30sec), surface irregularity was more increased in sound dentin comparing to carious dentin. For the light microscopic examination, dentinal tubules were opened and ash flecks and cracks were noted with inconsistence of dentinal tubules. 3. In case of 30 sec. irradiation in carious dentin, dark zone was limited to small focus whereas 1 min. irradiation, more wider, and cracks were noted in the perpendicular to direction of dentinal tubules. For the 2 min. irradiation, cavity was the widest and more cracks were found.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.465-469
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• 1998

The search for platinum (II)-based compounds with improved therapeutic properties was prompted to design and synthesize a new family of water-soluble, third generation cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (II) complexes linked to uracil and uridine. Six heretofore unreported uracil and uridine-platinum (II) complexes are; [N-(uracil-5-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-di-amine]dichloroplatinum (II) (3a), [N-(uracil-6-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-diaminel dichloroplatinum (II) (3b), t[N-($2^1$, $3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyl)uridine-5-yl-methyl] ethane-1,2-diamineldichloroplatinum (II) (6a), {[N-($2^1$,$3^1$, $5^1$-tri-O-acetyl) uridine-6-yl-methyl]ethane-1,2-diamine)dichloroplatinum (II) (6b),[N-(uridine- 5-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-diamine]dichloroplatinum (II) (7a), [N-(uridine-6-yl- methyl)ethane-1,2-diamine]dichloroplatinum (II) (7b). These analogues were prepared from the key starting materials, 5-chloromethyluracil (1a) and 6-chloromethyluracil (1b) which were reacted with ethylenediamine to afford the respective 5-[(2-aminoethyl)aminol methyluracil (2a) and 6-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]methyluracil (2b). The cis-platin complexes 3a and 3b were obtained through the reaction of the respective 2a and 2b with potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II). The heterocyclic nucleic acid bases 1a and 1b were efficiently introduced on the .betha.-D-ribose ring via a Vorbruggen-type nucleoside coupling procedure with hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane and stannic chloride under anhydrous acetonitrile to yield the stereospecific .betha.-anomeric 5-chloromethyl- $2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (4a) and 6-chloromethyl-$2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (4b), respectively. The nucleosides 4a and 4b were coupled with ethylenediamine to provide the respective 5-[(amino-ethyl)aminolmethyl-$2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (5a) and 6-[(aminoethyl)amino] methyl-$2^1$,$3^1$,$5^1$-tri-O-acetyluridine (5b). The diamino-uridines 5a and 5b were reacted with potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II) to give the novel nucleoside complexes, 6a and 6b, respectively which were deacetylated into the free nucleosides, 7a and 7b by the treatment with CH$_{3}$ONa. The cytotoxic activities were evaluated against three cell lines (FM-3A, P-388 and J-82) and none of the synthesized compounds showed any significant activity.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.378-384
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• 2003

This study evaluated the influence of a desensitizer(MS coat) on microtensile bond strength of different adhesives:a three-step adhesive(All-Bond 2), a two-step adhesive(Single Bond), a one-step adhesive(One-up Bond F). Non-caries extracted human molars were used. Dentin surface was obtained by horizontal section on mid-portion of crown using a water-cooled low speed diamond saw. Teeth were randomly divided into 6 group. AMO(MS coat + All Bond), SMO(MS coat + Single Bond)- and OMO(MS coat + One-up Bond F)-dentin surface were treated with 17% EDTA before bonded adhesive. AMX-, SMX- and OMX-dentin surface were bonded with All-Bond 2, Single Bond and One-up Bond F, respectively. with no previous treatment with MS coat and 17% EDTA. About 1cm high resin composite($Z-250^{TM}$) were incrementally build-up on the treated surface. The specimens for the microtensile test were serially sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive layer to obtain $0.7{\times}0.7mm$ sticks. 30 sticks were prepared from each group. After that. tensile bond strength for each stick was measured with Microtensile Tester at a 1mm/min crosshead speed. Fractured dentin surfaces were observed under the SEM. The results were statistically analysed by using a One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test(p<0.05). Value in MPa were: $AMO-44.35{\pm}13.21;{\;}SMO-39.35{\pm}13.32;{\;}OMO-31.07{\pm}10.25;{\;}AMX-49.22{\pm}16.38;{\;}SMX-56.02{\pm}13.35;{\;}OMX-72.93{\pm}16.19$. Application of MS coat reduced microtensile bond strengths of both Single Bond and One-up Bond F, whereas microtensile bond strengths of All-Bond 2 were not affected significantly.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of curing methods of adhesive resins and resin cements in the root canal. Crown portions of 32 single-rooted mandibular premolars were removed. Routine endodontic treatment was done, and 9 mm deep post spaces were prepared within root canals. No.3 FRC Postec posts (Ivoclar-Vivadent AG, Liechtensteih) were cemented in the post spaces by self-(SC) or light-curing (LC) using two dual-cured adhesives (Adper Scotchbond multi-purpose plus and Exite DSC )and resin cements (RelyX ARC and Variolink II). They were assigned to 4 groups (n=8): R-SC, R-LC, V-SC, V-LC group. After stored in distilled water for 24 hours, each root was transversally sectioned with 1.5 mm thick and made three slices. The specimens were subjected to push-out test in a universal testing machine (EZ Test, Shimadzu Co., Japan) with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed with repeated ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. Also the interface of post-resin cement and resin cement-canal wall of each group was observed under FE-SEM. When fiber posts were cemented into the root canal using total-etch adhesives, the bond strength and adaptation between post and root canal dentin was affected by curing method. Self-cure of adhesives and resin cements showed higher bond strength and closer adaptation than light-cure of them.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.205-214
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing feed intake on performance and meat quality in old laying hens. A total of 200 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (100 weeks old) were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments: control (100% daily feed intake), 90%, 60%, 50%, and 20% daily feed intake. Each treatment was replicated four times with 10 birds per replication and two birds per cage. Ten-bird units were arranged according to a randomized block design. The feeding trial lasted for 4 weeks under a 16L:8D lighting regimen. The results indicated that the daily feed intake correlated with hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratios (P<0.05). The carcass yields and partial ratios were also correlated with daily feed intake (P<0.05). The levels of leukocytes (without basophils) were higher in the 50% and 20% daily feed intake groups than in the other groups. The concentrations of dry matter, crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and fatty acids in the breast meat did not decrease as the daily feed intake decreased. In conclusion, reducing daily feed intake decreased laying performance and carcass yield but had no effect on breast meat quality.