• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.87-100
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• 2009

We carried out the effect verification of conservation treatment focusing on basement rock of alkali granite at the Yukjonbul (two-pairs of Buddha Triads) carved on rock cliff of Samneung valley in Namsan mountain of Gyeongju. The conservation treatments were used to ethylsilicate-type rock consolidant and epoxy-type resin. It is treatment method that the epoxy-type resin have been applied one time into the exfoliation area, after rock consolidation treatment have been worked for three times. As the result of measuring ultrasonic velocity, P-wave velocity of the exfoliation area was relatively increased after applied the conservation treatments. The ultrasonic velocity of all area was increased as 27.8%. This result has been proved with consolidation effects by consolidant and filler for stone cultural heritages. The treatment method should be worked about three time to consolidate sufficiently for rocks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1025-1031
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• 2000

An ultrasonic linear motors consist of a slider and an ultrasonic vibrator which generates an elliptical oscillations. The ultrasonic linear motors mainly consist of an ultrasonic vibrator which generates elliptical oscillations. The ultrasonic linear motor fabricated in this paper was the use of the 1st longitudinal(L1) and 4th bending vibrations(B4). In order to low driving voltage and improve the life time of the ultrasonic motor, we used stacked piezoceramics. Stacked piezoceramics are adhered to aluminum elastic material. The finite element method was used to optimize dimension of ultrasonic vibrator and direction of vibratory displacement. As a result of estimating the characteristics of the ultrasonic linear motor, no-load velocity was 0.204[m/s] when applied voltage was 70[ $V_{rms}$] in resonance frequency.y.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.506-512
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• 1997

Ultrasonic knives have been successfully used for the surgery of many medical fields. However, the conventional ultrasonic knives for surgical operation cannot be controlled its resonant frequency. So if the material to cut has different characteristic impedance then different ultrasonic knife will be needed. Because the optimum driving frequency of ultrasonic knife is different by characteristic impedance of material. In this work, using a frequency variable ultrasonic transducer made of multi-layered PZT vibrator, a frequency controllable ultrasonic knife will be suggested. The design and computation principles will be also derived. For this work, firstly, the characteristics of this ultrasonic knife will be analyzed by transmission line model equivalent circuit, and the free admittance characteristics and vibrational velocity distributions will be obtained. Secondly, we will design and make the frequency controllable electrical oscillator for driving this ultrasonic knife.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.241-262
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• 2011

Cast iron pipe has been used as a water distribution technology in North America since the early nineteenth century. The first cast iron pipes were made of grey cast iron which was succeeded by ductile iron as a pipe material in the 1940s. These different iron alloys have significantly different microstructures which give rise to distinct mechanical properties. Insight into the non-destructive structural condition assessment of aging pipes can be advantageous in developing mitigation strategies for pipe failures. This paper examines the relationship between the small-strain and large-strain properties of exhumed cast iron water pipes. Nondestructive and destructive testing programs were performed on eight pipes varying in age from 40 to 130 years. The experimental program included microstructure evaluation and ultrasonic, tensile, and flexural testing. New applications of frequency domain analysis techniques including Fourier and wavelet transforms of ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements are presented. A low correlation between wave propagation and large-strain measurements was observed. However, the wave velocities were consistently different between ductile and grey cast iron pipes (14% to 18% difference); the ductile iron pipes showed the smaller variation in wave velocities. Thus, the variation of elastic properties for ductile iron was not enough to define a linear correlation because all the measurements were practically concentrated in single cluster of points. The cross-sectional areas of the specimens tested varied as a result of minor manufacturing defects and levels of corrosion. These variations affect the large strain testing results; but, surface defects have limited effect on wave velocities and may also contribute to the low correlations observed. Lamb waves are typically not considered in the evaluation of ultrasonic pulse velocity. However, Lamb waves were found to contribute significantly to the frequency content of the ultrasonic signals possibly resulting in the poor correlations observed. Therefore, correlations between wave velocities and large strain properties obtained using specimens manufactured in the laboratory must be used with caution in the condition assessment of aged water pipes especially for grey cast iron pipes.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.245-252
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• 2016

The pipelines and equipments are degraded by flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC), and a large-scale test facility was constructed for simulate the FAC phenomena in secondary coolant environment of PWR type nuclear power plants. Using this facility, FAC test was performed on weld pipe (carbon steel and low alloy steel) at the conditions of high velocity flow (> 10 m/s). Wall thickness was measured by high temperature ultrasonic monitoring systems (four-channel buffer rod type and waveguide type) during test period and room temperature manual ultrasonic method before and after test period. This work deals with the complex effects of flow velocity on the wall thinning in weld pipe and the test results showed that the higher flow velocity induced different increasement of wall thinning rate for the carbon steel and low alloy steel pipe.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.126-138
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• 2012

Ultrasonic method is widely used for the evaluation of weathering index and of degree of deterioration because it is easily applicable $in$ $situ$. The basic idea of the method is that the ultrasonic velocity decreases as a rock is being weathered. Thus, the difference of ultrasonic velocities between fresh rock and weathered rock indicates the degree of weathering. In this method, the ultrasonic velocity of fresh rock is assumed to be 5,000 m/s. However, this assumption can cause significant errors in estimating weathering index, especially in case that those rocks of the same type have a wide range of ultrasonic velocities such as in Korea. Therefore, we obtained twenty rock specimens and sixty core samples commonly used for stone cultural heritages in Korea, and measured ultrasonic velocities. From the results, we found that the ultrasonic velocities of the same rock type, granite samples range from 3,118 to 5,380 m/s, and that the estimated weathering index can be highly biased if we use the fixed value of 5,000 m/s. We created a database (DB) by combining the measurement data and reported it. We also measured ultrasonic velocities by direct and indirect methods to quantify the calibration coefficient for each sampling site. We found that the calibration coefficients vary widely from site to site (1.31-1.76). Other factors, such as operator bias and temperature did not show any significant effect on errors in ultrasonic velocity measurements. Lastly, we applied our ultrasonic velocity DB and calibration coefficients to a stone cultural heritage, Bonghwang-ri Buddha statue. Our estimation of the weathering index was 0.3, 0.1 smaller than that by conventional method. The degree of deterioration was also different, "moderately weathered", while conventional method gave "highly weathered". Since other independent studies reported that the degree of deterioration of the Buddha statue was "moderately weathered", our estimation seems to be more accurate. Thus our method can help accurately evaluate the weathering index and the conservation planning for a stone cultural heritage.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 1989

This essay is a general review of the application of ultrasonic NDE techniques to the performance assessment and characterization of composite materials. A brief review of ultrasonic input-output characterization of a composite plate by shear waves is presented. A theoretical development of ultrasonic wave propagation in isotropic and anisotropic media excited, respectively, by a circular transducer and an oscillatory point source is summarized. Some experimental results are described in which ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements give insight into material degradation of fatigued composite laminates. Ultrasonic determination of the elastic constants of a composite plate and an experimental attempt at ultrasonic testing of an isotropic plate containing a crack are also included. A recent effort for the characterization of viscoelastic materials using the ultrasonic NDE technique is outlined. Finally, the reliability of ultrasonic NDE is briefly touched upon.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.204-207
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• 2000

An ultrasonic linear motor was composed of a slider and a stator vibrator including piezoelectric material and elastic material. The ultrasonic linear motors mainly consist of an ultrasonic vibrator which generates elliptical oscillations. L$_1$-B$_4$ ultrasonic linear motor use longitudinal and bending multi-vibration. In order to low driving voltage and improve the life time of the ultrasonic oscillator, we used stacked piezoceramics. Stacked piezoceramics are adhered to aluminum elastic material. The finite element method was used to optimize dimension of ultrasonic vibrator and direction of vibratory displacement. As a result of estimating the characteristics of the ultrasonic linear motor, no-load velocity was 2.04[m/s] when applied voltage was 70[V$\sub$rms/] in resonance frequency.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.141-144
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• 1981

This paper descirbes about effects of refraction of ultrasonic beam on B-mode tomogram. Both compution based on Snell's law and the experiments performed using B-mode scanner and schlieren optical method are discussed on a circular phantom immersed in water. In these results, if the discrepancy of sound velocity is more than 0. 6%, the distortion of the B-mode image becomes conspicuous and a target beyound the phantom may disappear or displayed as two targets depending on the velocity of the phantom.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.841-846
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• 2002

Development on non-destructive testing methods were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of crack repair for test beams induced a crack. Cracked beams are repaired with expoxy and microcement, and then they are tested by two methods, the ultrasonic pulse velocity method and the transfer function method. It is proved that the ultrasonic pulse velocity method is very valid for the evaluation of the effectiveness on expoxy repair, and the transfer function method is very applicable to evaluate the effectiveness on microcement repair.