• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.36-50
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to determine the protective effects of Dioscoreae Rhizoma on the Mouse Embrio Fibroblast (MEF) cells exposed to the ultraviolet rays(UVA). Methods: The samples were assigned randomly to five groups; control group without any treatments, UVA group exposed only to UVA, DR group exposed only to the Dioscoreae Rhizoma, UVA-DR group exposed to UVA before being treated with the Dioscoreae Rhizoma, and DR-UVA group treated with the Dioscoreae Rhizoma before being exposed to UVA. The survival rate of cells, metabolic rate of cells, transformation of nucleus within cells, alteration of cell cycle, effects on the apoptosis, the change of the amount of protein related to cell cycle were measured in order to determine the cell protective effects of the Dioscoreae Rhizoma on each group. Results: 1. DR-UVA group has more cell protective effects compared to the UVA group in all experiments, indicating that the Dioscoreae Rhizoma protects skin from UVA physically and chemically. 2. UVA-DR group shows more efficiency compared to UVA group in rapid recovery of damaged cell and leading highly damaged cells to apoptosis, preventing the expression of abnormal cells. Conclusions: Dioscoreae Rhizoma has effects of protecting MEF cells from UVA, of recovering cells damaged by UVA, and of prohibiting the expression of abnormal cells.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 2016

Propolis is a resinous material collected by honeybees from several plant sources. This research aimed at showing its protective effect against UVA-induced apoptosis of human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Using Hoechst staining, it was demonstrated that propolis (5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibited the apoptosis of HaCaT cells induced by UVA-irradiation. Propolis also showed the protective effect against loss of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by UVA-irradiaiton in HaCaT cells. Propolis also inhibited the expression of activated caspase-3 induced by UVA-irradiation. To investigate the role of ROS in UVA-induced apoptosis and protection by propolis, the generation of ROS was determined in cells. The results showed that the generation of ROS was markedly reduced in cells pretreated with propolis. Consequently, propolis protected human keratinocyte HaCaT cells against UVA-induced apoptosis, which might be related to the reduction of ROS generation by UVA-irradiation.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.13-19
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the UVA radiation protection effects of summer hats currently on the market with the purpose of making it possible to choose a hat with suitable UVA protection. Twelve different summer hats from the market were selected for the experiment. The results are summarized as follows: It is more effective to wear a hat than not wear a hat to block UVA radiation. Summer hats with the greatest degree of protection, from highest to lowest, are cotton, straw2, and straw1. In the area of the forehead, which is rarely influenced by the irradiation angle, the cotton hat was the most effective in protecting from UVA radiation because the material density was greater than that of the straw hats. A hat with a 8.5 cm brim was more effective at blocking UVA radiation on the jaw than 6 cm, 4 cm, and 0 cm wide brims, but it still couldn't block the radiation completely. Irradiation amounts at 11:00 AM on the forehead, jaw! s and left and right cheeks were lower than amounts measured on the back of the neck. This revealed that irradiation amounts depend on the shape of the hat and time of day. A hat with a brim encircling the head was found to be more effective in blocking UVA radiation than a hat with only a front or side brim.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.470-471
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• 2002

It has been well documented that dermal irradiation by ultraviolet A (UVA) locally decreases the number of Langerhans cells and suppresses contact hypersensitivity of the skin. We found that topical irradiation of UVA to the eye systemically decreased the number of Langerhans cells (LC) in the dorsalskin and lymph nodes and elicited lymphocyte apoptosis in the latter tissues but not in the thymus. Optic nerve resection, but not ciliary ganglionectomy, eliminated the UVA-induced decrease in dermal Langerhans cells by a mechanism that was partially inhibited by hypophysectomy. The immunosuppressive effect of UVA was not observed in knockout mice lacking inducible-type of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These results suggested that topical irradiation of UVA to the eye induced immunosuppression via NO-dependet neuronal pathways.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.215-216
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• 2003

SPEX SkinSkan is a newly developed spectrofluorometer that can calculate transmission of UVA on the surface of human skin as a non-invasive method. We have investigated UVA protection factors of Japanese over-the-counter sunscreens using SPEX SkinSkan. This non-invasive method is useful to know UVA protection of sunscreens in vivo.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2017

Prolonged exposure to solar ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation has been known to cause premature skin aging (photo-aging). UVA radiation generates ROS thereby induce degenerative changes of skin such as degradation of dermal collagen, elastic fibers. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the proteolytic enzymes have been implicated as a major player in the development of UVA-induced photo-aging. Many studies have been conducted to block the harmful effects of UV radiation on the skin. Recently, we are interested in the availability of fermented red ginseng (FRG) as natural matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors (MMPIs). The efficacy difference between red ginseng and FRG has been compared. Both RG and FRG have no cytotoxic effects below the concentration of $300{\mu}g/ml$. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were pretreated with FRG or RG for 24h, followed by irradiation of UVA. Then, we measured the intracellular ROS production and the expression of MMP, $IL-1{\beta}$ at the mRNA level. We also examined the intracellular localization of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MMP-9 on the FRG or RG treated and UVA-irradiated HDFs. FRG decreased the intracellular ROS production elicited by UVA. In addition, FRG decreased the mRNA expression of MMP-3, MMP-9, and $IL-1{\beta}$ more efficiently than RG. Furthermore, FRG suppressed the nuclear localization of $NF-{\kappa}B$, and the expression of MMP-9. Taken together, our results suggest that FRG is promising agents to prevent UVA-induced photo-aging by suppressing MMP expression and inflammation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.431-435
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• 2009

This study was conducted to compare the effect of various LED and UVa light to enhanced coloration of paprika fruits cultivars; 'Special', 'Helsinki'. Immatured paprika fruits were irradiated with red LED, blue LED and UVa lights which were high intensity (red: $50{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, blue: $70{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, UVa: $3{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) and low intensity (red: $20{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, blue: $40{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, UVa: $0.25{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$). The coloration of 'Special' cultivar was increased the fastest in high intensity UVa light for 2 days after treatment. There were no significantly difference among treatments except the low intensity UVa light. The coloration of 'Helsinki' was increased the fastest in blue LED light, and followed by red LED light and UVa light for 2 days after treatment. The $a^*/b^*$ value of 'Special' and $b^*$ value of 'Helsinki' that indicated the paprika fruit coloration were generally higher high intensity LED and UVa lights than low intensity LED and UVa lights. We couldn't find out any significantly different coloration effect among all treatments in final days of coloration. and rather than UVa treatment fruit shrunk the surface of paprika fruits.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.253-259
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• 2002

The phototoxicity inhibitory activity of 15 natural products having antiinflammatory effect was screened by three in vitro methods: yeast growth inhibition test with Candida albicans, RBC photohemolysis and MTT assay. We induced phototoxic reaction by irradiating UVA (365 nm) on chlorpromazine (CPZ) that has been widely documented as phototoxic agent in clinical and experimental studies and then observed the effects of the natural products after treating them with CPZ. In yeast growth inhibition test, X. stramonium showed the inhibitory effect on the UVA phototoxicity and E. officinalis, Yeast, P. suffruticosa showed phototoxicity inhibitory effect in that their ％ hemolysis compared with control were 36.14${\pm}$ 2.69, 42.82${\pm}$1.35, 36.41${\pm}$0.48 on UVA. In MTT assay, all tested natural products increased cell viability compared with the control.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate inactivation effect of UVA-LED ultraviolet radiation upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus which are the major bacteria causing eye diseases. Methods: The small sterilization device was made using UVA-LED of 400 nm. After Pseudomonas aeruginosa was diluted to $10^{-7}$ and Staphylococcus aureus to $10^{-5}$ and diluted solutions were put onto each liquid medium. They were irradiated by 400 nm of UVA for different amount of time; 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 240 min, 360 min and 480 min each. Results: The data from sterilization test was solved to regression line equation and the target log inactivation was obtained. The 3 log inactivation UV irradiation value of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 54,847 UV dose ($mJ/cm^2$) and irradiation time was 135.42 min while the 3 log inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus was 39,066 UV dose ($mJ/cm^2$) and irradiation time was 98.72 min. Conclusions: The inactivation effect of sterilization method using 400 nm of UVA-LED upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus has been verified and it is considered as a useful method in inactivating the contact lenses.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 1992

Considerable interest has been generated in age-related non-enzymatic glycosylation and crosslinking of collagen in view of its extracellular nature, and its long biological half-life. The effects of UVA, which penetrates deep in dermis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on age- related changes of dermal collagen were studied. The amount of nonenzymatic glycosylation, fragmentation, and crosslinking of collagen were monitored from the mixtures of Type I collagen from calf skin and glucose, irradiated by UVA, with or without scavengers of ROS. At both high and low glucose dosages, non-enzymatic glycosylation was not affected by UVA irradiation. At high glucose dosage, however, glycosylation was reduced by the scavengers of superoxide radical and singlet oxygen, bolt not by hydroxyl radical scavengers. Fragmentation was increased by UVA and decreased by all ROS scavengers. Crosslinking was also enhanced by UVA, and effectively blocked crosslinking. Superoxide radical and singlet oxygen, which were produced by autoxidation of glucose independently to UVA, may encounter the initial phase of glycation. ROS generated from Amadory compounds by UVA enhanced fragmentation and crosslinking Hydroxyl radical was thought to be a major ROS affecting crosslinking. These results suggest that UVA and ROS are able to enhance age-related structural changes of collagen, as affecting many other tissue and cellular components.