• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2005

Skin is continously exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the major cause of skin disorders including skin aging. Chlorophylls were well known as photosensitizer initiating subsequent chemical reactions such as photooxidative deterioration of cellular structures. This experiment was designed to elucidate the effects of $\beta$-carotene and ascorbic acid with chlorophylls on UVB-induced photooxidation in linoleic acid emulsion model system and skin homogenate of ICR mouse. In linoleic acid emulsion model system, the addition of chlorophyll and $\beta$-carotene accelerated the photooxidation, while high concentration of ascorbic acid prevented. The combination of chlorophylls, $\beta$-carotene and ascorbic acid, which concentrations are simplified from mustard leaf kimchi, prevented UVB-induced photooxidation. Although single treatment of $\beta$-caretene accelerated photooxidaiton, $\beta$-caretene acted as antioxidant in the combination with ascorbic acid. Similarly the addition of individual chlorophylls and $\beta$-carotene accelerated the UVB-induced photooxidation in skin homogenate of ICR mouse. 50 ppm of ascorbic acid did not show the any preventive effect, however 500 ppm of ascorbic acid effectively prevented the oxidation. Photooxidation was prevented in the combination of chlorophylls and $\beta$-carotene with 500 ppm of ascorbic acid and concentration rate of ascorbic acid plays an important role in the prevention of UVB-induced photooxidation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 1996

Humic substances of 17 organic fertilizers available on the market were the objects of study. The list of ingredients for formulation of them comprised fish meal. bone meal, oil-cakes, brewer's grains, peat, sawdust, wood bark, zeolite, soil conditioner, live-stock droppings, amino acid fermentation byproduct, chaff, limestone and others. Humic and fulvic acids were isolated from those substances and given chemical and spectroscopic analyses. Nutritional values of the organic fertilizers showed big diversity. Humification of organic matter was incomplete for some of the fertilizers as indicated by a high C/N ratio. Extractable humic acid percentage was higher, in general, than that of fulvic acid. Also the relative content of humin increased with advanced humification. Total acidity was closely related to phenolic hydroxyl groups. Relationships between carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. and carboxyl and alcoholic hydroxyl groups were very significant. Ultraviolet and visible light absorption spectra of humic and fulvic acids were substantially similar. The types of humic acids were B. P, and Rp. Two humic acids of the 17 samples belonged to B type. 3 to P type and all the rest to Rp type.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.632-639
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• 1990

The biological activities of twelve different kinds of enzymatic browning reaction products(EBRP), which resulted from the reactants four kinds of polyphenols with polyphenol oxidase extracted from Ligularia fischeri, pimpinella brachycarpa and Aster scaber of edible mountain herbs. All of twelve samples did not show any mutagenic effect in the spore rec-assay, Ames mutagenicity test and DNA breaking test. However metal ions such as $Cu^{2+},\;Fe^{2+}$, and $Ni^{2+}$ were increased the DNA breakage in rec-assay. The EBRPs inhibited the mutagenicities induced by $benzo({\alpha})pyrene (B({\alpha})P)$, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-[4,3-b]indole(Trp-P-1) and 2-aminofluorene(2-AF) in Salmonella/microsome assay system with S-9 mix. In effects of EBRPs on the DNA repair system, the activity of EcoRI was highly inhibited and that of $T_{4}$ DNA ligase was inactivated by addition of EBRPs. The results of transformation ratio of plasmid pGA658 into E. coli HB 101 was significantly decreased by the reaction products of S. brachycarpa polyphenoloxidase (PPO). When UV light was exposed to the mixture of DNA and EBRP before the thanformation, the reaction products from L. fischeri PPO with pyrogallol, catechol and hydroxyhydroquinone stimulated transformation ratio.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.181-186
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to know the appropriate methods for extraction and determination of rutin contained buckwheat plants. The efficient HPLC analytical condition of rutin contained buckwheat plants was developed. The gradient elution employed a $250mm\times4.6mm$ i.d. Tosoh ODS 120T column. The gradient system was used two mobile phases. A gradient elution was performed with mobile phase A, consisting of $2\%$ Acetic $acid-45\%$ Acetonitrile, and mobile phase B, comprising $2\%$ aqueous acetic acid, and delivered at a flow rate of 1mL/min as follows: 0-18 min, $50-100\%$ A; 18-20 min, $100-50\%$ A; 20-22 min, $50\%$ A. The UV detection wavelength was set at 355 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) for rutin standard compound was 20 ng/mL. And, the higher content of rutin in the extracts was obtained by $80^{\circ}C$ reflex extraction for 120 min. from plants of buckwheat using ethanol.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.224-232
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• 2008

The health benefits associated with tea consumption have resulted in the wide inclusion of green tea extracts in botanical dietary supplements, which are widely consumed as adjuvants for complementary and alternative medicines. Tea contains polyphenols such as catechins or flavan-3-ols including (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), as well as the alkaloid, caffeine. The contents of catechins and caffeine in green tea are considered as a standard of quality evaluation of green tea. Therefor, the purpose of this study was to investigate the most suitable HPLC condition for simultaneous determination of catechins and caffeine in green tea extracts. The efficient HPLC analytical condition of catechins and caffeine contained green tea extracts was developed. The gradient elution employed a $250\;mm\;{\times}\;4.6\;mm$ i.d. YMC-pak ODS-AM 303 column. The gradient system was used two mobile phases. A gradient elution was performed with mobile phase A, consisting of 0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid, and mobile phase B, comprising 100% MeOH, and delivered at a flow rate of 1 mL/min as follows: $0{\sim}25\;min$, 80% A; $26{\sim}50\;min$, $80{\sim}70%$ A; 51 min, 80% A. $51{\sim}55\;min$, 80% A. The UV detection wavelength was set at 280 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) for catechins and caffeine standards were under 50 ng/mL.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2017

This study intends to analyze the contents of rutin, procyanidin B3, quercetin, kaempferol, known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects, among the polyphenol type contained in the grape pruning stem extracts (GPSE), utilizing grape stems being discarded after harvest, measure the effects on the skin moisture, inhibition of skin cell proliferation, anti-inflammatory on the damaged skin of a HR-1 mice induced with UVB, and verify the applicability as a material for functional food and functional cosmetics. The results of verifying the photoprotection effects through the skin proliferation control through of GPSE showed similar result to suncream was achieved at the GPSE concentration of 2,000 mg/kg on the epidermis (p<0.05). The results showed anti-inflammatory effects on all groups applied with GPSE as compared to the control group irradiated with UVB, but at the GPSE concentration of 1,000 mg/kg, a lower COX-2 protein expression at 8%, lower than the 22% of suncream, was observed to achieve an excellent anti-inflammatory effect (p<0.05). The results of this study confirmed the existence of active polyphenol type, such as rutin, kaempferol, querocetin and procyanidin B3, within the GPSE, and GPSE has improvement effects on moisturizing effects, skin proliferation control effect, inflammatory control effect and improvement effects on the skin barrier function through UV ray damage. GPSE is a functional ingredient with a potential for skin protection effects, and has high utilization as an ingredient for functional food and functional cosmetics.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2018

This study aimed to analyze the contents of rutin, procyanidin B3, quercetin, and kaempferol, known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects, among the polyphenol types contained in grape pruning stem extracts (GPSE). It utilized grape stems discarded after harvest to measure the effects of GPSE on skin moisture, inhibition of skin cell proliferation, and anti-inflammatory activity on the damaged skin of HR-1 mice induced with ultraviolet B (UVB), and to verify the applicability of GPSE as a material for functional food and functional cosmetics. The polyphenol was extracted from grape pruning stems with 80% EtOH, and then the extract was used while storing at $-20^{\circ}C$, after filtering, concentrating, and freeze-drying it. The content of an active ingredient of GPSE was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). From 53 kg of the grape pruning stem specimen, 2.34 kg of the EtOH fraction extracts were extracted to achieve a 4.42% yield ratio. Analysis of the active ingredients showed 0.28 mg/g of procyanidin B3, 12.81 mg/g of rutin, 0.51 mg/g of quercetin, and 8.24 mg/g of kaempferol. After UVB irradiation on the dermis, to confirm the degree of inhibition of collagen synthesis, we examined the protein expression of MMP-9 using immunohistochemical staining. The results of this study confirm the existence of active polyphenol types, such as rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and procyanidin B3, in GPSE. Moreover, the study found that GPSE has anti-collagenase effects and it decreases the effects of UV damage on skin barrier function. GPSE is a functional ingredient with a potential for skin protection effects, and it has high utilization potential as an ingredient for functional cosmetics.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 2012

The skin is continuously exposed to environmental stresses. One of the most important stress factor is UV radiation. UV radiation causes a variety of biological effects on the skin, including inflammation, pigmentation, photoaging and cancer. Therefore in this study, we tried to search for skin-protective antioxidant materials from marine natural products (Porphyra Thalli, Laminariae japonicae thallus, Ostreae Concha, Sargassum Thallus, Undaria thallus, Haliotidis Concha, Agar, Codium thalli, Hizikia fusiforme thalli; HFE, Thalli) which exhibit protective activities against UVB-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative cell death and antiaging effects. As a results, UVB-induced cytotoxicity and cell death were effectively suppressed by treatment of Sargassum Thallus, Agar, Haliotidis Concha, Codium thalli, Thalli ethanol extracts. UVB-induced cell death was mediated by intracellular accumulation or ROS, which was significantly inhibited by treatment with marine natural products extracts. Also, The protective effect of these marine natural products seemed to be mediated by increased expression of type I collagen and Type I procollagen. These results suggest that marine natural products may have anti-aging effects new functional materials against oxidative stress-mediated skin damages.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2003

The removal yield of dissolved organic matter in drinking water by biological activated carbon (BAC) process was investigated. The tested processes wer raw water-AC process (BAC1), raw water-ozonation-BAC process (BAC2), and raw water-ozonation-coagulation/sedimentation-BAC process (BAC3). The amounts of organic matter was measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ulta-violet radiation at 254 nm wavelength ($UV_{254}$), total nitrogen (T-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH_3$-N), and total phosphate (T-P). As a results, 30.7% DOC was removed by BAC2 process, which showed higher removal efficiency than BAC1 or BAC3 processes. The removal yield of $UV_{254}$ in BAC1, BAC2, and BAC3 processes were observed as 45.3%, 44.6%, 58.4%, respectively. And the removal yield of ammonia nitrogen were 66%, 81%, 29% in each BAC processes. The optimal empty bed contact time (EBCT) of BAC processes was estimated as 10 minute. This study has shown that BAC process combined with ozone treatment was efficient for removing dissolved organic matter in water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.244-245
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• 2010

최근 광전자 분야에서는 미래 에너지 자원에 대한 관심과 함께 GaN 기반 발광다이오드 및 태양전지 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. GaN는 높은 전자 이동도와 높은 포화 속도 등의 광전자 소자에 유리한 특성을 가지고 있으나, 고 인듐 함유량과 막질의 우수한 특성을 동시에 구현하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 이를 극복하기 위한 방법으로써 선택 영역 박막 성장법(Selective Area Growth)은 마스크 패터닝을 통해 제한된 영역에서만 박막을 성장하는 방법으로써 GaN의 막질을 향상 시킬 수 있는 방법으로 주목받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 대면적 기판에서 GaN의 막질 향상뿐만 아니라 고인듐 InGaN 박막 성장을 위하여 서브마이크로미터 주기와 크기를 갖는 홀 패턴을 포토리소그라피 공정 최적화를 통해 구현할 수 있는 방법에 대해 논의한다. 그림. 1은 사파이어 기판 위에 선택 영역 박막 성장법을 이용하여 성장한 n-GaN/활성층/p-GaN의 구조를 나타낸 그림이다. 이를 통하여 서브마이크로미터 스케일의 반극성 InGaN면 위에 높은 인듐 함유량을 가지면서도 우수한 특성을 갖는 박막을 얻을 수 있다. 본 실험을 위하여 사파이어 기판 위에 SiO2를 증착한 후 포토레지스트(AZ5206)을 도포하고 포토리소그라피 공정을 진행하여 2um 크기 및 간격을 갖는 패턴을 형성했다. 그림. 2는 AZ5206에 UV를 조사(5초)하고 현상(23초)한 패턴을 윗면(그림. 2(a))과 $45^{\circ}$ 기울인 면(그림. 2(b)) 에서 본 SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) 사진이다. 이를 통해 약 2.2um의 홀 패턴이 선명하게 형성 됨을 볼 수 있다. 그 후 수백나노 직경의 홀을 만들기 위해서 리플로우 공정을 수행한다. 그림. 3은 리플로우 온도에 따른 패턴의 홀 모양을 AFM(Atomic Force Microscope)을 이용하여 측정한 표면의 사진이다. 이를 통해 2차원 평면에서 리플로우 온도 및 시간에 따른 변화를 볼 수 있다. 그림.3의 (a)는 리플로우 공정을 진행하기 전 패턴이고, (b)는 $150^{\circ}C$에서 2분, (c)는 $160^{\circ}C$에서 2분 (d)는 $170^{\circ}C$에서 2분 동안 리플로우 공정을 진행한 패턴이다. $150^{\circ}C$와 $160^{\circ}C$에서는 직경에 큰 변화가 없었고, $160^{\circ}C$에서는 시료별 현상 시간 오차에 따라 홀의 크기가 커지는 경향이 나타났다. 그러나 $170^{\circ}C$에서 2분간 리플로우 한 시료 (그림. 3(d))의 경우는 홀의 직경이 ~970nm 정도로 줄어든 것을 볼 수 있다. 홀의 크기를 보다 명확히 표현하기 위해 그림.3에 대응시켜 단면을 스캔한 그래프가 그림.4에 나타나 있다. 그림.4의 (a) 및 (b)의 경우 포토레지스트의 높이 및 간격이 일정하므로, 리플로우에 의한 영향은 거의 없었다. 그림. 4(c)의 경우 포토레지스트의 높이가 그림.4(a)에 비해 ~25nm 정도 낮은 것으로 볼 때, 과도 현상 및 약간의 리플로우가 나타났을 가능성이 크다. 그림. 4(d)에서는 ~970nm의 홀 크기가 나타나서 본 연구에서 목표로 하는 나노 홀 크기에 가장 가까워짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, $170^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도와 2분 이상의 리플로우 시간 조건에서 선택 영역 성장을 위한 나노 홀 마스크의 크기를 제어할 수 있음을 확인하였다.