• Title/Summary/Keyword: UV spectrophotometer

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The comparisons of layers and the effect of additional firings on flexural strength and translucency of 5Y-ZP (Translucent zirconia의 layer 간 비교 및 추가적인 소성이 굽힘강도, 투과도에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Hyung-Joon;Shin, Soo-Yeon
    • Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.111-122
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    • 2021
  • Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the flexural strength and translucency of three layers in 5Y-ZP and to assess the effect of additional firings on these properties. Materials and Methods: Sintered zirconia blocks were sectioned according to three layers : incisal, transition, and body. Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from each layer. The diameter of specimens was 15.0 mm and each thickness of specimens for biaxial flexural strength test and translucency was 1.2 mm and 1.0 mm. The specimens were classified into subgroups according to the number of firing (0, 1, and 3 times; n = 10/subgroup) and the additional firings were performed under 900℃ using a furnace. Biaxial flexural strength and translucency was measured using universal testing machine and uv-vis spectrophotometer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used for measurement of the phase identification. One-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test were performed (α = 0.05). Results: There was no significant difference in flexural strength between the three layers (P > 0.05), while there was significant difference in translucency between different layers (P < 0.05). The flexural strength of incisal and transition layer was decreased by the single additional firing, and the three additional firings significantly decreased the flexural strength of three layers. The translucency of layer was decreased by additional firings except the body layer. The XRD patterns of all groups were similar. Conclusion: Three layers of 5Y-ZP were different only in translucency. Additional firings affected the flexural strength and translucency differently depending on the layers but crystalline phases were not changed.

A Study on the Vanadium Oxide Thin Films as Cathode for Lithium Ion Battery Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering (RF 마그네트론 스퍼터링으로 증착된 리튬 이온 이차전지 양극용 바나듐 옥사이드 박막에 관한 연구)

  • Jang, Ki-June;Kim, Ki-Chul
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.80-85
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    • 2019
  • Vanadium dioxide is a well-known metal-insulator phase transition material. Lots of researches of vanadium redox flow batteries have been researched as large scale energy storage system. In this study, vanadium oxide($VO_x$) thin films were applied to cathode for lithium ion battery. The $VO_x$ thin films were deposited on Si substrate($SiO_2$ layer of 300 nm thickness was formed on Si wafer via thermal oxidation process), quartz substrate by RF magnetron sputter system for 60 minutes at $500^{\circ}C$ with different RF powers. The surface morphology of as-deposited $VO_x$ thin films was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The crystallographic property was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The optical properties were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer. The coin cell lithium-ion battery of CR2032 was fabricated with cathode material of $VO_x$ thin films on Cu foil. Electrochemical property of the coin cell was investigated by electrochemical analyzer. As the results, as increased of RF power, grain size of as-deposited $VO_x$ thin films was increased. As-deposited thin films exhibit $VO_2$ phase with RF power of 200 W above. The transmittance of as-deposited $VO_x$ films exhibits different values for different crystalline phase. The cyclic performance of $VO_x$ films exhibits higher values for large surface area and mixed crystalline phase.

Measurement of Growth and Chlorophyl in Barley Exposed by X-ray (X선에 노출된 보리의 생장과 엽록소 측정)

  • Lee, Won-Jeong;Lee, Mo-Kwon;Lee, Jung Rok;Kim, Ha Neul;Yoo, Se-Jong;Lee, Bae-Won;Jeong, Sun-Cheol
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.44 no.3
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    • pp.253-260
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    • 2021
  • The purpose of this study is to measure of growth and chlorophyl in barley exposed by X-ray. Barley seed was soaked 24h duration in water, then was classified into two group; pre-seed germination group (Pre-G) or post-seed germination group (Post-G). Also, divided as control subgroup and experimental subgroup(10Gy, 20Gy, 30Gy) in each group. Experimental subgroups were exposed by X-ray using linear accelerator (Clinac IS, VERIAN, USA). Expose condition was 6 MV X-ray, SSD 100 cm, 18×10 cm, 600 MU/min. Length was measured every day for 10 days and 10th day for weight. Chlorophyl was analyzed using spectrophotometer(uv-1800, shimadzu, japan) in l0th day. Data analysis was performed using SPSS ver 22.0(Chicago, IL, USA), ANOVA test (Dunnett_T3) between control subgroup and experimental subgroup in group and Independent T-test between Pre-G and Post-G in subgroup. In Pre-G, length of barley was significantly difference between control and 30Gy in 4th day (4.3 vs. 1.5, p= 0.011). Length of 30Gy was statistical difference with control(10th day; 14.4 vs. 6.3, p < 0.01), and was not in 10Gy or 20Gy in all day. In experimental subgroup, length was shorter as increasing radiation dose. In Post-G, length of barley was not difference statistically between control and experimental subgroup in first day, but more difference between two subgroup with increasing duration after exposing. Length of experimental subgroup was shorter significantly compared with control in 10th day, and no significant difference between experimental subgroup. Density of chlorophyl was increasing with increasing radiation dose in Pre-G and Post-G. Chlorophyl density of control was lower than 30Gy; 0.26ppm in Pre-G, 0.29ppm in Post-G). Growth and chlorophyl of barley was effected by X-ray. It is expected to be used as basic data for future radiobiological research.

Characterization of TMA-A zeolite incorporated by ZnO nanocrystals (ZnO 나노결정을 담지한 TMA-A 제올라이트의 특성분석)

  • Lee, Seok Ju;Lim, Chang Sung;Kim, Ik Jin
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.58-63
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    • 2008
  • Nano-sized ZnO crystals were successfully incorporated using ion exchange method in TMA-A zeolite synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The optimal composition for the synthesis of TMA-A zeolite was resulted in a solution of $Al(i-pro)_3$ : 2.2 TEOS : 2.4 TMAOH : 0.3 NaOH : 200 $H_2O$. 0.3 g of TMA-A zeolite and 5 mol of $ZnCl_2$ solution were employed for the preparation of ZnO incorporated TMA-A zeolite. The crystallization process of ZnO incorporated TMA-A zeolite was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The incorporated nano-sized ZnO crystals and the crystallinity of TMA-A zeolite were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The size of the incorporated nano-sized ZnO crystals was 3~5 nm, while the TMA-A zeolite was 60~100 nm. The bonding structure and absorption of the ZnO incorporated TMA-A zeolite were compared with the ZnO and TMA-A zeolite by the FT-IR analysis. Subsequentlly, the ZnO incorporated TMA-A zeolite showed the photoluminescent characteristics on the wavelengths of 330~260 nm and 260~230 nm by measurement of UV spectrophotometer.

Effect of L-ascorbic acid on the degradation of aflatoxin $B_1$ (아스콜빈산에 의한 Aflatoxin $B_1$의 파괴에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Kun-Young;Kweon, Mee-Hyang
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 1987
  • Large amount of aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ is disappeared in the presence of L-ascorbic acid(AA) in buffer solution at pH values from 1 to 7 during 5 days of Incubation at $37^{\circ}C$. $AFB_1$ was quite stable at pH's between 5 and 7 when AA was absent(control), however, $50{\sim}60%$ of APB, was degraded in its presence after 5 days. The rate of disappearance of $AFB_1$ increased with a decreasing of pH in the presence of AA, even though $AFB_1$ in the control degraded increasingly with the decrease in $pH(pH{\leq}4)$. The level of $AFB_1$, decreased as the reaction temperature increased when $AFB_1$ reacted with AA. The aflatoxin could not be detected at all after 3 days when the reaction occurred at $60^{\circ}C$, while the aflatoxin was stable at $5^{\circ}C$ thoughout the reaction period. $90{\sim}96%$ of $AFB_1$ was found to be degraded in a far when $AFB_1$ reacted with AA plus different concentrations of $CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_{2}O$, showing remarkably faster rate than the control; however, different concentrations of L-cysteine instead of $CuSO_4\;5H_{2}O$ protected the degradation of aflatoxin and no $AFB_1$ was degraded for a day and resulted in less $AFB_1$ disappeared than the control. The degradation of $AFB_1$ was dependent on AA concentration and the rate of disappearance as the concentration of AA decrease, but $AFB_1$ concentration did not influence the rate. The product formed when $AFB_1$ reacted with AA was identified to $AFB_{2a}$ by using HPLC chromatographic examinations, and by UV spectrum of $AFB_1$ reacted with AA. The disappearance of $AFB_1$ was correlated well in the appearance of $AFB_2a$. From the results, the degradation of $AFB_1$ in the presence of AA is probably due to one or more of the oxidative products of AA which was produced during the AA oxidation.

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Characteristics of Vertical Ozone Distributions in the Pohang Area, Korea (포항지역 오존의 수직분포 특성)

  • Kim, Ji-Young;Youn, Yong-Hoon;Song, Ki-Bum;Kim, Ki-Hyun
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.287-301
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    • 2000
  • In order to investigate the factors and processes affecting the vertical distributions of ozone, we analyzed the ozone profile data measured using ozonesonde from 1995 to 1997 at Pohang city, Korea. In the course of our study, we analyzed temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of ozone at four different heights: surface (100m), troposphere (10km), lower stratosphere (20km), and middle stratosphere (30km). Despite its proximity to a local, but major, industrial complex known as Pohang Iron and Steel Co. (POSCO), the concentrations of surface ozone in the study area were comparable to those typically observed from rural and/or unpolluted area. In addition, the findings of relative enhancement of ozone at this height, especially between spring and summer may be accounted for by the prevalence of photochemical reactions during that period of year. The temporal distribution patterns for both 10 and 20km heights were quite compatible despite large differences in their altitudes with such consistency as spring maxima and summer minima. Explanations for these phenomena may be sought by the mixed effects of various processes including: ozone transport across two heights, photochemical reaction, the formation of inversion layer, and so on. However, the temporal distribution pattern for the middle stratosphere (30km) was rather comparable to that of the surface. We also evaluated total ozone concentration of the study area using Brewer spectrophotometer. The total ozone concentration data were compared with those derived by combining the data representing stratospheric layers via Umkehr method. The results of correlation analysis showed that total ozone is negatively correlated with cloud cover but not with such parameter as UV-B. Based on our study, we conclude that areal characteristics of Pohang which represents a typical coastal area may be quite important in explaining the distribution patterns of ozone not only from surface but also from upper atmosphere.

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Metal 첨가물질에 따른 비정질 IGZO 투명전극 특성 연구

  • Sin, Han-Jae;Hwang, Do-Yeon;Lee, Jeong-Hwan;Lee, Dong-Ik;Park, Seong-Eun;Park, Jae-Seong;Kim, Seong-Jin;Lee, Yeong-Ju;Seo, Chang-Taek
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2013.02a
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    • pp.368-370
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    • 2013
  • 투명 전극은 전기전도도를 갖는 동시에 가시광선을 투과하는 소재를 말하며, 구체적으로는 빛의 파장이 400~700 nm 영역대의 가시광선을 80% 이상 투과하며 전기전도도가 비저항으로 $10^{-3}{\Omega}cm$이하이거나 면저항이 $10^3{\Omega}$/${\Box}$소재를 의미한다. 투명 전극은 전기전도도에 따라 사용되는 용도가 다양하다. LCD, PDP, OLED 와 같은 평판디스플레이 및 3D 디스플레이의 투명전극으로 사용되는 핵심재료일 뿐만 아니라 터치스크린, 투명필름, 대전방지막, 열반사막, EMI 방지막, 태양전지 분야에 광범위하게 이용되고 있다. 일반적으로, 투명전극 박막에 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 소재는 ITO (indium tin oxide)이나, 주성분인 In의 사용량 증가로 상용 ITO 타겟 가격이 급등하고 있음으며, 고가의 ITO 타겟을 대체하기 위한 저가의 투명전극 소재 개발이 절대적으로 요구되며, 신규 소재 개발을 통한 기술력 우위 선점이 필수적으로 요구되는 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 디스플레이 분야에서 널리 활용되는 고가의 ITO를 대체하기 위한 다성분 금속산화물 투명전극 스퍼터링 타겟 제조기술을 개발하기 위한 연구로서, Metal이 첨가된 In-Ga-Zn-O기반의 3성분계 투명도전성 소재를 조성설계, 고밀도 균질 타겟 제조 및 투명전극 박막을 형성하는 연구를 실시하였다. 고체산화물 산화인듐(In2O3)분말, 산화갈륨(Ga2O3) 분말그리고 산화아연(ZnO)분말과 Metal을 몰비로 칭량한 후 분말을 폴리에틸렌제 포트에 넣고 에탄올을 충분히 채운 후 지르코니아(ZrO2) 볼(ball)을 이용하여 24 h 동안 볼 밀링(ball milling) 방법으로 혼합한 뒤, $120^{\circ}C$의 플레이트위에서 마그네틱 바로 stirring하면서 건조하였다. 이 분말을 건조기에서 완전히 건조한 후 알루미나 유발을 이용해서 pulverizing한 후 sieving기를 이용하여 분말의 조립화를 하였다. 이 분말을 금형에 넣고 300 kg/$cm^2$의 압력으로 press하여 성형한 뒤 대기중에서 소결하였다 소결을 위한 승온 온도는 $10^{\circ}C$/min이었고 소결은 $1,450^{\circ}C$에서 6 h 동안 하였다. IGZO target의 조성 비율은 1:1:12 (mol%)를 사용하였으며, 첨가한 Metal은 Boron (B), Germanium (Ge), Barium (Ba)을 사용하여 타겟을 제작하였다. M-IGZO 박막은RF magnetron Sputter를 이용하여 증착하였으며, 앞선 실험에서 제작한 타겟을 사용하여 M-IGZO박막을 투명전극으로 사용하기 위한 각각의 특성을 파악하였다. 모든 박막은 상온에서 증착을 하였으며, 증착된 박막두께를 측정하기 위해 ${\alpha}$-step IQ를 사용하였고, 광학적 특성을 분석하기 위해 UV-Visible spectrophotometer 로 투과율을 측정하였다. 그리고 전기적 특성을 측정하기 위해 Hall effect measurement 및 4-probe를 사용하였으며, 결정성 분석을 위하여 XRD를 이용하여 분석하였다. 표1은 M-IGZO타겟을 사용하여 증착시간에 따른 면저항 특성을 나타내었다. Ge, B, Ba이 첨가된 IGZO 박막은 증착시간이 증가할수록 면저항이 낮아짐을 알 수 있었다. 또한, Ge이 첨가된 IGZO 박막이 다른 금속이 첨가된 IGZO 박막의 면저항보다 현저히 낮음을 알 수 있었다. Fig. 1(a), (b), (c)는 각 타겟을 동일한 조건으로 증착을 하여 광학적특성을 나타내는 그래프이다. GZO 박막의 광학적 특성을 보면 가시광 영역에서 평균 투과율은 모두 80% 이상으로 우수한 광투과 특성을 보여 투명전자소자로 사용가능하다. 특히, 자외선 영역을 모두 차단하는 UV cut 능력이 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 금속이 첨가된 IGZO 박막을 태양전지용 투명전극으로 사용할 경우, 자외선에 의하여 수명이 단축되는 현상을 줄여줄 수 있음을 기대할 수 있으며 내구성 향상에 크게 기여할 것으로 보인다. Fig. 2는 Ge=0, 0.5, 5%인 IGZO 투명전극을 총 40회 반복하여 증착을 실시한 후 각각의 면저항을 측정한 결과이다. 실험결과에 따르면 Ge가 0%, 5%인 IGZO 투명전극은 증착을 거듭할수록 면저항이 증가하는 결과를 나타내었으며, 0.5%인 IGZO 투명전극은 점차 안정화되어가는 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 안정화 되었을 때 평균 면저항은 26ohm/sq.로 나타났으며, 광투과율은 Fig. 3과 같이 가시광영역에서 평균 80%이상의 결과를 보였으며, 550 nm에서는 86.36%의 우수한 특성을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 Metal이 첨가된 In-Ga-Zn-O기반의 3성분계 투명도전성 소재 target을 제작하여 RF magnetron sputter로 박막을 형성한 후 특성을 비교하였다. M-IGZO target 중 Ge (0.5%)을 첨가한 IGZO 타겟을 사용한 투명전극이 가장 우수한 특성을 보였으며, 제작된 M-target의 In 비율이 30% 정도로 기존의 ITO (90%) 대비하여 투명전극 제작 단가를 절감할 수 있다.

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A Study on the Solubilizing and Emulsifying Action of Tocopheryl Acetate using Plant Surfactant (식물성계면활성제를 사용한 토코페릴아세테이트의 가용화와 유화력에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, In-Young;Bae, Bo-Hyeon
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.893-905
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    • 2020
  • This study is a study on solubilization and emulsifying power of tocopheryl acetate using vegetable surfactants. High purity polyglyceryl-10 isostearate and polyglyceryl-10 oleate were mixed to synthesize a vegetable surfactant with excellent solubilizing power and emulsifying power. The mixed raw material was named Solubil EWG-1100. The appearance of this raw material was a pale yellowish paste with a specific smell, specific gravity of 1.12, and acid value of 0.085. The HLB value of this surfactant was calculated by the Griffin's equation with an average value of 15.17. The behavior of this surfactant to solubilize tocopheryl acetate was mechanically verified. The performance of solubilization was evaluated by a method of visual evaluation and was measured by a transmittance rate at 650 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. As a result, in the formulation using 3% ethanol as a co-solvent, the concentration of surfactant was required to solubilize tocopheryl acetate was required about 5 times of natural surfactant. In the formulation without ethanol as a co-solvent, the concentration of surfactant was required to solubilize tocopheryl acetate required about 7 times of natural surfactant. In addition, the concentration of surfactant required to make an emulsifivation 10 % of tocopheryl acetate was 1 wt% of Solubil EWG-1100, and the emulsified particle size was 3.5 mm in cream formula. In order to obtain stable and fine emulsified particles, it was found that as the concentration of tocopheryl acetate increased, the concentration of Solubil EWG-1100 also was to increase. As a result of testing the solubilizing power of the surfactant according to the pH various change, it showed stable solubilizing power in the acidic region of pH=3.2, the neutral region of pH=7.0, and the alkaline region of pH=11.8. As application, based on these results, it is expected that it can be widely applied to the cosmetics field that develops skin care prescriptions, sensitive skin products, and heavy dry skin products.

Effect of Chlorella vulgaris CHK0008 Fertilization on Enhancement of Storage and Freshness in Organic Strawberry and Leaf Vegetables (Chlorella vulgaris CHK0008 시비가 유기농 딸기와 엽채소의 저장성과 신선도 향상에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Min-Jeong;Shim, Chang-Ki;Kim, Yong-Ki;Park, Jong-Ho;Hong, Sung-Jun;Ji, Hyeong-Jin;Han, Eun-Jung;Yoon, Jung-Chul
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.872-878
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    • 2014
  • This study aimed to enhance storage and freshness of strawberry fruits and foliage vegetables by spray treatment with Chlorella vulgaris as a bio-fertilizer. The tested strain, C. vulgaris CHK0008, was isolated from an organically cultivated rice paddy and identified as C. vulgaris by its morphology and 18S rDNA and 23S rDNA sequence homology. We successfully cultured C. vulgaris CHK0008 in BG11 modified medium (BG11MM) and adjusted $2.15{\times}10^6cell/mL$ C. vulgaris CHK0008 to one OD value by measuring the optical density at 680 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The soluble solid content of 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits treated by spray application with C. vulgaris CHK0008 was enhanced by 22.2% and 11.5% respectively, compared to untreated controls. Additionally, the decay rates of treated 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits decreased 63.8% and 74.4% respectively, compared to untreated control. Surface color changes and chlorosis of leaves in leaf vegetables such as lettuce, kale, red ornamental kale, white ornamental kale and beet were observed in samples treated with water spray for 10 days after cold storage. However, the decay rate of leafy vegetables treated with foliar application of 25% C. vulgaris CHK0008 liquid culture was significantly decreased compared to that of the untreated control during storage at $4^{\circ}C$.

Variation in Lipid Composition during the Growing Period of the Prawn I. Comparative Studies on the Flesh Lipid Composition of the Wild and Cultured Prawn (보리새우 성장중의 지질성분 변화에 관한 연구 1. 천연 및 양식산 보리새우의 근육 지질성분의 비교)

  • Ha Bong-Seuk;MATSUNO Takao;KATSUYAMA Masaaki
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.297-308
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    • 1985
  • Differences in lipid composition including fatty acid, lipid class, sterol and especially carotenoid between fleshes of wild and cultured prawn, Penaeus japonicus, were studied. Total lipids were extracted from the flesh during the spawning period and fractionated into two lipid classes of polar and nonpolar lipids by silicic acid column chromatography. The fatty acid composition of each lipid classes, total lipid (TL), nonpolar lipid (NL) and polar lipid (PL) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The sterol and carotenoid composition of total lipids were determined by using thin layer chromatography, gas liquid chromatography and column chromatography using MgO-celite 545 and silicic acid-celite 545 as an absorbent, and by UV spectrophotometry. Total lipid contents of both fleshes from the wild and cultured prawn were about $2.0\%$ on average, but the content of the unsaponifiable matters in the cultured prawn (about $16.2\%$ in total lipid) showed a little higher than that of the wild prawn (about $13.9\%$ in total lipid) and the ratio of NL to PL in total lipid was 1:1.7. In the fatty acid composition of TL, the contents of $Cl_{16:0}\;and\;C_{20:3}$ fatty acids were higher in wild prawn than in cultured prawn, while the contents of $Cl_{18:1}\;and\;C_{20:5}$ fatty acids in cultured prawn were higher than those in wild prawn. The cultured prawn contained higher amounts of monoenoic acids and lower amounts of polyenoic acids than the wild prawn. In the fatty acid composition of NL, the wild prawn showed higher levels in $Cl_{18:0}\;and\;C_{20:1}$ fatty acid contents than the cultured prawn, while the cultured prawn contained much amout of $Cl_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:1}$ fatty acids. On the other hand, the fatty acid composition of PL showed that $Cl_{16:1}\;and\;C_{17:1}$ fatty acid were higher in the wild prawn than in the cultured prawn, but in $Cl_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:1}$ fatty acids, the levels were reversed. Consequently, the cultured prawn contained higher amount of monoenoic acids, and similar amounts of saturated acids and polyenoic acids to the wild prawn in NL. And the cultured prawn contained lower amount of monoenoic acids, and similar amounts of saturated acids and polyenoic acids to the wild prawn in PL. In sterol composition of both the wild and cultured prawn, the predominant sterol was cholesterol with the proportion of $78.7{\sim}88.9\%$ to the total sterol. In addition to the cholesterol, the other minor sterols such as 24-methylene cholesterol and sitosterol were detected. Total carotenoid content in flesh of the wild prawn was relatively higher than that of the cultured prawn marking 70 mg/100g of lipid in wild prawn and 40 mg/100 g of lipid in cultured prawn, respectively. The main carotenoids of the both prawns were astaxanthin($54.1{\sim}60.8%$), phoenicoxanthin ($16.5{sim}22.9%$),${\bata}-carotene\;(20.0{\sim}22.0%)$.

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