• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.7-18
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• 1999

This study concerns the demand for Korean textile products in the USA, Japan, EU from 2000 to 2003. The result from the practice of study is as follows; The grand total export demand of textile product is estimated about U$7.2billion in 2000, U$8.5billion in 2003, and the annual growing rate is estimated 5.17%. The export of textile product to USA, Japan, EU, and other countries will be gradually increased from 2000 to 2003. Comparing to annual average export growing ratio, it is expected the ranks of annual average growing ratio as follows; The highest ratio is 8.35% in EU, the next 7.08% in other countries, 2.67% in Japan, and 2.51% in USA. It shows the change of the new countries to which our nation exports textile-products from the exportmarket structure of the present major export countries such as USA, Japan to EU and other nations. Also shows the same result in the export ratio by countries. The research predicts that the textile export portion will be decreased for our nation to USA and Japan while increased to EU and other countries.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate EU, UK and USA's laws and standards related to safety criteria for commercial kitchen machines. The study was based on literature survey and web surfing. The results revealed that EU has relevant directives by kitchen machines and harmonized standards according to the directives. The directives and harmonized standards are translated into the laws and standards of EU member countries, respectively. The kitchen facility relevant legal systems of UK and USA do not prescribe the safety devices or measures, but only the basic health and safety requirements. The requirements were forcefully implemented through the certificate systems such as CE(Confommite European), UL(Underwriters Laboratories), etc. Only products with CE, UL or NRTL(ationally Recognized Testing Laboratory) certificate marking can be placed on the market of EU and USA, or put into service. For achieving the certificates, all requirements regulated in the relevant standards should be met. The standards of UK and USA were presented by kitchen machines or by standards themselves, respectively. Safety devices required by the standards were also summarized by kitchen machines and their risk factors.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.36-46
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• 1997

This study concerns the demand for Korean textile products in the USA, Japan, EU from 1997 to 2000. The conclusion from this study is that demand for Korean textile products in the USA, Japan, and the EU will steadily decline through to the year 2000. And with this conclusions, in order to rejuvenate the textile industry, we have to consolidate the system of production and proceed with the rationalization of management departments in the industry and the reduction of costs and develop new products. Also, the global policy strategy of the textile industry should be strongly promoted on order to make the textile industry a strong industry in the 21 century.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.345-364
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• 1999

최근 WTO 체제의 출범, 지역주의 확산 등으로 국제통상환경은 변화하고 있으며, 각국의 통상정책에 상당한 영향을 미치고 있다. 특히 미국, EU, 일본의 통상정책은 한국을 비롯한 국채통상환경 전반에 매우 민감한 영향을 주고 있다. 이러한 국제통상환경의 변화에 따라 필요한 것은 주요국의 통상정책 및 제도에 관한 연구이다. 본 연구는 미국, EU, 일본, 한국의 통상정책과 수단의 특징을 비교 분석하였는데, 각국 통상정책의 다양한 특성을 보여주고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.375-388
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• 2017

United States of America started NSDI in 1994 for the first time in the world. EU and other many countries invested lots of budget on NSDI due to necessity to manage countries and social economy. As skepticism for effect of such investment has risen, developed countries predicted higher effect compared to investment using ROI and other methods. FGDC clarified that geospatial information is a critical national assets. USA has managed NSDI by introducing portfolio concept for it recognizing NSDI as financial assets from fixed assets. Currently directions of NSDI and its advancement has been proceeded variably depending on corresponding organizations, human resources, budget and national policies. This study analyzed recent trends regarding NSDI assessment methods from developed countries and researchers. Assessment of NSDI is introduced only by some countries such as EU, USA and Canada. This study analyzed USA's assessment model and indicator that assess NSDI in a way that various external organizations (COGO, URISA) participate, EU INSPIRE Directives, monitoring and Canada's CGDI assessment methods. Besides these, this study analyzed STIG that adopted Financial Infrastructure from European studies and Korea's NSDI monitoring assessment indicator research. Further this study suggested assessment directions for future NSDI through implications of NSDI assessment method analysis.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.267-286
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• 2013

Origin verification is regarded most essential for FTA performance administration. This administration is divided into direct and indirect system where Korea has adapted indirect system to Korea-EU FTA while direct system to Korea-USA FTA. A comparative analysis was conducted on the system of origin verification and provisions contained in preferential tariff law of each countries. The study finds that Korean origin verification system is a bit lack of procedural provision resulting in less protection of domestic trader's rights. Another point is that Korean Customs Authority is weak, in respect of organization and man power, to protect illegal bilateral tariff application by counter part FTA countries. And therefore this study suggests the policy makers to arrange detailed FTA origin verification procedures with earliest meeting with counter part FTA countries, and further stress that make up of organization and man power for origin verification in a timely manner.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2019

Purpose - This study deals with a strategic plan for meeting the value added criteria effectively, which is one of the methods of determining origin used in preferential trade such as FTA. Automobile products, one of the major Korean export items, were selected to give a practical use against the FTA requirements. Design/methodology - This study is based on the value-added criteria of the Korea-US and Korea-EU FTAs that apply various value-added criteria. The Korea-US FTA adopts the RVC method based on the integration, deduction and net cost methods, while the MC method is employed in the Korea-EU FTA. The methodology used in this work is an extended literature review, analysis of the value-added criteria applied to automobile products under Korea-US and Korea-EU FTA with some secondary statistics. Findings - Based on in - depth analysis of the value - added criteria requirements for automobile products stipulated in the Korea - US FTA and the Korea - EU FTA, two strategic considerations are suggested. First is 'appropriate value-added strategy' and the second is 'strategy of changing production and trade structure'. The second strategy is a bit used in Korea but this is not considered best if the first strategy is ignored or forgotten. The second one is meaningful when this becomes inevitable. Research limitations/implications - This study is primarily designed to assist Korean auto mobile industry players exporting to EU and USA but this may help to auto part or material producers in FTA counter party territories being EU or USA as the preferential tariffs are applied on a inter region basis. A further research other than auto mobiles using other major FTAs might be followed later. Originality/value - There has been so far little research on strategic factors to meet the value-added origin requirements. This study, therefore, is expected to contribute facilitating the decision of FTA origin and to improve the utilization of FTA by allowing exporting companies using value added criterion to more smoothly meet origin requirements. This will also enable the tax authorities to utilize the value-added criterion to validate effectively the origin of imports where preferential tariffs are applied.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.143-166
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• 2011

This paper describes the characteristics and outline of rules of origin among Korea and USA, EU, ASEAN. The main focus of this paper is to conduct comparative analysis on rules of origin. Rules of origin are used to determine the country of origin of a product for purposes of international trade. There are two common types of rules of origin depending upon application, the preferential and non-preferential rules of origin Non-preferential rules of origin are used to determine the country of origin for certain purposes. The basis for the non-preferential rules originates from the Kyoto convention which states that if a product is wholly obtained or produced completely within one country the product shall be deemed having origin in that country. For a product which has been produced in more than one country, the product shall be determined to have origin in the country where the last substantial transformation took place. To determine exactly what was the last substantial transformation, three general rules are applied : Change of tariff classification(on any level, though 4-digit level is the most common), Value added-rule.(ad-valorem), and Specific process rule. While criteria of wholly obtained or produced in one country is almost similar to those of theses area and countries, in compliance with value percentages of Substantial Transformation, sufficient working or processing, Korea-US FTA adapts 'Regional Value Content', meanwhile Korea-EU FTA adapts 'Import Content' rule. Finally, Korea-US FTA and ASEAN FTA adapt FOB price for the calculation value added, on the other hand Korea-EU FTA adapts EXW price.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.42-58
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• 1999

Packaging materials and articles that are used in food contact applications can transfer constituents in the foodstuffs. This kind of risk of possible health hazards to consumers has been generally recognized for a long time with the consequence of establishing corresponding food regulations in most developed countries. However, the language of these laws, their interpretation, and their level of enforcement vary from country to country. Accordingly, the actual migrating levels from packaging materials can be varied depending on the migration testing methods as prescribed in the national legislation in each countries. Therefore, there are needs of elimination of non-tariff trade barriers raised by sanitary and phytosanitary or technical measures under the Final Act of the UR Agreement. In this connection, the EU and USA are currently in an ongoing process of legislation harmonization to overcome potential barriers to free trade. In general, regulations governing component transfer in the USA are more complicated and comprehensive than similar regulations in Europe. In future, standard migration testing procedures for microwave heat susceptor materials and for the use of fatty food simulant should be established and also harmonized among countries. The objective of this investigation is to compare the current regulations for migration testing for plastic containers and packaging materials in USA, EU and Korea or Japan. For those regulations, Korean standards are required to be kept up with the international standards. By doing this, the related Korean regulation could be amended along with the worldwide progress for harmonization.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.246-259
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• 2021

Various countries established Geographical Indication (GI) system to protect the right and traditionality of their native products. The regulations vary by country but can be divided accordingly: Protection by trademark systems such as in USA, Special Protection for Geographical Indication as in EU, Protection by both schemes as in China and Korea. Within the systems, countries provide diverse schemes such as PDO and PGI in EU depending on the scope of the product. However, GI system in Korea provides one definition which only protects products that express definite tie to its territory of origin, preliminary with the origin of the ingredient. It is necessary for the government and industry to seek ways to revitalize the local economy in the global market and increase the number of GI products by aligning GI systems with foreign countries and support mutual bilateral agreement.