• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.863-874
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• 2008

We have to judge engineering properties of rock accurately in order to design and construct rock structure safely and economically. Among the rock tests, the test result of UCS(Uniaxial Compressive Strength) is very important factor used in the variety ways for designing and construction of underground structures, rock slope and foundation analysis. But the UCS test has some disadvantages of intact sample preparation such as because the shape of sample has to be regular cylindrical, cube or rectangular. In order to solve those problem, indirect tests are used such as point load test, schmidt hammer test, absorption test, dry density to predict UCS of rock. Those tests are easy to prepare sample and convenient to carry out the tests, so it is simple and costs less. Schmidt hammer test are frequently used in the construction site, because it is handy and easy to use, but there is concern of misuse without classifying the specification of each schmidt hammer. Thus, this study suggested presumptive numerical formula related on each specification of schmidt hammer test, point load test, absorption test and dry density also. We compared presumptive numerical formula and R-square through schmidt rebound assessment method already brought up. Also, through the test we offer the extent of weathering index according to the weathering grade.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 지오폴리머계 그라우트재(HIT)의 강도 및 내구성 특성을 분석하기 위하여 일축압축강도시험, SEM, 공시체 표면변화관찰 및 용탈시험을 실시하였다. 일축압축강도시험 결과, HIT의 경우 초기강도가 높고, 재령일이 경과할수록 강도가 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, SGR과 LW 경우 재령 28일 이후 강도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 SEM 결과와 일치하였으며, HIT의 경우 지속적인 수화반응을 통하여 밀실한 형태의 C-S-H 수화물이 다수 분포함을 확인할 수 있어 물유리계 재료보다 강도 및 내구성이 우수한 칼슘실리케이트 수화물을 형성함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 공시체의 표면변화 및 용탈시험 결과에서도 양생 6개월이 지난 시점에서 HIT의 경우 양호한 표면을 유지했으며 중량감소율도 극히 미미했다. LW, SGR의 경우에는 표면의 수축정도가 심했으며, 중량감소율도 HIT보다 큰 것으로 나타나 내구성이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 HIT가 물유리계 재료보다 강도, 내구성면에서 우수한 특성을 나타내는 것으로 나타나 해상구조물 그라우트재로 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2014

지압형 앵커는 지반 자체를 지지기구로 활용하여 인발에 저항하는 구조이며 앵커의 인발저항력은 지반의 지압저항력과 확장날개의 확공부 공벽 압착에 의한 마찰저항력으로 구성된다. 특히 확공 지압형 앵커는 정착장 확공부에서 발생하는 지압저항력으로 인발에 저항하여 지반변형을 억제하기 위한 주동보강 방식의 구조이다. 본 연구는 확공 지압형 앵커의 지압저항력 산정을 위해 수행되었으며, 실모형실험으로 지압저항력을 산정하고 그 결과를 지반의 일축압축강도와 비교하였다. 실모형실험에서는 모형지반들의 일축압축강도를 8개의 풍화암 조건으로 모사하여 앵커 인장시험을 수행해 지압저항력을 측정하였다. 실험에서 도출된 지압저항력은 모사된 지반강도와 일련의 선형적 관계를 보였으며, 선형회귀분석을 통해 경험식을 제시하였다. 지압저항력은 실모형 실험 결과 일축압축강도 대비 약 13배로 산정되었고, 이론식에서 제시하고 있는 수치와 상당히 일치하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2021

Due to the complex geological conditions, a large number of high quality coal seams was buried in the western of China which cannot be mining in open-pit methods. The dynamic properties of that coal cannot be studied easily in real site for the complex working condition. The compound coal blocks made on the basis of the real situation were studied in the laboratory. The physical and mechanical properties of the compound coal blocks and the raw coal were contrasted by using the UCS tests. The results show that the compound coal blocks made by mixing coal powder, cement and water in proportion of 2.5:2:1 are the closest to that of standard raw coal. Then the propagation of strain waves and crushing effects on the coal were studied in the compound coal blocks by using the super dynamic strain test system and the numerical calculated method of ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The results show that the diameter of the crushing zone in the compound coal blocks was similar to that in the numerical results. The fractures distribution in laboratory tests also has a similar trend to the calculation results. The measured strain waves at the distance of 50 cm, 100 cm, and 150 cm from the center of the charge are mainly concerned at -1.0×104 με and have a similar trend as that in the numerical simulation.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제88권2호
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• pp.179-188
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• 2023

The mechanical behaviours of biopolymer-treated soil depend on the formation of soil-biopolymer matrices. In this study, various biopolymers(e.g., xanthan gum (XG), locust bean gum (LBG), sodium alginate (SA), agar gum (AG), gellan gum (GE) and carrageenan kappa gum (KG) are selected to treat three types of natural soil at different concentrations (e.g., 1%, 2% and 3%) and curing time (e.g., 4-365 days), and reveal the reinforcement effect on natural soil by using unconfined compression tests. The results show that biopolymer-treated soil obtains the maximum unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at curing 14-28 days. Although the UCS of biopolymer-treated soil has a 20-30% reduction after curing 1-year compared to the maximum value, it is still significantly larger than untreated soil. In addition, the UCS increment ratio of biopolymer-treated soil decreases with the increase of biopolymer concentration, and there exists the optimum concentration of 1%, 2-3%, 2%, 1% and 2% for XG, SA, LBG, KG and AG, respectively. Meanwhile, the optimum initial moisture content can form uniformly biopolymer-soil matrices to obtain better reinforcement efficiency. Furthermore, the best performance in increasing soil strength is XG following SAand LBG, which are significantly better than AG, KG and GE.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2021

기존 현장시험법을 이용한 유동성 채움재의 강도 및 강성 특성을 추정하는 연구는 미미한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 LWD를 이용하여 CLSM에 대한 강성 특성을 평가하였으며, 일축압축강도시험에서 도출되는 일축압축강도와 할선탄성계수에 대한 상관성을 분석하였다. 5종류의 배합비로 조성된 CLSM시료의 유동성 및 경화특성을 평가하기 위해 플로우시험, 응결시간시험을 수행하였다. 조기 강도 및 강성 특성을 평가하기 위하여, 양생 1일 및 7일이 경과된 시료를 이용하여 일축압축강도시험을 수행하였다. CLSM시료의 회복탄성계수를 추정하기 위하여 LWD 시험도 수행되었다. 실험결과, 양생 1일된 시료에서는 초속경 모르타르의 비율이 증가될수록 일축압축강도와 할선탄성계수가 동시에 증가하였으며, 초속경 모르타르의 비율이 가장 큰 시료에서 양생 7일 후 급격한 일축압축강도와 할선탄성계수의 증가를 보여주었다. LWD 시험결과, 양생 1일된 시료에서는 초속경 모르타르의 비율이 증가할수록 회복탄성계수가 증가되었으나, 양생 7일이 경과되면 초속경 모르타르의 비율이 증가할수록 회복탄성계수가 감소되는 경향이 나타났다. 상관성 분석결과, 일축일축압축강도와 할선탄성계수가 증가할수록 회복탄성계수도 증가되는 선형관계를 보여주었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1005-1016
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• 2018

This paper presents an investigation on the properties of two types of cement kiln dust (CKD)-stabilized dredged sediments, silt and clay with a comparison to hydrated lime stabilization. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted to examine the optimal stabilizer content and classify the type of highway material. A strength development model of treated dredged sediments was performed. The influences of various stabilizer types and sediment types on UCS were interpreted with the aid of microstructural observations, including X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results of the tests revealed that 6% of lime by dry weight can be suggested as optimal content for the improvement of clay and silt as selected materials. For CKD-stabilized sediment as soil cement subbase material, the use of 8% CKD was suggested as optimal content for clay, whereas 6% CKD was recommended for silt; the overall CBR value agreed with the UCS test. The reaction products calcium silicate hydrate and ettringite are the controlling mechanisms for the mechanical performance of CKD-stabilized sediments, whereas calcium aluminate hydrate is the control for lime-stabilized sediments. These results will contribute to the use of CKD as a sustainable and novel stabilizer for lime in highway material applications.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.330-338
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• 2012

일축압축강도(UCS)는 암석의 주요 물성 중 하나이다. 그러나 항상 UCS 실험을 위한 시료를 취득할 수는 없다. 이러한 경우 점하중시험과 같은 간접시험법이 유용한 대안이 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 임계지역에 분포하는 석회암을 대상으로 일축압축강도와 점하중강도지수 사이의 상관관계를 분석하였으며 선형 회귀식이 제안되었다. 또한 석회암을 대상으로 수행된 이전 연구결과와 이번 연구 결과를 비교하였다. 동일한 암종이라도 국내에서 분포하는 지역에 따라 변환계수가 다를 수 있으며, 분석의 정확성을 높이기 위해서는 더 많은 자료가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.327-337
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• 2023

Concrete is the most widely used building material, with various types including high- and ultra-high-strength, reinforced, normal, and lightweight concretes. However, accurately predicting concrete properties is challenging due to the geotechnical design code's requirement for specific characteristics. To overcome this issue, researchers have turned to new technologies like machine learning to develop proper methodologies for concrete specification. In this study, we propose a highly accurate deep learning-based predictive model to investigate the compressive strength (UCS) of lightweight concrete with natural aggregates (pumice). Our model was implemented on a database containing 249 experimental records and revealed that water, cement, water-cement ratio, fine-coarse aggregate, aggregate substitution rate, fine aggregate replacement, and superplasticizer are the most influential covariates on UCS. To validate our model, we trained and tested it on random subsets of the database, and its performance was evaluated using a confusion matrix and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) overall accuracy. The proposed model was compared with widely known machine learning methods such as MLP, SVM, and DT classifiers to assess its capability. In addition, the model was tested on 25 laboratory UCS tests to evaluate its predictability. Our findings showed that the proposed model achieved the highest accuracy (accuracy=0.97, precision=0.97) and the lowest error rate with a high learning rate (R2=0.914), as confirmed by ROC (AUC=0.971), which is higher than other classifiers. Therefore, the proposed method demonstrates a high level of performance and capability for UCS predictions.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2019

The effect of electrochemical modification of the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone from Paleozoic coal measure strata was investigated by means of liquid nitrogen physical adsorption, X-ray diffraction and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) tests using purified water, 1 mol/L NaCl, 1 mol/L $CaCl_2$ and 1 mol/L $AlCl_3$ aqueous solution as electrolytes. Electrochemical corrosion of electrodes and wire leads occurred mainly in the anodic zone. After electrochemical modification, pore morphology showed little change in distribution, decrease in total pore specific surface area and volume, and increased average pore diameter. The total pore specific surface area in the anodic zone was greater than in the cathodic zone, but total pore volume was less. Mineralogical composition was unchanged by the modification. Changes in UCS were caused by a number of factors, including corrosion, weakening by aqueous solutions, and electrochemical cementation, and electrochemical cementation stronger than corrosion and weakening by aqueous solutions.