• Title/Summary/Keyword: Type of cue

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Analysis and Prediction of Prosodic Phrage Boundary (운율구 경계현상 분석 및 텍스트에서의 운율구 추출)

  • Kim, Sang-Hun;Seong, Cheol-Jae;Lee, Jung-Chul
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.24-32
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    • 1997
  • This study aims to describe, at one aspect, the relativity between syntactic structure and prosodic phrasing, and at the other, to establish a suitable phrasing pattern to produce more natural synthetic speech. To get meaningful results, all the word boundaries in the prosodic database were statistically analyzed, and assigned by the proper boundary type. The resulting 10 types of prosodic boundaries were classified into 3 types according to the strength of the breaks, which are zero, minor, and major break respectively. We have found out that the durational information was a main cue to determine the major prosodic boundary. Using the bigram and trigram of syntactic information, we predicted major and minor classification of boundary types. With brigram model, we obtained the correct major break prediction rates of 4.60%, 38.2%, the insertion error rates of 22.8%, 8.4% on each Test-I and Test-II text database respectively. With trigram mode, we also obtained the correct major break prediction rates of 58.3%, 42.8%, the insertion error rates of 30.8%, 42.8%, the insertion error rates of 30.8%, 11.8% on Test-I and Test-II text database respectively.

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Speaker age estimation and acoustic characteristics: According to pitch and speech rate (화자 연령 지각과 음성적 특성: 음높이와 발화 속도를 중심으로)

  • Seo, YoonJeong;Shin, Jiyoung
    • Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.9-18
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    • 2019
  • This study aimed to investigate the correlation between speaker's chronological age (CA) and perceived age (PA) and to specify the effect of pitch and speech rate as acoustic cue on judging age, using perceptual testing and acoustic analysis. Three tasks were conducted to identify the degree of listener's accuracy about age estimation. Three perception tasks were conducted to measure the accuracy of 80 Korean listeners when presented with different types of speech. In all the tasks, participants listened to speech samples and gave their estimate of the speaker's age in figures. It was found that Korean listeners are able to gauge the age of a speaker fairly precisely. CA and mean PA were positively correlated in all three tasks. It is clear that the amount and type of information included in the voice samples affected the accuracy of a listener's judgement. Moreover, the result revealed that listeners make use of acoustic information such as pitch and speech rate to estimate speaker's age.

Surveying Visitors′ Behavior in Chuwangsan National Park (주왕산국립공원의 이용자 행태조사)

  • 김용근;최성식
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.160-166
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    • 1995
  • Visitors to Chuwangsan National Park were survayed from August 3 to 5 n 1994. During this time, 346 visitors were contacted. Of those individuals, 65% were males. 63% of respondents reported that they had gone as far as college. 48% were 20 years of age. 97% of the survey respondents had experience to visit other national parks. The largest percentage of respondents were reported that they visited Chuwangsan Nat'1 Park for enjoying natural landscape. In group type, 50% were traveling with their family and 36% with their friends. In activity characteristics, 51% were day-time visitors, and 18% mentioned carrying in their on food. Generally most respondents were very interested in the environmental problem in national parks. The majority of visitors perceived that the environment of Chuwangsan Nat'1 Park were good enough. In six types of normative violations, the major reasons of littering were unintentional violation and releaser-cue violation. Most respondents were not likely to intervene to stop other visitors' depreciative behavior (Bystander intervention behavior). In two dilemmas, the more likely the intention to obey a regulation the less likely the intention to disobey a regulation, and vice-versa.

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Surveying Visitors′ Behavior in Tokyusan National Park (덕유산 국립공원의 이용자 행태조사)

  • 김용근;최성식
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.221-230
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    • 1994
  • Visitors to Tokyusan National Park were surveyed from August 9 to 12 During this time, 443 vistors were contacted. Of those individuals, 68.7% were males. 27.5% of respondents reported that they had gone beyond high shcool, and over one-half (64.9%) had gone as far as college. 54.7% were 20 years of age. 42.9% of the survey respondents were making their frist trip to Kuch'ontong and 67.9% to Muju Resort. The largest percentage of respondents were reported that they visited Tokyusan National Park for rippling. In group type, majority were traveling with their friends or family. In activity characteristics, 83.4% were staying over nights visitors, and over 50% mentioned staying at private houses or hotels. In six types of normative violations, major reasons of littering behavior were unintentional violation and releaser-cue violation. Most respondents who witness other visitors' littering were not likely to intervene to stop their visitors' depreciative behavior(Bystander intervention Behavior). Most of visitors want to get more information from national park office.

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The Effect of Incidental Semantic Activation on Hypothesis Generation: Exclusive vs Compatible Hypotheses (우연적 의미 활성화가 가설 생성에 미치는 영향: 가설 유형에 따른 차이)

  • Lee, Younha;Park, Jooyong
    • Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.209-239
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    • 2015
  • Previous studies on the effect of incidental semantic priming on judgment, have focused mainly on mutually exclusive hypotheses. However, the present study explored whether incidental semantic activation affects diagnostic inference depending on the type of the hypothesis: mutually exclusive hypotheses vs compatible hypotheses. In Experiment 1, in case of mutually exclusive hypotheses, the final hypothesis was selected according to the incidental semantic priming, but there was no difference in the number of generated hypothesis in comparison with the control. However, for compatible hypotheses (i.e., both hypotheses can be true), the semantic priming affected the number of generated hypotheses, but not the selection of the final hypothesis. The same pattern of results was observed even when the cognitive load was increased. In Experiment 2, we found a boundary condition of incidental semantic activation on diagnostic inference. When cues related to each of the hypotheses were presented simultaneously, the incidental semantic effect disappeared. These results suggest that people consider all possible cues when making diagnostic inference in daily life. In light of these findings, further research on hypothesis generation/evaluation should take the type of hypothesis into account.

A Study on the Efficient Spatial Cue for Menu Navigation in the Small Screen (작은 화면에서 메뉴 탐색 시 효율적인 공간정보 단서연구)

  • Kim, Young-Eun;Yoo, Sang;Jeon, Ha-Young;Kim, Hyuk;Han, Kwang-Hee
    • 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2006.02a
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    • pp.1305-1312
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    • 2006
  • 최근 들어 휴대성을 강조한 휴대폰이나 PDA 같은 다양한 모바일 기기의 등장으로 언제 어디서나 원하는 정보를 탐색할 수 있게 되었으나 기기는 점점 작아지는 반면, 기능은 증가하고, 많은 기기들이 데스크톱 인터페이스를 그대로 차용하여 작은 모바일 기기에는 적합하지 않은 결과를 낳고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 청각 피드백을 이용한 공간정보 단서를 제공하여 작은 기기의 사용성을 높이는데 초점을 두고 있다. 이를 위하여, 실험 1에서는 두 가지 메뉴 구조에서 세 가지 청각 피드백의 영향을 조사하였는데, 격자메뉴와 한 줄 메뉴에서 각 청각피드백이 미치는 영향과 사용자의 선호도를 조사하였다. 실험 결과, 격자메뉴에서 수행이 좋았으나, 청각 피드백 유형별 수행 차이는 나타나지 않았고, 각 피드백에 대한 선호도에서도 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 실험 2에서는 실험 1에서 사용된 정보를 제공하는 청각적 피드백을 음 높이와 음의 개수 속성으로 세분화하여 PDA에서 메뉴 탐색 수행을 4블록으로 나누어 조사하도록 설계하였다. 실험 결과, 음 높이 속성만 갖는 피드백은 블록이 진행되면서 반응 시간에 있어서 피로도가 나타난 반면, 음 개수 속성만 갖는 피드백은 블록이 진행되어도 피로도가 나타나지 않았다. 한편, 두 속성을 모두 갖는 피드백은 블록이 진행되면서 보행 속도가 유의미하게 줄어드는 것을 발견하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 앞으로 유비쿼터스 환경에서 사용자에게 효율적인 청각 피드백을 통해 공간 정보를 제공함으로써 휴대기기의 사용성을 높일 수 있는 한 가지 가능성을 제시한다는 데 의의가 있다.

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The Effects of Intention Inferences on Scarcity Effect: Moderating Effect of Scarcity Type, Scarcity Depth (소비자의 기업의도 추론이 희소성 효과에 미치는 영향: 수량한정 유형과 폭의 조절효과)

  • Park, Jong-Chul;Na, June-Hee
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.195-215
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    • 2008
  • The scarcity is pervasive aspect of human life and is a fundamental precondition of economic behavior of consumers. Also, the effect of scarcity message is a power social influence principle used by marketers to increase the subjective desirability of products. Because valuable objects are often scare, consumers tend to infer the scarce objects are valuable. Marketers often do base promotional appeals on the principle of scarcity to increase the subjective desirability their products among consumers. Specially, advertisers and retailers often promote their products using restrictions. These restriction act to constraint consumers' ability th take advantage of the promotion and can assume several forms. For example, some promotions are advertised as limited time offers, while others limit the quantity that can be bought at the deal price by employing the statements such as 'limit one per consumer,' 'limit 5 per customer,' 'limited products for special commemoration celebration,' Some retailers use statements extensively. A recent weekly flyer by a prominent retailer limited purchase quantities on 50% of the specials advertised on front page. When consumers saw these phrase, they often infer value from the product that has limited availability or is promoted as being scarce. But, the past researchers explored a direct relationship between the purchase quantity and time limit on deal purchase intention. They also don't explored that all restriction message are not created equal. Namely, we thought that different restrictions signal deal value in different ways or different mechanism. Consumers appear to perceive that time limits are used to attract consumers to the brand, while quantity limits are necessary to reduce stockpiling. This suggests other possible differences across restrictions. For example, quantity limits could imply product quality (i.e., this product at this price is so good that purchases must be limited). In contrast, purchase preconditions force the consumer to spend a certain amount to qualify for the deal, which suggests that inferences about the absolute quality of the promoted item would decline from purchase limits (highest quality) to time limits to purchase preconditions (lowest quality). This might be expected to be particularly true for unfamiliar brands. However, a critical but elusive issue in scarcity message research is the impacts of a inferred motives on the promoted scarcity message. The past researchers not explored possibility of inferred motives on the scarcity message context. Despite various type to the quantity limits message, they didn't separated scarcity message among the quantity limits. Therefore, we apply a stricter definition of scarcity message(i.e. quantity limits) and consider scarcity message type(general scarcity message vs. special scarcity message), scarcity depth(high vs. low). The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the scarcity message on the consumer's purchase intension. Specifically, we investigate the effect of general versus special scarcity messages on the consumer's purchase intention using the level of the scarcity depth as moderators. In other words, we postulates that the scarcity message type and scarcity depth play an essential moderating role in the relationship between the inferred motives and purchase intention. In other worlds, different from the past studies, we examine the interplay between the perceived motives and scarcity type, and between the perceived motives and scarcity depth. Both of these constructs have been examined in isolation, but a key question is whether they interact to produce an effect in reaction to the scarcity message type or scarcity depth increase. The perceived motive Inference behind the scarcity message will have important impact on consumers' reactions to the degree of scarcity depth increase. In relation ti this general question, we investigate the following specific issues. First, does consumers' inferred motives weaken the positive relationship between the scarcity depth decrease and the consumers' purchase intention, and if so, how much does it attenuate this relationship? Second, we examine the interplay between the scarcity message type and the consumers' purchase intention in the context of the scarcity depth decrease. Third, we study whether scarcity message type and scarcity depth directly affect the consumers' purchase intention. For the answer of these questions, this research is composed of 2(intention inference: existence vs. nonexistence)${\times}2$(scarcity type: special vs. general)${\times}2$(scarcity depth: high vs. low) between subject designs. The results are summarized as follows. First, intention inference(inferred motive) is not significant on scarcity effect in case of special scarcity message. However, nonexistence of intention inference is more effective than existence of intention inference on purchase intention in case of general scarcity. Second, intention inference(inferred motive) is not significant on scarcity effect in case of low scarcity. However, nonexistence of intention inference is more effective than existence of intention inference on purchase intention in case of high scarcity. The results of this study will help managers to understand the relative importance among the type of the scarcity message and to make decisions in using their scarcity message. Finally, this article have several contribution. First, we have shown that restrictions server to activates a mental resource that is used to render a judgment regarding a promoted product. In the absence of other information, this resource appears to read to an inference of value. In the presence of other value related cue, however, either database(i.e., scarcity depth: high vs. low) or conceptual base(i.e.,, scarcity type special vs. general), the resource is used in conjunction with the other cues as a basis for judgment, leading to different effects across levels of these other value-related cues. Second, our results suggest that a restriction can affect consumer behavior through four possible routes: 1) the affective route, through making consumers feel irritated, 2) the cognitive making route, through making consumers infer motivation or attribution about promoted scarcity message, and 3) the economic route, through making the consumer lose an opportunity to stockpile at a low scarcity depth, or forcing him her to making additional purchases, lastly 4) informative route, through changing what consumer believe about the transaction. Third, as a note already, this results suggest that we should consider consumers' inferences of motives or attributions for the scarcity dept level and cognitive resources available in order to have a complete understanding the effects of quantity restriction message.

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A Driving Study on Driver's Subjective Speed Estimation as a Function of the Vehicle Noise Types and Intensity (운전 중 실내 소음의 유형 및 강도에 따른 주관적 속도감에 관한 연구)

  • Daeho Gong;Junbum Lee;Jaesik Lee
    • Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.31-46
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of in-vehicle noise types and levels of intensity on drivers' driving speed estimation. Noise generated from the vehicle engine and musical sound sampled from the Korean pop were employed as the types of in-vehicle noise and their levels of intensity were systematically manipulated. In experiment 1 where the effect of the engine noise levels on speed estimation was observed, drivers showed the tendencies of driving faster than the targets speeds under lower noise intensity condition whereas driving slower under higher noise intensity condition. In experiment 2 where both musical sample and the engine noise were provided, drivers' subjective speed estimation was affected by the engine noise as revealed experiment 1, but not by musical sample. When the data from the both experiments were combined and analyzed, an interacting effect of engine noise levels and music sample levels was found: if the intensity of music sample was enough to overwhelm the engine noise, the drivers drove faster than lower engine noise level condition in the experiment 1. This result indicates that although the music sample is not the direct auditory cue of speed estimation as observed in the experiment 2, intense level of music sample can affect drivers' speed estimation when it is coupled with the lower engine noise level.

Articulatory Attributes in Korean Nonassimilating Contexts

  • Son, Minjung
    • Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.109-121
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    • 2013
  • This study examined several kinematic properties of the primary articulator (the tongue dorsum) and the supplementary articulator (the jaw) in the articulation of the voiceless velar stop (/k/) within nonassimilating contexts. We examined in particular the spatiotemporal properties (constriction duration and constriction maxima) from the constriction onset to the constriction offset by analyzing a velar (/k/) followed by the coronal fricative (/s/), the coronal stop (/t/), and the labial (/p/) in across-word boundary conditions (/k#s/, /k#t/, and /k#p/). Along with these measurements, we investigated intergestural temporal coordination between C1 and C2 and the jaw articulator in relation to its coordination with the articulation of consonant sequences. The articulatory movement data was collected by means of electromagnetic midsagittal articulometry (EMMA). Four native speakers of Seoul Korean participated in the laboratory experiment. The results showed several characteristics. First, a velar (/k/) in C1 was not categorically reduced. Constriction duration and constriction degree of the velar (/k/) were similar within nonassimilating contexts (/k#s/=/k#t/=/k#p/). This might mean that spatiotemporal attributes during constriction duration were stable and consistent across different contexts, which might be subsequently associated with the nontarget status of the velar in place assimilation. Second, the gestural overlap could be represented as the order of /k#s/ (less) < /k#p/ (intermediate) < /k#t/ (more) as we measured the onset-to-onset lag (a longer lag indicated shorter gestural overlap.). This indicates a gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts may not be constrained by any of the several constraints including the perceptual recoverability constraint (e.g., more overlap in Front-to-Back sequences compared to the reverse order (Back-to-Front) since perceptual cues in C1 can be recovered anytime during C2 articulation), the low-level speech motor constraint (e.g., more overlap in lingual-nonlingual sequences as compared to the lingual-lingual sequences), or phonological contexts effects (e.g., similarity in gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts). As one possible account for more overlap in /k#t/ sequences as compared to /k#p/, we suspect speakers' knowledge may be receptive to extreme encroachment on C1 by the gestural overlap of the coronal in C2 since it does not obscure the perceptual cue of C1 as much as the labial in C2. Third, actual jaw position during C2 was higher in coronals (/s/, /t/) than in the labial (/p/). However, within the coronals, there was no manner-dependent jaw height difference in C2 (/s/=/t/). Vertical jaw position of C1 and C2 was seen as inter-dependent as higher jaw position in C1 was closely associated with C2. Lastly, a greater gap in jaw height was associated with longer intergestural timing (e.g., less overlap), but was confined to the cluster type (/kp/) with the lingual-nonlingual sequence. This study showed that Korean jaw articulation was independent from coordinating primary articulators in gestural overlap in some cluster types (/k#s/, /k#t/) while not in others (e.g., /k#p/). Overall, the results coherently indicate the velar stop (/k/) in C1 was robust in articulation, which may have subsequently contributed to the nontarget status of the velar (/k/) in place assimilation processes.

Eye Tracking Analysis for High School Students' Learning Styles in the Process of Solving on Earth Science I (지구과학 I 문제 해결 과정에서 나타난 학습유형에 따른 고등학생의 시선 추적 분석)

  • An, Young-Kyun;Kim, Hyoungbum
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.50-61
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study is to analysis eye tracking for high school students' learning styles in the process of solving in the behavioral domains of the College Scholastic Ability Test on Earth Science I. The subjects of this study were 50 students from two classes out of 4 classes in E high school in Chungcheong province. Among them, we conducted experiments by randomly sampling 2 students of each type of learning based on the criteria that they had not encountered the problem of Earth Science I from the past two years. The findings indicate that the item correctness rate of divergers, assimilators, convergers, and accommodators were higher in the knowledge domain, application domain, knowledge-understanding domain, and understanding domain. This confirms that there is a difference among the four learning styles in the level of achievement according to the behavioral areas of the assessment questions. The latter finding was that the high eye-share of AOI 2 appeared higher than AOI 1, 3, 4 in the course of solving the problems. This is because the four types of learners pay more careful attention to the AOI 2 area, which is the cue-or-information area of problem solving, that is, the Table, Figure, and Graph area. Therefore, in order to secure the fairness and objectivity of the selection, it is necessary that an equal number of questions of each behavioral domain be selected on the Earth Science I Test of the College Scholastic Ability Test in general. Besides, it seems to be necessary that the knowledge, understanding, application, and the behavior area of the inquiry be highly correlated with the AOI 2 area in development of test questions.