• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate a proper method of ball mark repair by comparing the creeping bentgrass recovery speed on golf course green treated by various methods of ball mark repair. Nine general repairing methods were tested and compared; control (no repair, A type), two common methods of USGA (B type) and GCSAA (C type), three methods with fork shaped hand set performing at Korean golf courses (Ansung Benest, D; Sky72, E; Lakeside, F type), and three methods using the repair machine with 6, 8, or 14 teeth (G, H, I type, respectively). Three creeping bentgrass cultivar of 'Penncross', 'T-1', and 'CY-2' were tested in this field experiment. This test was carried out from September to November in 2009 at the nursery on the Seoul Lakeside Golf course. The average speed of turfgrass recovery after various ball mark repairing methods have been ranked as in the order of E, D, C, B, F, I, H, G, and A. The methods of hand practise showed more effective results than repair method using machines. The ball mark recovery speeds of 'Penncross' were in the order of E, D, B, C, F, I, H, and A. In the case of 'T1' and 'CY-2', similar orders were showed as D, E, B, F, C, H, I, A, G and the order of D, E, C, F, B, H, G, I, A, respectively. The ball mark recovery speed among creeping bentgrass cultivar resulted in the order of 'CY-2', 'Penncross', and 'T-1'. The most proper method of ball mark repair was repair method using a hand set tool especially the method of the Sky72 Golf course (E type). At the first, remove a damaged grass area with fork and tap. And then gather the side grasses into the center area with pulling the grasses with fork. After that, make harden and flat on the turf surface by pounding and rolling with the round wooden stick. The final Nstep, water the repaired grass surface. This ball mark repairing practise showed a most rapid and proper recovery method on creeping bentgrass green.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.1 s.246
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• pp.44-49
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• 2005

Although thymomas are relatively common mediastinal tumors, to date not only has a universal system of pathologic classification not been established but neither has a clearly defined predictable relationship between treatment and prognosis been made. Recently, a new guideline for classification was reported by WHO, and efforts, based on this work, have been made to better define the relationship between treatment and pro­gnostic outcome. In the present study a comparative analysis between the WHO classification and Masaoka stage system with the clinical disease pattern was conducted. Material and Method: A total of 98 patients undergoing complete resection for mediastinal thymoma between Juanuary 1993 and June 2003 were included in the present study. The male female ratio was 48 : 50 and the mean age at operation was $49.6{\pm}13.9\;years.$ A retrospective analytic comparison studying the relationship between the WHO classification and the Masaoka stage system with the clinical disease pattern of thymoma was conducted. Pathologic slide specimens were carefully examined, details of postoperative treatment were documented, and a relationship with the prognostic outcome and recurrence was studied. Result: There were 7 patients in type A according to the WHO system of classification, 14 in AB, 28 in B 1, 23 in B2, 18 in B3, and 9 in type C. The study of the relationship between the Masaoka stage and WHO classification system showed 4 patients to be in WHO system type A, 7 in type AB, 22 in B 1, 17 in B2, and 3 in type B3 among 53 $(54{\%})$ patients shown to be in Masaoka stage I. Among 28 $(28.5{\%})$ patients in Masaoka stage II system, there were 2 patients in type A, 7 in AB, 4 in B 1, 2 in B2, 8 in B3, and 5 in type C. Among 15 $(15.3{\%})$ in Masaoka stage III, there were 1 patient in type B1, 3 in B2, 7 in B3, and 4 in type C. Finally, among 2 $(2{\%})$ patients found to be in Masaoka stage IV there was 1 patient in type B1, and 1 in type B2. The mean follow up duration was $28{\pm}6.8$ months. There were 3 deaths in the entire series of which 2 were in type B2 (Masaoka stages III and IV), and 1 was in type C (Masaoka stage II). Of the patients that experienced relapse, 6 patients remain alive of which 2 were in type B2 (Masaoka III), 2 in type B3 (Masaoka I and III) and 2 in type C (Masaoka stage II). The 5 year survival rate by the Kaplan-Meier method was $90{\%}$ for those in type B2 WHO classification system, $87.5{\%}$ for type C. The 5 year freedom from recurrence rate was $80.7{\%}$ for those in WHO type B2, $81.6{\%}$ for those in type B3, and $50{\%}$ for those in type C. By the Log-Rank method, a statistically significant correlation between survival and recurrence was found with the WHO system of classification (p<0.05). An analysis of the relationship between the WHO classification and Masaoka stage system using the Spearman correction method, showed a slope=0.401 (p=0.023), showing a close correlation. Conclusion: As type C of the WHO classification system is associated with a high postoperative mortality and recurrence rate, aggressive treatment postoperatively and meticulous follow up are warranted. The WHO classification and Masaoka stage system were found to have a close relationship with each other and either the WHO classification method or the Masaoka stage system may be used as a predict prognostic outcome of Thymoma.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.149-157
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• 2009

The purpose of this project was to determine biomechanical differences between Type A(Korean brand) and Type B(world top brand) badminton shoes and to make recommendations to improve the fit and function of Type A badminton shoes. Measurements of shoe shape and dimensions, foot movement within the shoe, cushioning of ground reaction forces, in-shoe pressure and outsole traction were performed. In addition, subjective feedback of the fit and function of the shoes was quantified for 17 recreational badminton players. Type A shoe had a much higher heel and shallower heel cup, so the heel was not secured well in the shoe and the ankle joint was higher off the ground. Foot slippage was up to 40% greater in Type A shoe than Type B shoe. Impact forces and peak pressures under the foot were generally higher with Type A shoe compared to Type B shoe. The flexion axis of Type A shoe occurred in the midfoot, not at the ball of the foot like Type B shoe, where you would want the shoe flexion to occur. In summary, there are several characteristics where A Type shoe and B Type differ. Therefore, a few recommendations are provided to help improve the fit and function of A Type shoe.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2005

This study was conducted to estimate the effects of genotype for chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) B-LB genes on economic traits. To detect polymorphism, 400 bp fragments of MHC B-LB genes were obtained and sequenced. After digestions using restriction enzyme Hea III, two restriction enzyme sites were observed. There were two mutations at position 427 and 651 those were decided as Type I and Type II, respectively. Using RFLP analyses, type I were genotyped to TT, TC and CC, and type II to MM, Mm and mm. The relatively higher TC genotype frequencies (0.8) of Type I and Mm genotype frequencies (0.88) of Type II were observed in Korean native chickens. The effects of the genotype on 150 days body weight trait were investigated by the associations of CC and Mm genotypes (P<0.05) in Korean native chickens. This result suggests that a significant association exists between the SNP and 150 days body weight.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2022

Background: To analyze the short- and long-term clinical outcomes of 2 reconstruction methods after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Methods: Three keywords, "gastric neoplasm," "distal gastrectomy," and "reconstruction," were used to search PubMed. We selected only randomized controlled trial that compared the anastomosis methods. A total of 11 papers and 8 studies were included in this meta-analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using the R software. Results: Among short-term clinical outcomes, a shorter operation time, reduced morbidity, and shorter hospital stay were found for Billroth type I (B-I) than for Roux-en-Y (RNY) reconstruction in the meta-analysis (P<0.001, P=0.048, P<0.001, respectively). When comparing Billroth type II (B-II) to RNY, the operation time was shorter for B-II than for RNY (P<0.019), but there were no differences in morbidity or length of hospital stay (P=0.500, P=0.259, respectively).Regarding long-term clinical outcomes related to reflux, there were significantly fewer incidents of reflux esophagitis, reflux gastritis, and bile reflux (P=0.035, P<0.001, P=0.019, respectively) for RNY than for B-I in the meta-analysis, but there was no difference between the 2 methods in residual food (P=0.545). When comparing B-II to RNY, there were significantly fewer incidents of reflux gastritis (P<0.001) for RNY than for B-II, but the amount of residual food and patient weight gain showed no difference. Conclusion: B-I had the most favorable short-term outcomes, but RNY was more advantageous for long-term outcomes than for other methods. Surgeons should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of each type of anastomosis and select the appropriate method.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2001

The objective of this study is to investigate the stability behavior of steel cable-stayed bridges by comparing the buckling loads obtained by means of finite element methods with eigen-solver. In recent days, cable-stayed bridges dramatically attract engineers' attention due to their structural characteristics and aesthetics. They require a number of design parameters and present a high degree of static indetermination, especially for long span bridges. Cable-stayed bridges exhibit several nonlinear behaviors concurrently under normal design loads due to the individual nonlinearity of substructures such as the pylons, stay cables, and bridge deck, and their interactions. The geometric nonlinearities arise mainly from large displacements of cables. Strong axial and lateral forces acting on the bridge deck and pylons cause structural nonlinear behaviors. The interaction is among the substructures. In this paper, a typical three-span steel cable-stayed bridge with a variety of design parameters has been investigated. The numerical results indicate that the design parameters such as the ratio of $L_1/L$ and $I_p/I_b$ are important for the structural behavior, where $L_1$ is the main span length, L is the total span length of the bridge, $I_p$ is the moment of inertia of the pylon, and $I_b$ is the moment of inertia of the bridge deck. When the ratio $I_p/I_b$ increases, the critical load decreases due to the lack of interaction among substructures. Cable arrangements and the height of pylon are another important factors for this type of bridge in buckling analysis. According to numerical results, the bridges supported by a pylon with harp-type cable arrangement have higher critical loads than the bridges supported by a pylon with fan-type cable arrangement. On contrary, the shape of the pylon does not significantly affect the critical load of this type of bridge. All numerical results have been non-dimensionalized and presented in both tabular and graphical forms.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.325-332
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• 1986

Since Combes' first description of hepatitis B virus associated membranous glomerulonephritis, many reports have shown a strong association of hepatitis B virus infection with various types of nephropathies, especially membranous glomerulonephritis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Recently, the authors experienced a case of membraoproliferative glomerulonephritis, type I in a 16-year-old male patient with persistent HBs and HBe antigenemia. One year prior to admission the patient was told of hepatitis at routine check, but he remained asymptomatic throughout. He was admitted to our hospital with chief complaints of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria found on routine urinalysis. Liver and kidney biopsy revealed chronic persistent hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I, respectively. We report a case of hepatitis B virus associated nephropathy with review of the literatures. Considering the endemic nature of hepatitis B virus infection in Korea, the incidence of hepatitis B viurs associated nephropathy would be proportionally high in comparison with those of other countries. So, the importance of this entity merits special consideration in our country. Further study concerning pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment may be needed.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 1983

From UBVRI photometry and space motion data of 232 late type dwarf stars, it is found that for the stars of (R-I)<0.5, $\Delta$(U-B) and $\Delta$(B-V) color excesses are correlated with their orbital eccentricities. Therefore, $\Delta$(U-B) and $\Delta$(B-V) color excesses can be used as possible photometric abundance indicators for the stars of (R-I)<0.5. For the stars of (R-I)${\geq}$0.5, the correlation between color excess and orbital eccentricity is not clear. However, it is interesting to note that the high orbital eccentricity stars show some blue deficiencies and these blue deficiencies seem to be correlated with orbital eccentricity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 1986

The cycle of the seminiferous epithelia in the testis of mature Korean native cattle was divided into twelve stages, using criteria the morphological changes in the acrosomic system and the nuclei of developing spematids and germ cells. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The minimum number of tripe A spermatogonia were the average of 1.8 in both at stages I and VI, while maximum numbers were the average of 4.2 at stage XII. Some type A spermatogonia divided at stage XII to produce the type intermediate(IN) spermatogonia at following stage I. The intermediate type spermatogonia divided at stage IV to produce the type B spermatogonia at stage V. 2. The type B spermatogonia divided at stage VII to produce the preleptotene primary spermatocytes at stage XII. The pachytene primary spermatocytes divided at stage XI to produce the secondary spermatocytes at stage VII. The secondary spermatocytes observed at stag XII divided to give rise to the round spermatids at following stage I. Each numbers of the first spermatocytes and of spermatids were almost constant, respectively, through the cycle of the seminiferous epitherium. 3. The relative frequencies of each stage among stages I to XII of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelia were 6.1, 3.7, 5.2, 7.8, 2.2. 3.3, 13.8, 18.4, 11.8, 7.2, 18.1% and 2.4%, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.445-454
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• 1995

The petrochemical data of the porphyritic granites of Cretaceous age in the Yonghwa-Seolcheon area show the trend of subalkaline magma, calc-alkaline magma, I-type granitoid and magnetite series. This granite is the relevant igneous rock of gold-silver mineralization in this mining district Fluid inclusions have been studied in phenocryst quartz from the Cretaceous porphyritic granite. Three main types of fluid inclusion were found : liquid-rich inclusion(I type), gas-rich inclusion(II type) and solid-bearing inclusions(III-A, III-B). The solid-bearing inclusions(III-A,B) represent the earliest trapped fluids. They have salinities between 41.0 and 67.5 wt% equivalent to NaCl. These are high saline inclusions containing NaCl and KCl daughter crystals. Homogenization temperature inferred from the fluid inclusion study ranges from 650 to $75^{\circ}C$ Type I and II inclusions were observed within the same fracture. This cause for these differences in degree of filling is evidence of boiling. Salinities of type I and II inclusions range from 9.87 wt% to 15.29 wt%, from 8.40 wt% to 14.64 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively.