• 대한수학회보
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.431-440
• /
• 2002

Recently P. Ozsv$\'{a}$th Z. Szab$\'{o}$ proved higher type adjunction inequalities for embedded surfaces in 4-manifolds of non-simple type. The aim of this short paper is to give a simple and direct proof of such higher type adjunction inequalities for smoothly embedded surfaces with negative self-intersection number in smooth 4-manifolds of non-simple type. This will be achieved through a relation between the Seiberg-Witten invariants used to get adjunction inequalities of 4-manifolds of simple type and a blow-up formula.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.624-634
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to classify body types of elderly male aged between 60 and 80. 40 direct items and 22 indexes were measured. The result were as follows. First. through the factor analysis of indexes, 8 factors were extracted upon factor scores, 4 clusters represented characteristics of elderly male's body type. Type 1 indicates flat and bend-forward type. Type 2 indicates fat and bend-forward type. Type 3 indicates lean-back type and is a little bit fat and the waist is round. Type 4 indicates a straight type in which the chest and the hip are developed. Second, drop was needed to discriminate elderly male's body type. 3 types of drop were extracted. The body type with big drop is Y type in which the drop distance is between 14 and 22cm. The body type with standard drop is A type in which the drop distance is between 6 and 14cm. The body type with small drop is B type in which the drop distance is between -4 and 6cm. Third, when the types of appearance rate were combined, 7 body types of elderly male showed high appearance rate; A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, A4, B4. According to the above result, flat and bended-forward type with drop A was dominant body type of elderly male.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.221-225
• /
• 2003

Purpose: The prognosis for Borrmann type 4 gastric cancer is dismal although therapies for gastric cancer have been developed. We investigated the outcomes for Borrmann type 4 gastric cancers compared to those for other types of cancer. Materials and Methods: Between 1993 and 2000, 777 patients with advanced gastric cancer underwent surgical resection at the Department of Surgery, Korea University Hospital. The clinicopathologic features of 138 patients with Borrmann type 4 carcinomas of the stomach were retrospectively reviewed from the database of gastric cancer. The results were compared with those of 639 patients with other types of gastric carcinomas. Results: Patients with Borrmann type 4 carcinomas tended to be younger and to have larger tumors. The location, the depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis were significantly different between the two groups. Patients with Borrmann type 4 carcinomas had a more advanced stage than patients with other types of carcinomas. The analysis of the treatment factors revealed that total gastrectomies were more frequent in the group with Borrmann type 4 carcinomas and that the curative resection rate of patients with Borrmann type 4 gastric carcinomas was lower than that of patients with other types of gastric carcinomas (P<0.001). The 5-year survival rate for Borrmann type 4 gastric cancer was $19.4\%$ and that for other types was $52.9\%$ (P=0.001). In curative cases, the 5-year survival rates were $32.8 \%$ for patients with Borrmann type 4 gastric carcinomas and $63.4\%$ for other types of carcinomas (P=0.001). Conclusion: Borrmann type IV gastric cancer has more advanced features and a poorer prognosis than other types of gastric cancer. Improving the prognosis for patients with Borrmann type 4 gastric cancer requires early detection and a curative resection.

• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.201-208
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to compare 4 different body punch types(type 1: a punch using a shoulder, type 2: a punch using a waist, type 3: a punch using lower extremities, and type 4: a punch with elbows by your side at chest level) in horseback-riding stance and establish suitable teaching theory and method, which would be a useful reference to Taekwondo instructors on the spot(in Taekwondo dojangs all around Korea). Five exhibition players from Korean national Taekwondo exhibition team participated in this study. Each participant was asked to perform the four different types of punches and their kinematic and kinetic data were recorded with 7 vicon cameras(125Hz) and two force plates(AMTI, 1200Hz). We analyzed displacement, time, resultant center of body mass trajectory, velocity, trunk angular velocity, and ground reaction force(GRF) from each body segment in body punch and the result. I performed 1-way ANOVA(RM) for average values of each player after standardization and statistical significance was set as p<.05. was as the following ; First, they showed a tendency to take the body punch posture with the biggest motion at a shoulder and on descending order a waist and a knee. Second, a mean time for each body punch on ascending order 0.46sec. for type 2, 0.49sec for type 3, 0.50sec. for type 4, and 0.56sec. for type 1. Third, a mean resultant center of body mass trajectory for each body punch the longest 4.07cm for type 3 and the shortest 2.458cm for type 1. Fourth, a mean of maximal velocity of a fist strike was the fastest 5.99m/s for type 3, 5.93m/s for type 4, 5.67m/s for type 2, and 5.01m/s for type 1 on the descending order. Fifth, a mean of maximal trunk angular velocity of the fastest 495.6deg./sec. for type 4 and 337.7deg./sec. for type 1 on the descending order. Sixth, strongest value was type 3, 2 for anterior-posterior ground reaction force(left -54.89N, right 60.58N), type 4 for medial-lateral GRF(left 83.59N, right -80.12N), and type 3 for vertical GRF(left 341.79N, right 426.11N).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.133-138
• /
• 1989

Identification of blood group from the saliva and calculus of the Purpose of individual identification would play a significant role in a practical legal medicine. The author made a study of blood group with saliva and in non-secretor type with dental calculus. The following results were obtained. 1. In the blood typing with saliva obtained from 50 people, secretor type was found 22.4% and non-secretor type was found 27.6%. 2. In Sexual difference, secretor type 70.9%, non-secretor type 29.1% in male and secretor type 73.8%, non-secretor type 26.2% in female were found. 3. In blood group difference, secretor type 80.2% nonsecretor type 19.8% in A blood group, secretor 70.4%, nonsecretor type 29.6% in B blood group, secretor type 66.7% nonsecretor type 33.3% in AB blood group, secretor type 68.2% nonsecretor type 31.8% in O blood group were found. 4. The blood group identification with dental calculus in nonsecretor type proved to be possible. 5. The blood group substance was found in the composition of dental calculus itself regardless of that in saliva.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.333-342
• /
• 2015

과학 탐구 활동은 학습자들 간의 협동학습을 통해 문제를 해결하는 학습 방법이다. 학습자 중심의 상호작용을 전제로 한 과학 탐구 활동을 구조적 차원에서 분석하는 것이 필요하다. 사회네트워크 분석법은 구성원들의 상호작용을 분석하는데 주로 사용되는 방법이다. 본 연구는 5인 1조 31개 조로 구성된 과학영재들을 대상으로 소집단 과학 탐구실험 활동에서 나타난 구성원 간의 상호작용의 양상을 수치적 특성을 바탕으로 유형화하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 과학영재들의 상호작용 유형은 모두 여덟 가지로 나타났다. 이 중 가장 많은 상호작용 유형은 전체 31개 조 중 모두 9개 조에서 나타나 29%를 차지한 유형 1로 세 명의 구성원이 상호작용 하는 경우였다. 이들 유형은 다시 한 구성원을 중심으로 나머지 구성원들이 모두 연결 관계를 형성하는 참여형과 중심적 역할을 하는 구성원이 없이 소외된 구성원이 존재하는 소외형으로 구분할 수 있다. 참여형은 유형 4, 유형 6, 유형 7, 유형 8로 모두 9개(29%) 조에서, 소외형은 유형 1, 유형 2, 유형 3, 유형 5로 모두 22개(71%) 조에서 나타났다. 즉, 한 구성원을 중심으로 모든 구성원이 상호작용에 참여하는 형태보다는 중심적 역할을 하는 인물 없이 일부 소외된 구성원이 존재하는 가운데 나머지 구성원들이 상호작용하는 유형이 대부분을 차지하였다. 이 연구를 바탕으로 과학 탐구활동에 적절한 집단의 크기는 무임승차효과나 소외된 학생이 없을 것으로 생각되는 3명이 가장 효과적이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 중심 구성원의 유무에 따라서는 있는 경우가 더 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.489-498
• /
• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of the windlass mechanism in trail-walking shoe prototypes that can effectively support arches. A study of these effects should help with the development of a first-rate trail-walking shoe development guide for the distribution of quality information to consumers. Methods : The subjects were ten adult males who volunteered to participate in the study. Shoes from three companies, which will be referred to as Company S (Type A), Company M (Type B), and Company P (Type C), were selected for the experiment. The subjects wore these shoes and walked at a speed of 4.2 km/h, and as they tested each shoe, the contact area, maximum pressure average, and surface force were all measured. Results : Shoe Type A showed a contact area of $148.78{\pm}4.31cm^2$, Type B showed an area of $145.74{\pm}4.1cm^2$, and Type C showed an area of $143.37{\pm}4.57cm^2$ (p<.01). Shoe Type A demonstrated a maximum average pressure of $80.80{\pm}9.92kPa$, Type B an average of $85.72{\pm}11.01kPa$, and Type C an average of $89.12{\pm}10.88bkPa$ (p<.05). Shoe Type A showed a ground reaction force of $1.13{\pm}0.06%BW$, Type B a force of $1.16{\pm}0.04%BW$, and Type C a force of $1.16{\pm}0.03%BW$ (p<.05). Conclusion : The Type A trail-walking shoe, which was designed with a wide arch from the center of the forefoot to the front of the rearfoot showed excellent performance, however, more development and analysis of the windlass mechanism for a variety of arch structures is still necessary.

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• 제54권4호
• /
• pp.427-440
• /
• 2016

This study uses comparison tests of bodice basic patterns to research improvements in wearing evaluation methods based on differences in bodice basic patterns and body size. As study methods, we calculated body sizes for six types by selecting four types of bodice basic pattern and utilized bodice basic pattern size measurement tools. The study result are as follows. First, as the result of analyzing bodice basic patterns per each part and body size difference by bodice basic pattern size measurement tool, shoulder angle cover rate was J&K type 57.57%~68.41%, N type 53.13%~65.57%, L type 51.87%~63.73%, and H type 59.03%~68.20%. In the item of neck base circumference, it was J&K type 6.4~-16 mm, N type 10.7~-31.9 mm, L type -5.2~-13.4 mm, and H type -6.2~-15.4 mm. In the item of armscye circumference, it was J&K type -18.9~-59.4 mm, N type -15.2~-51.3 mm, L type -38.9~-52.7 mm, and H type -17~-42.2 mm. In the item of biacromion length, it was J&K type 23.2~-4.7 mm, N type 18.4~-10.4 mm, and H type 3.5~-5.7 mm. In the item of interscye back, it was J&K type and N type 17.6~-13.6 mm, L type 11.9~-13.6 mm, and H type 3.2~-11.8 mm. The item of interscye front was found in the sequences of study type and L type. Second, the Kruskal-Wallis test result (according to bodice basic pattern) indicated meaningful differences in items of shoulder angle cover rate, neck point to breast point, bust point-bust point, biacromion length and armscye circumference and H type had an overall higher rank.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.225-237
• /
• 2016

In conventional transportation problem (TP), all the parameters are always certain. But, many of the real life situations in industry or organization, the parameters (supply, demand and cost) of the TP are not precise which are imprecise in nature in different factors like the market condition, variations in rates of diesel, traffic jams, weather in hilly areas, capacity of men and machine, long power cut, labourer's over time work, unexpected failures in machine, seasonal changes and many more. To counter these problems, depending on the nature of the parameters, the TP is classified into two categories namely type-2 and type-4 fuzzy transportation problems (FTPs) under uncertain environment and formulates the problem and utilizes the trapezoidal fuzzy number (TrFN) to solve the TP. The existing ranking procedure of Liou and Wang (1992) is used to transform the type-2 and type-4 FTPs into a crisp one so that the conventional method may be applied to solve the TP. Moreover, the solution procedure differs from TP to type-2 and type-4 FTPs in allocation step only. Therefore a simple and efficient method denoted by PSK (P. Senthil Kumar) method is proposed to obtain an optimal solution in terms of TrFNs. From this fuzzy solution, the decision maker (DM) can decide the level of acceptance for the transportation cost or profit. Thus, the major applications of fuzzy set theory are widely used in areas such as inventory control, communication network, aggregate planning, employment scheduling, and personnel assignment and so on.

• 한국기계가공학회지
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2004

The loader of this study is an agriculture machine for a stock farmer. We has much researched about power train and steering system in order to develop a new stock machine. So, the loader developed in this study has a 4 wheel driving system and a 4-type wheel steering system. Though the technological region is some large and general, these technologies are very important and their technical life may be very long. The power train of the loader is consisted of many units as follows, engine, clutch, transmission, and axles. And, the 4-type wheel steering system is consisted of oil tank, oil pump, steering valve, solenold valve, electronic controller, hydraulic cylinders, and touch sensors. This study shows construction logics of power train and steering system. We could know from many working tests that the developed loader with 4-type steeling system has many advantages when driving in a narrow corral.