• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.625-638
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among health promoting behaviors, Health Locus of Control(HLOC), and response patterns to HLOC in Korean elderly. The sample was composed of 162 healthy elderly ranging in age from sixties to eighties. The instruments for this study were modified Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (45 items, 4 scales), and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (18 items). For the in data analysis, SPSS PC$^{＋}$ program was uilized for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA and Stepwise multiple regression. The results of the study are as follows : 1. The total mean score for the HPLP was 2.411 (range 1-4), and the mean scores on the subscales were 3.324 for nutition, 2.709 for interpersonal support, 2.495 for exercise,2.225 for health responsibility, 2.205 for self actualization, 2.026 for stress management. 2. The mean scores for the HLOC in the elderly were HLOC-I : 23.531, HLOC-P : 21.914, HLOC-C : 18.667. 3. The response patterns of the HLOC identified eight types, pure internal, pure powerful others, pure chance, double external, believers in control, yea sayer, nay sayer and complex control. The “believers in control” was the largest group (22.8%), and “yea sayer” was the next largest group(17.9%). The “nay sayer”(5%) was the smallest group. 4. Demographic variables, such as education, economic status, religion and the perception of the health status showed strong connections to health promoting behaviors. 5. The HLOC-I and health promoting behavior were correlated positively(r＝.165, P＝.017), but the HLOC-P, the HLOC-C and the health promoting behavior were not correlated at the level of statistical significance. 6. There was not significant difference in health promoting behavior depending on the response patterns of the HLOC(F=1.171, P=.108). But, there were significant differences in two subscales of health promoting behavior exercise (F=3.279, P=.002), and stress management (F=3.165, P＝.003). 7. Education, the perception of the health and economic status explained 21.0% of the variance for health promoting behaviors. These results suggest that several demographic factors are important factors in predicting the level of health promoting behaviors in elderly. So to enhance the health promoting behavior, nurses should use the different nursing strategies depending on the demographic characters of the elderly.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.347-353
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• 2008

Purpose: Cortical reorganization has an important role in the recovery of stroke. We analyzed the compensatory cerebral and cerebellar perfusion change in patients with unilateral cerebral infarction using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Materials and Methods: Fifty seven $^{99m}TC-Ethylene$ Cystein Diethylester (ECD) cerebral perfusion SPECT images of 57 patients (male/female=38/19, mean age=$56{\pm}17\;years$) with unilateral cerebral infarction were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were divided into subgroups according to the location (left, right) and the onset (acute, chronic) of infarction. Each subgroup was compared with normal controls (male/female=11/1, mean age=$36{\pm}10\;years$) in a voxel-by-voxel manner (two sample t-test, p<0.001) using SPM. Results: All 4 subgroups showed hyperperfusion in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex, but not in the contralateral cerebral cortex. Chronic left and right infarction groups revealed hyperperfusion in the ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortex, meanwhile, acute subgroups did not. Contralateral cerebellar hyperperfusion was also demonstrated in the chronic left infarction group. Conclusion: Using $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ SPECT, we observed ipsilateral cerebral and contralateral cerebeller hyperperfusion in patients with cerebral infarction. However, whether these findings are related to the recovery of cerebral functions should be further evaluated.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.90-114
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the influence and effect of muscle enforcement program on Activity of daily living(ADL) improvement and posture balance of the old, and to provide more effective muscle enforcement program and educational data. The muscle enforcement exercise program was performed on the old(institution, 16 men, 10 women) for 8 weeks from April 22, 2002 through June 17,2002. Programed Exercise 1 - Exercise 10 were practised 8 times per program for 3 days a week. The load of exercise was increased per two weeks. The methods of measurement were questionnaire, Indiana 47903(action-response analysis machine) and Sample exercise protocol for KAT 2000(balance training device). SAS/PC statistic analysis was used for data analysis. T-test was used for analysis of change before and after exercise in this study. The summary and conclusions are as follows. 1. On subjectively recognized health states, the healthy were $42.3\%$. On the satisfaction with health states, the satisfied were $50.0\%$. On the factors of effects on daily-life behavior performance, the group who had troubles was $50\%$ and the group who was so and so was $34.6\%$ compared with the old of the same age. On prospect about health states in the future, the group who would be better was $38.\%$. On effective methods for problem solving, exercise was $42.3\%.\;88.5\%$ of respondents answered the need of health care. The participation intention in health program was $92.3\%$. 2. On the change of psychological emotion and behavior aspects, the group who had repeated complaints or anxieties and reduced activities or interests was effective(P<0.01). 3. On the improvement effects of IADL difficulties, the group who had difficulties in doing daily-life indoors was improved effectively compared with before and after exercise(P<0.01). On medication management, the effects of improvement after exercise were high compared with before exercise(P<0.01), the effects of improvement was high on the whole. 4. On the effects of ADL function improvement, putting on upper clothing and lower clothing was improved effectively(P<0.05), toilet use and individual sanitation was improved effectively(P<0.05). 5. On the effects of action-response, the results of 8weeks regular exercise program were not different significantly compared with before and after exercise. The behavior quickness of the old by muscle enforcement program was not increased. This means that the old needs much time for exercise sense training because of the regression of cognition sense. 6. In the effect of posture balance, the whole grades were effective from 1272.69 before excercise to 476.92 after exercise(P<0.01). Especially right balance 657.65 was lowered to 208.57 after exercise most effectively(P<0.01). Rear balance 776.34 before exercise was lowered to 136.65 after exercise. The results of measurement were significant(P<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.144-155
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• 1997

This study evaluated shear bond strength between porcelain and resin cement according to various surface treatments of porcelain, and surface condition of debonded porcelain. 50 porcelain specimens(Celay block A2M7) and composite resin specimens(Clearfil Photo-Bright) were prepared, and divided into 5 experimental groups according to the treatment method of porcelain surface. 5 experimental groups by surface treatments were as follows; CONTROL Group : No surface treatment was done on the surface of porcelains. SAND Group : The surface of porcelains were sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide for 5 seconds. HF Group: The surface of porcelains were etched with 8% Hydrofluoric acid for 4 minutes. SIL Group: The surface of porcelains were coated with silane coupling agent and heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. SAND+HF+SIL Group : The surface of porcelains were sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide for 5 seconds and etched with 8% Hydrofluoric acid for 4 minutes, and coated with silane coupling agent and heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. After surface treatments on the prepared porcelain surface two pastes of Panavia 21$^{(R)}$ were mixed, they were applied between composite resin block and porcelain surface, and then excessive resin cements were removed, and its margin was surrounded with Oxyguard II. All specimens were stored for 24 hours in water at $37^{\circ}C$ and tested with Instron testing machine between porcelains and resin cements, and debonded porcelain surfaces were observed under Scanning Electon Microscope(Hitachi S-2300) at 20kvp. The values from each group were compared statistically by Student's t-test. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The shear bond strength without surface treatment of porcelain was the lowest among all experimental groups(p<0.05). 2. The detached porcelain surface with sandblasting alone had more remarkable cracks than with only Hydrofluoric Acid or Silane coupling 2gent, but showed the lowest value of shear bond strength among surface treated groups(p<0.05), 3. When porcelain surface was treated by hydrofluoric acid, it affected shear bond strength more than silane coupling agent, but there were no significant statistical differences(p>0.05). 4. When three methods were combined to increase shear bond strength between porcelains and resin cements, its value was the highest than the others(p<0.05). 5. In Scannig Electron Micrograph of detached porcelain surface with no treatment, the sample revealed adhesive failure between the porcelain and resin cement whereas detached porcelain surface with combination of three method cohesive failure on the porcelain.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.15-29
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore ethnic socialization enacted by Japanese marriage migrant women currently raising 7- to 18-year-old children in Korea. To accomplish this goal, we examined the following research questions: (1) What is the level of ethnic socialization enacted by Japanese marriage migrant mothers? (2) Does the level of ethnic socialization vary by demographic and ethnocultural factors? (3) To what extent do demographic and ethnocultural factors influence the enactment of ethnic socialization by Japanese marriage migrant mothers? The sample consisted of 243 Japanese marriage migrant women currently raising 7- to 18-year-old children in Korea. For data analysis, T-test, correlation, ANOVA, and hierarchical regression analyses were used. Also, we performed separate analyses for two subtypes of ethnic socialization in particular, namely cultural socialization and preparation for bias. Ethnocultural factors examined in this study were the level of discrimination experience, Japanese ethnic identity, and husbands' ethnic orientation in childrearing. The main results of this study were as follows. First, results showed that Japanese marriage migrant women enacted moderate levels of cultural socialization and preparation for bias. Second, Japanese marriage migrant women's cultural socialization and preparation for bias were both positively related to the levels of women's discrimination experience and Japanese ethnic identity. Also, the younger the age of the firstborn child, the more preparation for bias these women performed. In addition, women whose Korean husbands wanted to raise their children more biculturally performed more cultural socialization compared to those with Korean husbands who wanted to raise their children as Korean. Third, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that women's discrimination experience and ethnic identity positively predicted both types of ethnic socialization. Also, Korean husband's bicultural orientation towards childrearing predicted a higher level of cultural socialization by Japanese marriage migrant women. Results of this study provide basic information about ethnic socialization among multicultural families in Korea, which can be useful for promoting positive self-identity among multicultural children. Furthermore, the results suggest that husbands' support and cooperation in ethnic socialization can be crucial for marriage migrant women to socialize their children utilizing their cultural and experiential resources.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.372-378
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• 2001

The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze the composition of human tooth enamel in terms of three components, Ca, P, and F after demineralization and remineralization in acid buffer solution. A total of 8 human premolars without any defects and cracks were selected and buccal and lingual sides of the teeth were cleaned with an ultrasonic device and pumice without fluoride 5$\times$5mm windows were opened, and other areas were completely covered with 3-coats of nail varnish to prevent from being in contact with demineralized and remineralized solutions. After demineralization process, each tooth was sectioned into two slices, highly polished one of them with$\gamma$-alumina, and then analyzed the composition of the demineralized tooth with EPMA(electron probe micro-analyzer). The other slices were put into the remineralized solution for 10 days, polished, and analyzed in the same manner. These data were statistically analyzed with one sample t-test(p<0.05). The results were as follows. 1. Normal tooth enamel consists of 49.76% Ca, 39.80% P, and 0.28% F. 2. After demineralization, percentage of Ca and P ratio were decreased by about 5.57 and 5.07% respectively. Percentage of F ratio was also decreased by about 0.01%, which was not statistically significant. 3. After remineralization, percentage of Ca, P increased about by 4.47 and 4.35% respectively Percentage of F decreased by about 0.01%, which was not statistically significant. In conclusion, remineralized solution used in our study has the potential to induce the uptake the Ca and P into the pore sites of the demineralized enamel. But, in the oral cavity. there were rapid temperature change, organic matrix that inhibits the movement of the ions, and limitation of continuous contact with this remineralized solution. Therefore, further in vivo study is necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2010

Objective : The objective of this study was to survey the job satisfaction and turnover intention of 119 emergency medical technicians who are fire fighters and, at the same time, provide emergency patients with first aid, to examine the correlation between their job satisfaction and turnover intention, and to provide basic materials for the human resource management of 119 emergency medical technicians. Method : The survey was conducted with 152 119 emergency medical technicians working at fire stations in an area of Gyeonggi-do during the period from July 15 to September 14, 2009. Job satisfaction was measured with a tool developed by Kim Sun-sim and Kwon Hye-ran (2002) based on the Index of Work Satisfaction, and turnover intention with the tool developed by Becker (2002) and translated and used by Cho Yeong-sook (2002). The questionnaire was composed of 11 questions on general characteristics, 35 on job satisfaction, and 4 on turnover intention, so a total of 50 questions. The reliability of the questionnaire was Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.922$ for job satisfaction and Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.854$ for turnover intention. Using SPSS 14.0, we obtained frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, and performed independent two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Results : 1) The mean score of the 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction was 2.71, and that of their turnover intention was 2.64. By area of job satisfaction, the mean score was 3.44 for the area of job itself, 2.92 for the interaction area, 2.67 for the organizational demand area, 2.64 for the autonomy area, 2.14 for the wage area, and 1.91 for the working condition area, showing that emergency medical technicians were generally satisfied with their job itself but not with their working condition. 2) As to difference according to the 119 emergency medical technicians' general characteristics, statistically significant difference was observed in job satisfaction according to license type (F = 4.729, p < .010), and in turnover intention according to position (F = 3.768, p < .025). 3) The 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction and turnover intention was in a negative correlation with each other (r = -.44, p < .000) in general, and by the sub-areas of job satisfaction, the correlation with turnover intention was high in order of the autonomy area (r = -.42, p = .000), interaction area (r = -.42, p = .000), job itself (r = -.35, p < .000), organizational demand area (r = -.30, p = .000), wage area (r = -.23, p = .000), and working condition area (r = -.21, p = .008). Conclusion : The 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction showed a negative correlation with their turnover intention. This suggests that turnover intention can be reduced by improving job satisfaction. Furthermore, 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction was high with the job itself, showing their high pride in their job, but was low with working condition and wage. Thus, it is necessary to enhance their job satisfaction by improving the 24-hour work system through supplementing manpower, compensating for overtime works, adjusting work hours per week, etc. These results are expected to be useful in making human resource management plans to lower turnover intention by enhancing 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2010

Objective : The purpose of this study is to understand the status of continuing education of the EMTs of the Korean fire department, to identify demand of them for content, method, and forms of the education, and to present basic data for developing more efficient, effective continuing education programs. Methods : The subjects of this study were 850 of the EMTs of the Korean fire department who work for fire stations located in Seoul and part of Gyeonggi-do and directly provide critical care in the field. The data was collected between February 8 and 28, 2010. Using SPSS 17.0 program, we obtained frequencies percentages, means, and standard deviations, and performed independent two sample t-test, one way ANOVA, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Results : 1) As for status of the existing continuing education for of the EMTs of the Korean fire department, in general, the hour of each education was "less than four hours" (51.2%), the instructors of the education were "doctors" (65.2%), the method of the education was "lecture" (83.3%), the material for the education was "educational materials and slides" (97.2%), and the results from the education were "not helpful in job" (55.1%). 2) The effects of the EMTs of the Korean fire department were mean 2.44(${\pm}.51$), the ability was mean 2.40(${\pm}.50$), and the attitude was mean 2.49(${\pm}.57$) points. 3) As for the demands of the EMTs of the Korean fire department on the next continuing education, they preferred "the advanced cardiac life support(ACLS)" ($2.64{\pm}.62$) most in subject content, "investigating the demands of 119 emergency medical technicians annually" (44.1%) in methods to select subjects of the continuing education, "doctors and professors of Department of Emergency Medical Technology" in instructors of the education (190 persons, or 39.9%), "lectures with practices" in methods of the education (30.1%), and "One per year" (41.6%) and "less than four hours" (67.2%) in the period and hours of the text continuing education they hope. Conclusion : The continuing education for the EMTs of the Korean fire department conducts without accepting the demands of the technicians, In planning of the next continuing education, the results of this study suggest that it is needed to develop more various and professional educational program by active acquisition of the demands of the technicians.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1119-1134
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is firstly to understand socio-demographic and health characteristics and economic characteristics of elderly single households aged over 60 and secondly to examine the relations between these factors and level of life satisfaction, especially differentiated relations by income level. We used the data drawn from third KREIS (Korean Retirement and Income Study) surveyed by National Pension Research Institute. The statistical methods used for the analyses were t-test, X², multiple regression analysis. For the whole sample, the results showed that the life satisfaction is positively related to higher income, better physical and emotional health status and having a religion. When we conducted the regression on two groups, the religion and income level were no longer significant factors. On the other hand, being a woman and enjoying good health contributed to life satisfaction for lower-income group while having a job and enjoying good health played a positive role in life satisfaction for higher-income group.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.33-49
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• 2014

Environmental concern has been an important issue for a few decades, and the extent of consumer demand for eco-friendly consumption has been increased. This study seeks to investigate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for eco-friendly cosmetics. This study evaluates how much more a consumer is willing to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics and examines significant factors influencing consumers' WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Consumers' WTP is measured using four different ecofriendly cosmetics: low-priced skin care cosmetics, low-priced makeup cosmetics, high-priced skin care cosmetics, and high-priced makeup cosmetics. This study uses the contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate consumer's WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Survey questions were designed using both dichotomous choice and payment card method of CVM. Through face to face interviews and on-line surveys, the data were collected from women between 20 and 49 years old residing in Seoul and Kyeonggi area, Korea, in May 2010. A total of 226 questionnaires (132 from interviews and 94 from on-line) were included for the analytical sample in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, T-test and Log-Logit analysis. The findings are as follows: First, the WTP measured by dichotomous choice method was estimated using the Log-Logit analysis. The results showed that the estimated WTP for low-priced skin care cosmetics was 19,152 won, which was 27.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won. For low-priced makeup cosmetics, the estimated WTP was 18,524 won, and its green premium was 21.0%. The estimated WTP for high-priced skin care cosmetics was 59,128 won, which was 18.3% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics was 57,666 won, and its green premium was 15.3%. Second, the WTP measure by payment card method was estimated using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the respondents were willing to pay 17,955 won for low-priced skin care cosmetics, which was 19.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won and 17,595 won for low-priced makeup cosmetics, which was 17.3% higher than the reference price. For high-priced skin care cosmetics, the average WTP was 56,950 won which was 13.9% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics, the average WTP was 55,650 won, which was 11.3% higher than the reference price. Overall, the WTP was higher in order of low-priced skin care, low-priced makeup, high-priced skin care, and high-priced makeup. It means that consumers decide degree of premium based on the price and the attributes of eco-friendly products. Third, the findings showed that age, monthly income, and having children or not were statistically significant factors that influenced consumers' willingness to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics. Other explanatory variables such as education, marital status, job, purchase experience of eco-friendly products, and environmental concerns did not show any statistical significance. The major contribution of this study is the investigation of the value of green attributes of the products by using CVM. Unlike most previous researches, this research used two methods of CVM, the dichotomous choice and the payment card, so it enhanced the reliability of research. According to this study, consumers showed price sensitivity when they pay green premium. These findings can be used as useful information to establish marketing strategies for green cosmetics.