• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.196-204
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• 2008

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects abdominal breathing on anxiety and length of labor time in primipara women. Method: It was a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent comparison group, performed from October 11 to December 4, 2007. Thirty-six subjects who received pitocin and met the inclusion criteria were chosen by convenience sampling from the labor room of Y hospital located in Seoul. The intervention of abdominal breathing was 'four seconds of inhale, six seconds of exhale breathing method.' The abdominal breathing was carried out 30 times each when the uterine cervix was dilated $3{\sim}4cm$ and $5{\sim}6cm$. Psychological anxiety was measured by VAS-A before and after the cervix dilatation to $3{\sim}4cm$ and $5{\sim}6cm$. Result: Anxiety scores of the experimental was found lower than that of the control group at $3{\sim}4cm$(z=-3.05, p=.00) and $5{\sim}6cm$(z=-2.04, p=.04) of cervix dilatation. However, the abdominal breathing was not effective to the length of labor from the active phase thru full dilatation, though there was 56 minutes of difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Carrying out the abdominal breathing 30 times at two time points was effective in decreasing anxiety level during labor. Further study is suggested to examine the effects of abdominal breathing on labor time, fetal heart rate, and uterine contraction.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 2017

As a part of collaborative efforts to understand ionospheric irregularities, the Korea ionospheric scintillation sites (KISS) network has been built based on global positioning system (GPS) receivers with sampling rates higher than 1 Hz. We produce the rate of TEC index (ROTI) to represent GPS TEC fluctuations related to ionospheric irregularities. In the KISS network, two ground-based GPS sites at Kiruna (marker: KIRN; geographic: $67.9^{\circ}$ N, $21.4^{\circ}$ E; geomagnetic: $65.2^{\circ}$ N) and Chuuk (marker: CHUK; geographic: $7.5^{\circ}$ N, $151.9^{\circ}$ E; geomagnetic: $0.4^{\circ}$ N) were selected to evaluate the ROTI value for ionospheric irregularities during the occurrence of the 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm. The KIRN ROTI values in the aurora region appear to be generally much higher than the CHUK ROTI values in the EIA region. The CHUK ROTI values increased to ~0.5 TECU/min around UT=13:00 (LT=23:00) on March 16 in the quiet geomagnetic condition. On March 17, 2015, CHUK ROTI values more than 1.0 TECU/min were measured between UT=9:00 and 12:00 (LT=19:00 and 22:00) during the first main phase of the St. Patrick's Day storm. This may be due to ionospheric irregularities by increased pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) after sunset during the geomagnetic storm. Post-midnight, the CHUK ROTI showed two peaks of ~0.5 TECU/min and ~0.3 TECU/min near UT=15:00 (LT=01:00) and UT=18:00 (LT=04:00) at the second main phase. The KIRN site showed significant peaks of ROTI around geomagnetic latitude=$63.3^{\circ}$ N and MLT=15:40 on the same day. These can be explained by enhanced ionospheric irregularities in the auroral oval at the maximum of AE index

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.4 s.50
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• pp.381-392
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• 2006

The passive surface wave survey using microtremor is conducted in areas of crystalline rock basements to obtain average shear-wave velocity structures to 30 m deep (Vs30), on which the earthquake-resistant design standard is based. Test data were recorded at two sites with triangular and L-shaped arrays for 4 seconds with an sampling interval of 2 ms. The microtremor recorded at a site were analysed using the spatial autocorrelation method to obtain phase-velocity spectra and effects of major factors such as size and shape of away and number of record and receiver were examined. At the other site, shear-wave velocities were derived from VSP and microtremor data separately. The results from these two methods agree to each other reasonably well, indicating that the microtremor method can be an effective geophysical tool to measure Vs30.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.277-283
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• 1997

SPME deuce was applied to determine the THM in an aqueous solution. The 6 kinds of THM was quantitatively detenuned by using GC-ECD which has the sample eutracted on the SPME fiber from an aqueous solution for 10 min. The THM components were well separated from $CHCl_3$ to the last $CHBr_3$ UHh 13 mons at the condition. 6 kinds of the volatile halogenated organic compounds: $CHCl_3$, $CHBrCl_2$, $CHBrtCl_2$, $CHCl_3$, $C_2Cl$. and $CHBr_3$, showed well defirled calibration graph with good llnearlty from a few ppb level up to several tens of pub concentration. $CHBr_2Cl$ and $C_2C1_4$ were detected from a few samples among the 10 of river samples. CHCl3, however, was detected In 4 sea water samples with the highest of 10 ppd among the pouuted 6 positions. Trace level of $CHBr_2Cl$ and few pub level of $CHBr_3$ were also detected at the other two sample stations. Most of the 13 rain water samples collected from 6 sampling stations were contained ppd level of $CHCl_3$, and also $CHBr_2Cl$, and C_2Cl_4$ were only detected at trace level at a few rain samples among them. We could recognize the fact that our Ut and water enoronment has already been contaminated by certain volatile halogenated organic compounds through this study.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.328-332
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• 2002

Wheat samples showing typical spot blotch symptoms on stems and sheaths were collected from the field after physiological maturity, and were sealed in paper bags and stored in the laboratory at room temperature to study the survival of Bipolaris sorokiniana conidia on wheat straw. The materials were observed at monthly intervals to assess the conidia viability during storage. After 4 months, the frequency of individual conidia already present on wheat straw at the time of sampling was reduced and appeared to be progressively replaced by the formation of round structures consist-ing of conidia aggregates. After 5 months, distinct, individual conidia were no longer detected, and only 'clumps of conidia' were observed. These dark black aggregates or 'clumps of conidia’measured 157-170$\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter and were grouped into boat-shaped olivacious conidia showing thick wall and measuring 50-82$\times$20-30$\mu\textrm{m}$. The germination was unipolar and below 0.5%, suggesting the occurrence of dormancy, In contrast, individual conidium produced on wheat during the growing season were 96-130$\times$16-20$\mu\textrm{m}$, slightly curved, hyaline to light pale, and euseptate with a bipolar germination reaching 98-100%. Bipolaris sorokiniana conidia produced on PDA were 55-82$\times$20-27$\mu\textrm{m}$, tapered at both ends, dark brown to olivacious, distoseptate, showed up to 1% germination, and were predominantly unipolar. Results of the present study suggest that B. sorokiniana conidia belonged to two different physiological categories corresponding to the pathogen's infection phase and its survival, respectively. The infection phase is characterized by a high germination percentage as opposed to the survival phase harboring apparent dormancy.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.351-354
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• 2001

In this paper, we present self-tuning control of switched reluctance motor for maximum torque with phase current and shaft position sensor. Determination method of turn-on/off angle is realized by using self-tuning control method. During the sampling time, micro-controller checks the number of pulse from encoder and compare with the number of pre-checked pulse. After micro-controller calculates between two data, it moves forward or backward turn-off angle. When the turn-off angle is fixed optimal turn-off angle, the turn-on angle automatically moves forward or backward by a step using self-tuning control method. And then, optimal turn-off angle is searched once again. As such a repeating process, turn-on/off angle is moved automatically to obtain the maximum torque. The experimental results are presented to validate the self-tuning algorithm.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1172-1177
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• 2004

The evolution of incipient soot particles has been examined by high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) and elemental analyzer in ethylene-air inverse diffusion flames. Laser Induced Incandescence(LII) and laser scattering methods were introduced for examining the change of soot volume fraction and morphological properties in combustion generated soot qualitatively. Soot particles, collected by thermophoretic sampling were analyzed by using HRTEM to examine the nano structure of precursor particles. HRTEM micrographs apparently reveal a transformation of condensed phase of semitransparent tar-like material into precursor particles with relatively distinct boundary and crystalline which looks like regular layer structures. During this evolution histories C/H analysis was also performed to estimate the chemical evolution of precursor particles. The changes of C/H ratio of soot particles with respect to residence time can be divided into two parts: one is a very slowly increasing regime where tar-like materials are transformed into precursor particles (inception process) the other is an increasing region with constant rate where surface growth affects the increase of C/H ratio dominantly (surface growth region). These results provide a clear picture of a transition to mature soot from precursor materials.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.141-148
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• 2009

Recently there have been many research efforts focused on imbalanced data classification problems, since they are pervasive but hard to be solved. Approaches to the imbalanced data problems can be categorized into data level approach using re-sampling, algorithmic level one using cost functions, and ensembles of basic classifiers for performance improvement. As an algorithmic level approach, this paper proposes to use multilayer perceptrons with higher-order error functions. The error functions intensify the training of minority class patterns and weaken the training of majority class patterns. Mammography and thyroid data-sets are used to verify the superiority of the proposed method over the other methods such as mean-squared error, two-phase, and threshold moving methods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.29-40
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors and variables which have significant effects on satisfaction of urban pedestrian sidewalk in taejon city, and to suggest basic information for urban pedestrian sidewalk. These works consist of two phase; The first, tested the user's degree of satisfaction for 37 spots of pedestrian sidewalk slide and then selected 10 spots slide by the stratified random sampling method. The second, analyzed factors and variables of satisfaction of urban pedestrian sidewalk using the semantic differential scale method, and then processed by mean score, correlation, factor analysis, multiful algorithm. The results were summarized as follows; 1) The relationship between the man group and the woman group was highly correlated as well as between the student group.1 and the student group.2 hense these groups statistically showed no difference in satisfaction ratings. 2) Pedestrian sidewalk width, cleanness, pavement materials and construction condition can be significant variables of satisfaction of urban pedestrian sidewalk. 3) Factors covering the satisfaction of urban pedestrian sidewalk have been found to be Environment of pedestrian sidewalk, Vegetation of pedestrian sidewalk and Form of pedestrian sidewalk. By using the control method for the number of factors, C.P. has been obtained as 62.8%.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2001.07a
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• pp.249-251
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• 2001

This paper presents performance analysis on a low pass filter of a CT saturation detecting algorithm using difference. At the instants of beginning/end of saturation, the shapes of the secondary current are changed significantly though secondary currents are continuous. At the instants, the second-order or third-order difference of the secondary current has big values because of discontinuity of the first order difference. Thus, the third difference of the current is used to detect the beginning/end of CT saturation. An antialiasing low pass filter removes high frequency components and causes phase lag. A CT saturation detecting algorithm using difference of CT secondary currents is affected by the low pass filter. The algorithm is tested with cutoff frequencies of the filter for the two sampling rates of 64[S/C] and 32 [S/C]. The results of various test cases indicate satisfactory performance of the algorithm.