• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to present the Over-The-Top (OTT) platforms' strategies for two-sided markets. For this, we examine six strategic factors influencing OTT's success in Korea. The analysis reveals, among six OTTs, Netflix utilizes five strategic factors except the same-side network effects. OTTs from pay TV operators and channel providers tend to block the cross-side network effects on the opponent OTTs, because they think their giveaway to content providers is in vein, if the invested content by them would be consumed on opponent rival platforms. Interesting is that after experiencing a negative association between the market entry of Netflix and the subscription revenue growth rate of pay TV services, pay TV operators utilize the same-side network effects by offering hybrid services in partnership with global OTTs like Netflix, Disney+ which are considered as a complementary OTT. In conclusion, it is suggested to target a new connected TV based OTT service offering with collaboration with Korean TV device manufacturers for Korean OTTs' global strategy, because Netflix-like global market expansion is not easy for them to cover their content cost.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2017

본 연구는 온라인검색광고 기반의 사업모델을 가진 대표적인 포털사업자 네이버의 광고관리시스템이 제공하는 데이터를 이용하여 온라인검색광고시장이 양면시장이 아닐 수 있음을 실증분석하고 이를 근거로 한 적절한 동 시장의 시장획정 방안 제시를 목적으로 한다. 이 목적을 위해 두 가지 연구 질문에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 첫째, 온라인검색광고 사업모델과 학문적 의의가 큰 로체-티롤의 양면시장 정의 간에 일관성이 있는가, 둘째, 온라인검색광고시장에 간접네트워크외부효과가 존재하는가이다. 특히 후자의 경우 간접네트워크외부효과가 있다면 어느 정도인지 실증분석을 수행하여야 한다. 이에 대해 본 연구는 구글과 같은 온라인검색광고서비스가 단면시장일 수 있다는 Luchetta의 이론적 주장에 기반을 두고 이를 검증하기 위해 상관 및 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 온라인검색 광고비는 직접네트워크외부효과 독립변수인 광고주가 한 단위 증가할 때 약 50원 이상 증가하였다. 그러나 간접네트워크외부효과 측정을 위해 설정한 독립변수인 검색횟수와 종속변수인 온라인검색광고비 간에는 유의적인 상관 및 회귀결과가 나타나지 않았다. 이 결과에 따르면, 온라인검색광고시장에는 양면시장의 필요조건인 간접네트워크외부효과가 존재하지 않거나 유의적이지 않아 양면시장이라기 보다는 단면시장일 가능성이 높다. 이는 온라인검색광고시장에 전통적인 시장획정 방법을 적용할 수 있고, 본원적인 경쟁요소를 모색하는데 유리하며, 경쟁상황에 대한 설명력이 높아짐을 의미한다. 또한 양면시장에 대한 시각차를 보여 온 경제학자들과 규제실무자를 포함한 법학자들의 간극도 어느 정도 극복할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-69
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• 2014

The impact of competition on pricing has been studied in the context of counterfactual merger analyses where expected optimal prices in a hypothetical monopoly are compared with observed prices in an oligopolistic market. Such analyses would typically assume static decision making by consumers and firms and thus have been applied mostly to data obtained from consumer packed goods such as cereal and soft drinks. However such static modeling approach is not suitable when decision makers are forward looking. When it comes to the markets for durable products with indirect network effects, consumer purchase decisions and firm pricing decisions are inherently dynamic as they take into account future states when making purchase and pricing decisions. Researchers need to take into account the dynamic aspects of decision making both in the consumer side and in the supplier side for such markets. Firms in a two-sided market typically subsidize one side of the market to exploit the indirect network effect. Such pricing behaviors would be more prevalent in competitive markets where firms would try to win over the battle for standard. While such qualitative expectation on the relationship between pricing behaviors and competitive structures could be easily formed, little empirical studies have measured the extent to which the distinct pricing structure in two-sided markets depends on the competitive structure of the market. This paper develops an empirical model to measure the impact of competition on optimal pricing of durable products under indirect network effects. In order to measure the impact of exogenously determined competition among firms on pricing, we compare the equilibrium prices in the observed oligopoly market to those in a hypothetical monopoly market. In computing the equilibrium prices, we account for the forward looking behaviors of consumers and supplier. We first estimate a demand function that accounts for consumers' forward-looking behaviors and indirect network effects. And then, for the supply side, the pricing equation is obtained as an outcome of the Markov Perfect Nash Equilibrium in pricing. In doing so, we utilize numerical dynamic programming techniques. We apply our model to a data set obtained from the U.S. video game console market. The video game console market is considered a prototypical case of two-sided markets in which the platform typically subsidizes one side of market to expand the installed base anticipating larger revenues in the other side of market resulting from the expanded installed base. The data consist of monthly observations of price, hardware unit sales and the number of compatible software titles for Sony PlayStation and Nintendo 64 from September 1996 to August 2002. Sony PlayStation was released to the market a year before Nintendo 64 was launched. We compute the expected equilibrium price path for Nintendo 64 and Playstation for both oligopoly and for monopoly. Our analysis reveals that the price level differs significantly between two competition structures. The merged monopoly is expected to set prices higher by 14.8% for Sony PlayStation and 21.8% for Nintendo 64 on average than the independent firms in an oligopoly would do. And such removal of competition would result in a reduction in consumer value by 43.1%. Higher prices are expected for the hypothetical monopoly because the merged firm does not need to engage in the battle for industry standard. This result is attributed to the distinct property of a two-sided market that competing firms tend to set low prices particularly at the initial period to attract consumers at the introductory stage and to reinforce their own networks and eventually finally to dominate the market.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.25-42
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• 2022

I analyze how the food delivery market's indirect network effect and spillover effect influence the spread of food delivery platforms in different counties. This study finds that there is a positive local indirect network effect and a positive spillover effect in the adoption of the platform by examining the food delivery platform market in South Korea as of 2020. As food delivery platforms secure consumers who use them, more restaurants on the other side of a two-sided market adopt such platforms (indirect network effect). The spillover effect would allow other restaurants in a region to become more likely to adopt food delivery platforms if there are a greater number of restaurants in the region that use such platforms. This study contributes to the comprehension of technology diffusion and the marketing strategies of platform providers by providing empirical evidence of both effects.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.49-65
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• 2018

This paper illustrates the competition between the mobile pay and credit card systems by utilizing the theory of two-sided markets. Two firms, as platforms, maximize the profit collecting fees from consumers on one side and from retailers on the other side. Consumers pay to buy goods and services with mobile pay, credit card, or cash. The basic model is one that each platform maximizes its profit. We show that the fees for credit card holders and retailers are higher than the respective costs. The fee for retailers of the mobile payment is higher than its cost, while the buyer's fee may be higher or lower than its cost. Applied model is the one that employs the delegation game model. The total profit of the mobile pay system is composed of its profit and the weighted demand for the mobile pay. It is shown that buyers' fee under the applied model is lower than that under the basic model, resulting in an increase of the demand for the mobile pay. The fee for the retailers rises, albeit the sum of fees for the buyers and retailers falls. The profit for the mobile pay system is increased, while that for the credit card company stays the same.

• 지식경영연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2015

This paper presents a knowledge-based view of platform-centered collaborations among multiple organizations. Studies of technological innovation and knowledge creation have broadened beyond their initial emphasis on internal development within an organization or simple exchange of ideas between two parties toward complex collaboration among many organizations at the level of platform-based knowledge ecosystems. Platforms serve as an interface between different groups of producers and consumers in a variety of multi-sided knowledge markets such as smartphone operating systems and video games industries. This study is an exploratory examination to offer theoretical understanding of how the organizational capabilities of platform leaders help expand a network of platform participants. The growth of platform participants is particularly important in the early stage of any platforms as the concept of network effects suggests that the platform with the largest number of participants will capture entire markets. Building upon organization studies and network economics theory on multisided markets, this paper focuses on the role of platform leaders in expanding platform-based collaboration. In our view, platform leaders develop varying levels of three organizational capabilities to discern quality of potential participants, to attract them to actually participate in collaboration, and to maintain long-term exchange relations in the ecosystem. We suggest that the capabilities of platform leaders will have a positive effect on the expansion of platform participants to secure network effects, and also examine several contextual factors that moderate the relationship between a platform leader's capacity and platform expansion.

• 벤처혁신연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2024

본 연구는 디지털 대전환이 빠르게 진행되는 환경에서 빅테크 플랫폼 기업들의 스포츠콘텐츠 비즈니스의 특징을 밝히는 데 있다. 구체적으로는 아마존을 대상으로 빅테크 플랫폼 기업의 시장구조를 살펴보고 이런 구조에서 스포츠콘텐츠가 그들에게 어떤 역할을 하는지 아마존의 스포츠마케팅 사업의 특징을 밝혀 빅테크 플랫폼 기업의 스포츠콘텐츠 비즈니스를 전망하였다. 양면시장 플랫폼 비즈니스를 기반으로 한 빅테크 플랫폼 기업들은 자신들의 플랫폼의 가치를 제고하는 전략에 스포츠콘텐츠가 존재하고 있다. 때문에 스포츠콘텐츠는 이들에게 플랫폼의 가치를 높이고 나아가 인프라와 같은 플랫폼 생태계의 시너지를 높여 수익을 극대화함으로써 독점적 지위를 공고히 하는 도구로 사용된다. 아마존은 대륙이나 국가별로 인기 있는 라이브스포츠중계권을 획득하여 이를 플랫폼에 공급하여 신규고객의 증가와 구매효과 뿐 아니라 경기단체나 팀에게 IT솔루션 서비스를 제공하고 다양한 프로모션 콘텐츠를 기획 공급하면서 광고 사업을 비롯한 아마존 플랫폼 전체에 시너지를 내고 있다. 아마존프라임비디오와 아마존 프라임에 라이브 스포츠 콘텐츠를 공급하고, 아마존 웹 서비스를 통해 다양한 스포츠 이해관계자들에게 기술적 서비스를 제공하고 있으며 동시에 광고주의 광고와 마케팅 성과를 분석하고 예측하는 아마존마케팅클라우드 서비스를 제공하면서 비즈니스 기회를 넓히고 아마존 전체의 가치를 높이고 있다. 이는 양면시장 플랫폼 기반의 빅테크 기업과 단면시장 기반의 레거시 글로벌 기업과의 시장구조의 차이에서 기인하며 디지털시대 스포츠마케팅 비즈니스의 새로운 변화라고 할 수 있다. 이 새로운 모델의 핵심은 라이브스포츠 스트리밍 중계권을 기반으로 한 다양한 콘텐츠 개발을 통한 비즈니스이며 스포츠콘텐츠 마케팅은 기존 중계권, 스폰서십과 함께 스포츠비즈니스의 주요 분야가 될 것이다. 아마존, 애플, 구글과 같은 빅테크 플랫폼 글로벌 기업들은 또 다른 새로운 글로벌 스포츠마케팅 기업이 될 수 있으며 현재의 스포츠마케팅 회사와 광고회사 그리고 팀과 경기단체들은 위기와 기회가 공존해 있다.

• 한국빅데이터학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 플랫폼 비즈니스 모델의 초기 활성화 문제점인 Chicken & Egg Problem 이슈를 짚어보고자 한다. 이를 위해 인터뷰 기반의 탐색적 연구를 수행하여 UGC 플랫폼의 초기 활성화 방안에 대해 각 요인들의 인과관계와 영향을 분석하였다. 본연구의 결과를 통해 전략적 시행착오의 오류를 최소화하는데 기여하고자하며 또한, 투자자 측면의 UGC 스타트업에 투자함에 있어 피투자기업의 마일스톤상 현재 위치를 알 수 있도록 해 객관적인 투자의사 결정을 할 수 있는데 실무적 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 정보와 통신
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2012

본고에서는 스마트폰과 스마트TV 등과 같은 커넥티드 디바이스(connected device)에 관한 ICT 생태계(이하 '스마트 미디어 생태계')에 대해 알아본다. 스마트 미디어 생태계는 플랫폼을 중심으로 가치가 창출되는 생태계라는 특징을 가진다. 특히, 양면시장(two-sided market)에서 관찰되는 직/간접적 네트워크 외부성(direct and indirect network externality)에 의해 작동된다. 또한 단일 기능요소보다는 여러 사업자로부터 제공되는 기능요소들의 복합체인 플랫폼 연합체(platform coalition)로 출발한다. 이에 따라 생태계 초기에는 생태계 간 경쟁과 더불어 생태계 내에서 메타 플랫폼(meta platform)의 지위를 획득하려는 지배구조 경쟁도 전개된다. 스마트 미디어 생태계의 특성과 진화과정 및 운영원리에 대한 이해는 생태계 참여자들의 전략과 생태계 활성화를 위한 정책방향에 시사하는 바가 크다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2022

Purpose: The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated and triggered changes in online shopping especially in an emerging market. This paper develops a modification of SERVQUAL model to examine the relationship between individual dimensions of e-service quality, online trust and purchase intentions in singular online shopping platform. Research design, data and methodology: Data from an online survey of 385 Lazada's shoppers were used to test the research model. The structural equation modeling technique was performed to test the research model. Results: The analytical results revealed that five dimensions of e-service quality were positively correlated with one another whereas some dimensions were negatively correlated with purchase intentions. The results of this study provide new insight into the literature as well as practical implications for marketers especially in Thai online market. Conclusion: This study develops the instrument dimensions of e-service quality through modifying the SERVQUAL model to examine the e-commerce context and to testify how these individual dimensions are interlinked with one another. It also suggests that responsiveness has two-sided affects that in responses which are too prompt and insistent could make the customer feel uncomfortable and perhaps ending up with no interaction and transaction.