• 한국조경학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper was to classify areas demanding to be transformed to green spaces and evaluate their grades for urban park and green networks. The results of this study are summarized below; 1. The results of the classified green spaces in the research areas fall into three types including children parks, neighborhood parks, and public green spaces. The three types of green spaces were analysed with recreational indexes. The zones disturbing the green-networks were sorted out. These zones should be changed into a supplementary green spaces for improving the recreational functions in the city. 2. For urban park and green networks, distances between the parks and size of the parks were adopted as indices. Based on the index of distances between the parks, disturbing zones were evaluated with 3 grades. The first grade includes primary industrial complexes and housing complexes. The second grade was observed mostly in industrial complex areas. The third grade includes housing complexes. Based on the indexes of size of parks, disturbing zones were evaluated with 2 grades. In the case of grade I, it appeared in housing complex. In the case of grade II, it appeared in industrial complex. 3. Then, we prioritized the disturbing zones with severity in order to make supplementary green spaces. Through the process, the zones of the grade I for two each recreational index were evaluated to two grades. The analysis results of evaluated zones were that grade II appeared over industrial and housing complexes widely. Grade I appeared over housing complexes. 4. It is necessary that the grade of disturbing zones should be considered as an order to make green spaces to supplement a green-network. For this, we formed a basic frame of a green-networks in Dalsu-Gu and placed the disturbing zones on the basic frame of a green-network. Consequently, The results were that the green-networks in Dalsu-Gu was composed on four green-network axes and its shape mirrored a cruciform (+) of northwest$\leftrightarrow$southeast direction and southwest$\leftrightarrow$northeast direction.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.570-582
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• 2017

In recent years, national and local government's air quality management and climate change adaptation policy has been significantly strengthened. The measures in the two policies may be in a relationship of trade-off or synergy to each other. Greenhouse gases and air pollutants are mostly emitted from the same sources of using considerable amounts of fossil fuels. Co-benefits, in which either measure has a positive effect on the other, may be maximized by reducing the social costs and by consolidating the objectives of the various policies. In this study, the co-benefits were examined by empirically analyzing the effects of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emission reduction, social cost, and cost effectiveness between the two policies. Of the total 80 projects, the next 12 projects generated co-benefits. They are 1) extend restriction area of solid fuel use, 2) expand subsidy of low-$NO_x$ burner, 3) supply hybrid-vehicles, 4) supply electric-vehicles, 5) supply hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, 6) engine retrofit, 7) scrappage of old car, 8) low emission zone, 9) transportation demand management, 10) supply land-based electric of ship, 11) switching anthracite to clean fuel in private sector, 12) expand regional combined-energy supply. The benefits of air pollutants and greenhouse gas-related measures were an annual average of KRW 2,705.4 billion. The social benefits of the transportation demand management were the highest at an annual average of KRW 890.7 billion, and followed by scrappage of old cars and expand regional combined-energy supply. When the social benefits and the annual investment budgets are compared, the cost effectiveness ratio is estimated to be about 3.8. Overall, the reduction of air pollutants caused by the air quality management policy of Gyeonggi-do resulted in an annual average of KRW 4,790.2 billion. In the point sources management sector, the added value of $CO_2$ reduction increased by 4.8% to KRW 1,062.8 billion, while the mobile sources management sector increased by 3.6% to KRW 3,414.1 billion. If social benefits from $CO_2$ reduction are added, the annual average will increase by 7.2% to KRW 5,135.4 billion. The urban and energy management sectors have shown that social benefits increase more than twice as much as the benefits of $CO_2$ reduction. This result implies that more intensive promotion of these measures are needed. This study has significance in that it presents the results of the empirical analysis of the co-benefits generated between the similar policies in the air quality management and the climate change policy which are currently being promoted in Gyeonggi-do. This study suggested that the method of analyzing the policy effect among the main policies in the climate atmospheric policy is established and the effectiveness and priority of the major policies can be evaluated through the policy correlation analysis based on the co-benefits. It is expected that it could be a basis for evaluation the efficiency of the climate change adaptation and air quality management policies implemented by the national and local governments in the future.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.361-374
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• 2001

This study was done to identify a status of home visiting project as a community health nursing system, that was the organization. personal who have age, educational background, marital status, position, experience of the home visiting in the public sectors in part of Seoul. Kyonggi, Kang-won area, It was done to provide basis data for the development of effective visiting nurses project in the health sectors, where was Health Centers in urban and rural. Branch of Health Center in rural and Health posts. The question airs were distributed 352 public health workers who working place was 118 health workers in 12 health centers in Seoul. 56 public health workers among 39 health center and other public health sectors in Kyonggi and 178 public health workers among health center and health care sectors. Data collected from October to December. 2000. The analysis by SAS system with F test, percentage and frequency. The major result were as follows. The general characteristics of the respondent show that most of them were graduates from community college and RN-BS with broadcast that they had not completed CPHN course but only two health workers have trained for the visiting nurses project. As for their grade in the position, the most of health workers have seventh level and the other CHP were above sixth level in the health care post that in the government structure. This indicates that workers do not have great authority in decision making, the most period of works in the position was one and two years indicating that they change jobs frequently. On an average their clinical experience was 4.11 years which is ideal for the total service. As for preparation of staff for home visiting workers education on visiting nurses program have to receive short term or longer term training course for strong emphasis. The analysis showed that public health visiting workers responds about active job performance that based on an area, approach of acting by districts, education and position are shown statistically significant difference between acceptance of the visiting nursing job show the same as well as visiting nurses project. Special concerns for visiting Nursing care spread came to burden, many of activity carry out main solution is covered the health problem connective support system needs of quality and quantity which out health problem. As 71.1% of visiting health service held on the poor population was under the guardianship of the law, but people who health insurance wide application under law shown a tendency to increase gradually. The general characteristics of the patients showed 56.2% of female on average of age was 66.1 years old, they have health problem was the most of 47.6% of high blood pressure and stroke, the other and as a problem that economics, which is complex welfare with out health problem. Community health care service should be combined health and social work program. The form of delivery of visiting health care given the most guide and education with counselling and support. (33.6%) Among the six category of visiting care service shown statistically significant difference and next is fundamental care, remedy care with priority.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1340-1351
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• 2006

Purpose. To determine and compare the perception among nurses and doctors of the roles and tasks of critical care advanced practice nurses (APNs) in order to establish standardized and formally agreed role criteria for such critical care APNs. Method. This study measured and analyzed the necessity of each of the roles and tasks of critical care APNs, as perceived by nurses and doctors, through a survey of 121 participants: 71 nurses in 7 intensive care units (ICUs) at a general hospital in Seoul, and 50 doctors who used ICUs. Data collection utilized a questionnaire of 128 questions in the following fields: direct practice (79), leadership and change agent (17), consultation and collaboration (15), education and counseling (11), and research (6). Results. Both the nurses' and the doctors' groups confirmed the necessity of critical care APNs, with doctors who frequently used ICUs indicating a particularly strong need. As for the priority of each role of critical care APNs, the nurses considered direct practice to be the most critical, followed by education and counseling, research, consultation and collaboration, and leadership and change agent. The doctors also considered direct practice to be the most critical, followed by education and counseling, consultation and collaboration, research, and leadership and change agent. There was a statistically significant difference between how the two groups regarded all the roles, except for the consultation and collaboration roles. As for the necessity of each role of critical care APNs, the nurses considered research to be the most necessary, followed by education and counseling, consultation and collaboration, leadership and change agent, and direct practice. The doctors, on the other hand, considered education and counseling to be the most necessary, followed by research, consultation and collaboration, leadership and change agent, and direct practice. The responses of the two groups to all the roles, except for education and counseling roles, were significantly different. Conclusion. Nurses and doctors have different perceptions of the roles and tasks of critical care APNs. Thus, it is necessary for the combined nursing and medical fields to reach an official agreement on a set of criteria to standardize for the roles and tasks of critical care APNs.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.689-706
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a nutrition education focused on Food Exchange System for the higher grades elementary children. Nutrition education lessons (40 min/lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups', 'daily needed energy and food exchange units', 'good choice of snacks and balanced exercise' were provided to elementary students (5th grade students). This research was based on the data from two groups of elementary school children in the 'education' group (n = 31) and 'non-education' group (n = 31). We assessed the changes in dietary attitude, food habit and nutrition knowledge using questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24hr recall method by nutrition education using the developed pamphlet. After education, there was a significant difference in the dietary attitude score only in attitude of 'balanced meal' (p < 0.001) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In food habit, there were significant positive changes in the type of breakfast and in the priority of choosing snack in the educated group. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'function of carbohydrate' (p < 0.05), 'function of fat' (p < 0.01), 'function of vitamin' (p < 0.01), 'foods of carbohydrate' (p < 0.01), and 'foods of vitamin' (p < 0.01) in the educated group. After education, carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio was significantly different between the two groups (education group, 59 : 16 : 26 vs. non-education group, 63 : 15 : 23). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), there were significant positive effects in energy (p < 0.05), thiamin (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), phosphorus (p < 0.01), Fe (p < 0.01) and zinc (p < 0.01) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In conclusion, the developed 4 times' nutritional education pamphlet focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using food exchange system for higher grades' elementary student may positively change nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.140-152
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• 2011

이 연구의 목적은 이태리 레스토랑에서 음식서비스 전달자인 종사자와 고객을 대상으로 실내공간과 음식서비스 품질에 대한 인식의 괴리(gap)를 분석하여 고객 만족을 위한 음식서비스 전달에서의 문제점과 종사자의 인식 전환 필요성을 규명하고자 하였다. 또한, 실내공간과 음식 서비스 품질 향상을 위하여 레스토랑에서 서비스 품질인식과 고객 만족도를 연구하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 종사자의 점수(3.79점/5점)가 고객의 점수(3.78)보가 약간 높게 평가되었다. 특히 16개의 고객의 속성 중 '레스토랑 전체 조명', '음식재료의 신선도', '음식의 창의성' 등이 직원의 점수보가 유의적으로 낮게 평가되었다. 종사자와 고객 모두가 4개의 속성 중에서 '음식의 품질'을 가장 높게, '테이블 세팅'을 가장 낮게 인식했다. 격자도 분석 결과, 'Q3. 음식을 담은 그릇', 'Q6. 테이블 전체의 청결도', 'Q12. 음식의 배치도', 'Q17. 실내공간의 쾌적성', 'Q18. 실내공간의 온도', 'Q23. 레스토랑 전체 조명', 'Q30. 가구 및 액세서리 장식'이 Quadrant A 영역에는 포함되었는데, 이는 종사자의 인식도가 고객의 인식도 보다 낮아 고객들의 불만족하는 속성들이다. 따라서 이종사자들이 전달하고 있다고 인지하고 있는 서비스 수준이 고객과 괴리가 있음을 깨닫고 서비스 품질 개선에 있어 우선순위를 부여하여야 한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.13-26
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• 1975

Seven aspects of attitude toward marriage in Korea are examined to better understand present and future marriage patterns. Also, various facets of current marriage practice are compared with attitudes. The study comprises three groups of roughly 600 women each, selected by random sampling from a rural, an urban, and a semi-urban area. A carefully designed and pretested questionnaire was checked for reliability by a reinterview in a 15% subsample. The great majority of Korean women support traditional attitudes that one must or should marry. The small group who recommend that one should not marry are mostly the very young or the never married, whose attitudes still may change. However, there are important and probably predictive shifts in favor of more individual decision, especially among the better educated, the young, and the more urban. Traditional reasons for marriage such as "custom" and procreation are ranked first by a majority, but there is a large shift to more contemporary or liberal desire for companionship and love, also primarily among the better educated, the urban, the young, and the never married. The traditional attitude that parents should have the sole or major role in mate selection is still held by a bare majority; the educated, urban, young, and never married are more liberal. Only 6% opt for each of the two extremes: That the parent alone or the respondent alone should decide. The remainder prefer one of the two middle-of-the-road positions where parent and child together decide. The proportions of respondents who classed specified criteria as moat important for selecting a husband, arranging the criteria in order from traditional to contemporary were: Lineage, etc., 23%; personal attributes, 40%; health and education, 27%; and love, 10%. The changing attitudes are suggested by the fact that love was ranked first by only 3% of the poorly educated rural poulation versus 23% of urban college level and 31% of the urban never married. There has been a substantial rise in the ideal age of marriage over the past twelve or more years, but there also is evidence that the ideal age is at or near a ceiling. Knowledge about legal age of marriage is minimal; the implications of this for proposed legislation are discussed. Three-fifthes to four-fifths of all respondents married husbands of the same religious, residential, and economic backgrounds as themselves. Almost all of them married men of the same or higher educational level. These evidences of traditional influences in mate selection are contrasted with the low priority given some of those items in earlier questions on reasons for marriage and criterion for selecting husband. Contrary to the expressed attitudes as to who should select the husband, we find that marriages of the study sample were stated to be arranged by parents alone in 62%; and in another 23%, the parents made the decision but asked the respondent's views. Such arrangements were most frequent among the rural, the less educated, and the older respondents and less common in the urban and more educated. The implications of these and related findings are discussed.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2010

부산지역 치과를 포함하는 종합병원에 근무하는 병원종사자 228명을 대상으로 치과위생사의 주된 업무, 선호하는 내적인 이미지, 선호하는 외적이미지, 사회적 수준 등에 대하여 조사한 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 치과위생사의 주된 업무는 1순위는 치의사의 진료보조 28.2%, 2순위 치석제거 23.2%, 3순위 예방업무 20.6%로 나타났다. 2. 선호하는 이미지는 밝은 표정이 61.4%로 가장 많았으며, 단정함 32.9%, 세련됨 3.5%, 지적 임 2.2% 순으로 나타났다. 기혼에서 밝은 표정을 많이 선호하였으며 유의미한 차이를 보였다(${\chi}^2=8.11$, p<.05). 3. 유니폼은 투피스 바지 형을 76.3%로 가장 선호하였으며, 여자에서 투피스 바지 형을 많이 선호하는 유의미한 차이를 보였다(${\chi}^2=41.09$, p<.001). 4. 치과위생사가 갖추어야 할 중요한 자질은 전문적 지식이 49.1%로 가장 많았으며, 성실함과 책임감 23.2%, 친절성 22.4%, 인격과 교양 5.3% 순으로 나타났다. 40세 이상인 종사자가 성 실함과 책임감으로 인식하는 경우가 많았으며 유의미한 차이를 보였다(${\chi}^2=20.62$, p<.01) 5. 사회적 수준이 높다고 인식할수록 치과위생사의 외형적 모습이 신뢰감 또는 안정감에 영향 을 줄 수 있으며 유의미한 차이를 보였다(F=9.98, p<.001) 6. 사회적 수준이 높다고 인식하는 경우 밝은 표정을 선호하였으며(${\chi}^2=31.54$, p<.001), 사회적 수준이 낮다고 인식할수록 경우 친절성 및 성실함과 책임감이라고 인식하였으며, 유의미한 차이를 보였다(${\chi}^2=14.03$, p<.05). 이상의 연구결과를 볼 때 치과위생사의 사회적 수준과 이미지 향상을 위해서는 치과위생사에게 적합한 업무를 수행할 수 있는 실무능력향상 프로그램 마련되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.111-125
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• 2010

기존의 노동, 여성, 환경 운동의 경계를 넘어 새로운 연대의 패러다임을 구성하기 위해서는 노동운동의 이론적 토대를 형성하는 마르크스주의와 여성주의운동의 이론적 토대인 후기구조주의 간의 차이를 고찰함이 필요하다. 그러나 한국 학계에서는 이런 작업이 불충분하였다. 이에 본 논문은 마르크스주의 지리학자인 Harvey와 후기구조주의 여성주의 지리학자인 Gibson-Graham을 비교함을 통해 "차이(difference)"에 대한 이해의 이론적 차이를 밝혔다. Harvey에게 "차이"의 문제는 노동계급이라는 정체성에 동일시된 자와 동일시되지 못한 자 간의 문제이다. Harvey에게 젠더와 인종차별은 계급 권력의 특정한 형태이므로 노동계급의 보편성에 기반한 연대가 지구적 자본의 연대에 맞서는 효과적인 실천적 방법이 된다. 반면 Gibson-Graham은 계급에 특권적인 지위를 부여함으로써 젠더와 인종의 범주들을 주변화/식민화하는 이해방식에 문제를 제시한다. 헤게모니적인 자본주의 담론을 해체하고 다양한 "공동체 경제들"을 가시화하는 것이 자본주의를 극복하는 전략임을 Gibson-Graham은 강조한다. 두 학자의 "차이"에 대한 이해가 상이함에도 불구하고, 본 논문에서는 이 둘간의 차이를 극복하기 위해서는 자본주의 축적과정에 공간이 가지는 누적적이고 능동적인 역할을 이해함이 중요함을 강조하였다. 왜냐하면 공간은 자본의 이동성과 고착성, 연결성과 단절성 등의 상반된 경향들을 공존시키는 물질적 토대로 자본주의의 지역적 차이를 만들어내기 때문이다. 또한 공간은 다양한 주체들의 우연적인 서로 다른 실천들이 어떻게 자본주의로 연결되는지를 보는데 유용하기 때문이다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.511-518
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• 2019

본 연구는 연안여객선 안전관리 향상을 위해 우선적으로 개선되어야 할 요인을 도출하고, 안전관리 주체 간 인식차이를 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 안전관리 개선 요인 발굴을 위해 전문가 그룹을 구성 후 델파이 조사를 실시하여 요인을 3개의 대분류와 10개의 중분류로 계층화 하였다. 이후 요인 간 상대적 중요도를 평가하기 위해 점검자 그룹(해사안전감독관, 선박운항관리자)과 수검자 그룹(안전 관리책임자, 연안여객선사 관계자)으로 구분하여 설문조사를 실시하고 계층분석법(AHP)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 점검자 그룹에서는 대중교통수단 지정 요인이 가장 중요하게 나타났고, 수검자 그룹에서는 선원복지 지원 요인이 높게 나타났다. 계층분석법을 이용한 중요도 분석을 보완하기 위해 t-검정을 이용하여 두 그룹 간 안전관리 개선 요인에 대한 인식의 차이를 분석하였다. 그 결과 상대적 중요도 평가결과와 대부분 일치하였으나 점검 인력 증원, 점검 인력 자격기준 강화, 운항관리 출장소 추가에 있어서는 인식의 차이가 발생하였다. 이 연구결과는 향후 연안여객선 안전관리 제고를 위한 정책 등에 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.