• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.88-94
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• 2002

This study was conducted to select suitable turfarasses for use at 2002 world cup soccer fields in Korea. A 1/1000 scale Inchon worldcup soccer dome was constructed for this research. Species and seeding rates of cool-season grasses used inside and outside the dome were Kentuck bleugrass 10g/$m^2$ (KB), Kentucky bleugrass 10g/$m^2$+ perennial ryegrass 10g/$m^2$ mixture (KB+PR) and Kentucky bleugrass 6g/$m^2$+tall fescue 14g/$m^2$+ perennial ryegrass 4g/$m^2$ mixture (KB+TF+PR). Warm-season grasses also used in this study were Zoysia japonica 'Anyangjungzii' (ZA) and Zoysia japonica 'Zenith'(ZZ) which were layed as sod. So, total 5 types of grasses were used inside and outside the dome. The rootzone was constructed by the multi-layer method(United States Golf Association method). The plots were designed by randomized block design. Cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) were found to be better performers for visual rating and visual color than the zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ). There were no significant differences in turf performance within cool-season grasses, while ZA showed better turf performances than ZZ within zoysiagrasses. The green color was maintained for about 10 months in the col-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) compared to about 5~6 months in the zoysiagrasses. Root length and density data revealed higher values for KB, KB+PR and KB+TF+PR compared to ZA and ZZ. Root performance of 22 was better than ZA within zoysiagrasses which was the opposite result of turf performances. There was also no significant difference between U performance inside and outside the dome. However, the decreasing tendency of turf quality inside the dome at the end of the study showed that more proper maintenance technology was needed inside the d[me. It could be concluded by this study that cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) were more suitable turfgrasses than waits-season zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ) for use at 2002 world cup soccer fields in Korea.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2003

본 시험은 국내에 도입된 잔디형(turf type) 초종을 공시하여 이들 초종의 수량과 사료가치 등을 상호 비교하여 혼파초지를 조성하는데 활용 가능성을 검토하고자 시험을 수행하였다. 시험은 1999년 9월부터 2002년 12월까지 충남대학교 생명과학대학내 부속 초지시험포장에서 수행하였다. 공시된 잔디형 초종은 Kentucky bluegrass(Newport), red fescue(Salem), creeping bentgrass(Crenshaw), perennial ryegrass(Palmer II), tall fescue(Rebell Jr.) 및 redtop(Barricuda) 등 6초종 이었으며, 얻어진 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 3년 평균 ha당 건물수량은 tall fescue (11,439kg)와 red top(11,312kg)이 다른 초종에 비하여 높았다(P ＜0.05). 2. 조단백질 함량과 건물소화율이 높은 초종은 creeping bentgrass, perennial ryegrass 및 Kentucky blueuass 등이었으며, 상대적으로 낮은 초종은 redtop, red fescue 및 tall fescue 이었다. 3. 3년 평균 ha당 조단백질 수량(CPDM)은 Kentucky bluegrass(2,329kg)와 redtop(2,300kg)이 높았던 반면에, red fescue(1,646kg)가 가장 낮은 결과를 나타내었다(p＜0.05). 가소화건물수량(DDM)은 tall fescue(8,995kg)와 redtop(8,896kg)이 높았던 반면에, creeping bentgrass(7,152kg)와 red fascue(6,966kg)는 낮은 편이었다(p＜0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 혼파초지에 보조초종으로 기대되는 잔디형 초종은 tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass 및 redtop 이라 하겠다.

• 한국초지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초지조사료학회 2001년도 제25회 정기총회 프로그램 제39회 학술발표회 및 특별강연 초록(한국초지학회)
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• pp.104-104
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• 2001

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2017

The appropriate level of irrigation for turfgrasses is vital to the performance of the turfgrass as well as conservation of water. Linear gradient irrigation system (LGIS) facilitates long-term study of turf performance under continuous irrigation gradients at extreme ends of the irrigation scale. The objectives of this study were to: a) determine the minimum irrigation requirements and relative drought resistance in three warm season turfgrasses; and b) evaluate the medium to long-term effects of irrigation levels on turf persistence, weed invasion, and susceptibility to diseases. Results suggest that grasses differed in drought resistance and persistence under variable irrigation regimes. Irrigation (Ep) required for consistent acceptable turf quality for respective grasses was Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis (61%), Zoysia matrella L. Merr (73%), and Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Palmetto' (86%). Brown patch infection was most prevalent in Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Palmetto' at 12 and 125% Ep irrigation. Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis and Zoysia matrella L. Merr were better able to adapt to the various irrigation regimes, and this ability allowed these species to resist drought, and maintain turf coverage which in turn, kept weeds and the occurrence of diseases at bay. Ranking these grasses for their drought tolerance abilities showed that Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis had the most outstanding resistance against drought, followed by Zoysia matrella L. Merr, and lastly, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Palmetto'. Despite having the highest irrigation requirement, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Palmetto' was still not able to maintain persistence at high irrigation regimes. Likewise, this grass also lost turf coverage at low irrigation levels.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권5호통권112호
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• pp.83-93
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• 2005

Research was initiated to investigate turf performance under USGA soil system. USGA system 45 centimeters deep was built with rootzone layer, intermediate layer, and drainage layer. Six turfgrass entries were comprised of 3 blends and 3 mixtures from cool-season grasses (CSG). Turfgrass color and quality ratings were best in spring and fall, especially early May to early July and late August to early November. Kentucky bluegrass (KB) consistently produced the greatest performance, while perennial ryegrass (PR) the poorest. Intermediate turf performance between KB and PR was observed with tall fescue (TF). Among CSG mixtures it increased with KB but decreased with PR. There were considerable variations in summer turf Performance. No summer drought injury was found in KB and TF. However, PR showed poor performance through summer as compared with others. Among mixtures, it decreased with PR. It was suggested that PR mix in less than $20\%$ in the mixtures to have an acceptable quality in summer. Cultural intensity also affected it. With lowering mowing height, KB of rhizomatous-type in growth habit kept good quality, while PR and TF with bunch-type in growth habit poor quality. Mowing quality was greatly different among CSG. KB produced clean-cut surface, but PR unclean one. If had an intermediate mowing quality between KB and PR. A great difference in green color retention was observed among CSG. The longest CSG was PR that kept green for 339 days, while the shortest one TF for 267 days. KB continued to keep green for 290 days. The mixtures kept green in color for 292 to 315 days, depending on turfgrass mixing intensity. The greater the PR in content, the longer the green color duration. These results demonstrate that KB was the best and PR the worst among CSG grown in USGA system under a domestic climate, in regards of turf quality, color, mowing quality, summer turf performance and green color duration. KB and TF are most adequate for high-maintenance and low-maintenance area, respectively. In case of mixtures for high-quality turf, it was desirable to use KB-based mixture with PR of below $20\%$ in seeding rate.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2004

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of roof membrane on light environment that influence on turfgrass growth under domed stadium. Roof structure on experimental plot was constructed with PTFE and PE same as Busan Asiad Main Stadium. Tested turfgrass species were combinations of cool-season grasses(Kentucky Bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, $KBG80+PR20\%,\;KBG33+PR33+Fine fescue33\%)$ and warm-season grasses(zoysiagrass, 'An-yang middle-leaf, 'Zenith', Bermudagrass) established with seeding or sodding. The experimental set-up and research work were initiated November 1999 and finished on August 2000 at near Busan Asiad Main Stadium. By the result of computer simulation of daylight radiant energies on the turf surface were lower than needs of normal sport turf growth. The shortage of radiant resulted pest infection on cool-season grass mixture compared with warm-season. But turf color and density showed the best results on Kentucky bluegrass or its mixture plot. Over all the results showed that the best quality of turfgrass growth was occurred on full sun area, and the next was under PTFE membrane. The application of artificial lighting system may increase the turfgrass growth under domed stadium(partially) covered with roof membrane.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2013

Winter turfgrass injury is one of the critical problems of many golf courses in Korea. Turfgrass loss from freezing injury due to low temperature leads to many types of damages including weed invasion, increased herbicide cost, increased soil erosion, and expensive re-establishment. Although Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) which is the most widely used among cool-season grasses in Korea is well known as cold tolerance species, freezing injuries to Kentucky bluegrass during winter are often found. Protecting the turfgrass crown is necessary to recover from low temperature stress in winter because shoots and roots can be recovered from the crown. Turf covers may protect the crowns from direct low temperatures and desiccation. Six different turf covers were installed to cover Kentucky bluegrass during a period of low temperatures. Turf covers had positive effects for spring green-up of Kentucky bluegrass based on the study. Applying any type of turf covers on Kentucky bluegrass resulted in an increase average and minimum temperature compared to the uncovered plot. Among turf covers, clear PVC film without holes produced the longest root length and the highest turfgrass quality.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2005

Paenibacillus elgii SD17 (KCTC $10016BP^T$=NBRC $100335^T$) was recently reported as a new species. Based on its inhibitory activity to Thanatephorus cucumeris AG1-1, strain SD17 was further evaluated for its potential as a biocontrol agent against soil-borne diseases of turf grasses in Korea. P. elgii SD17 showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in vitro test and suppressed development of turf grass diseases; Pythium blight caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and brown patch caused by T. cucumeris AG1-1 on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) in the growth chamber tests. Under a condition for massive culture in a 5,000 L fermenter, P. elgii SD17 reached $6.4{\times}10^8$ spores/ml that resulted in approximately $1.0{\times}10^7$ cfu/g when formulated into a granule formulation (GR) using the whole culture broth instead of water. Using the GR formulation, biocontrol activity of P. elgii SD17 was confirmed. In the growth chamber tests, the GR formulation was effective against brown patch and Pythium blight with similar level of disease severity compared to each of the standard fungicides at the application rates of 10 g/$m^2$ or above. In the field tests, compared to each untreated control, the GR formulation also effectively controlled Pythium blight, brown patch and large patch at all the application rates of 5, 10 and 20 g/$m^2$, respectively, without significant response by the application rates. However its performance was inferior to each of the standard chemical fungicides. Based on these results, we consider this GR formulation of P. elgii SD17 as an effective biocontol agent to suppress Pythium blight, brown patch and large patch of turf grasses in Korea.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2015

The use of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) in the transition zone is limited because of a lack of cold hardiness although zoysiagrass has many advantages compared to other warm-season and cool-season grasses. Late-fall N fertilization is often applied for darker green color of turfgrass in early spring and more extensive root growth without rapid top growth. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of late fall N application and turf cover for zoysiagrass spring green-up. Clear polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film was used for turf cover. The amount of N applied were 5 and $10g\;N\;m^{-2}$ for the low and high N rate treatments, respectively. Covered zoysiagrass had greater turfgrass color and quality in early spring than non-covered zoysiagrass. The high N rate had 0.6 to 2.3 greater turfgrass quality than the low N rate on 7 of 9 rating dates. Slow-release N as late fall fertilization is more effective for turfgrass color and quality than fast-release N in spring. Turf cover could reduce the period of yellow zoysiagrass, and the earlier time of spring green-up could be advanced by increasing turfgrass quality and growth of zoysiagrass.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2005

모래 $100\%$로 조성된 USGA 지반에서 한지형 초종간 비교 실험한 결과 잔디 품질은 초종에 따라 크게 차이가 나타났으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 연중 한지형 잔디의 품질은 계절적으로 봄과 가을이 양호하였는데, 특히 5월 초순$\sim$7월 초순과 8월 하순$\sim$11월 초순 사이의 기간이 가장 좋았다. 2. 잔디품질이 가장 우수한 초종은 켄터키블루그래스였고 가장 불량한 초종은 퍼레니얼라이그래스였다. 톨훼스큐의 품질은 켄터키블루그래스와 퍼레니얼라이그래스의 중간정도로 나타났다. 혼합구의 잔디품질은 켄터키블루그래스가 많이 혼합될수록 양호하였고, 반대로 퍼레니얼라이그래스가 많을 수록 불량하였다. 3. 여름 고온기의 잔디 적응력은 초종에 따라 상당히 다르게 나타났다. 켄터키블루그래스와 톨훼스큐는 하고 현상으로 인한 피해가 나타나지 않았지만, 내서성 및 내건성이 약한 퍼레니얼라이그래스로 조성된 잔디는 여름 내내 잔디상태가 불량하였다. 켄터키블루그래스, 퍼레니얼라이그래스 및 톨훼스큐를 혼합하여 식재한 혼합구의 경우 퍼레니얼라이그래스가 많을수록 하고 현상 피해가 크게 나타나 잔디상태가 불량하였다. 4. USGA 모래 지반에서 자란 한지형 잔디의 품질은 국내기후 조건에서 켄터키블루그래스가 가장 양호하였으며, 퍼레니얼라이그래스는 한지형 잔디 중 가장 불량하였다. 5. 고품질이 요구되는 지역에는 연중 품질이 우수하고, 여름 고온기에도 잔디 적응력이 우수한 켄터키블루그래스가 가장 적합하였고, 이보다 품질은 다소 떨어지지만 여름에 하고 현상 피해가 없는 톨훼스큐는 저관리 잔디 지역에 적합한 것으로 사료되었다. 그리고 혼합구 사용 시 하고 현상 피해를 최소화하려면 켄터키블루그래스 위주로 하면서 퍼레니얼라이그래스 혼합율은 $20\%$ 이내로 유지 하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단되었다.