• 제목/요약/키워드: Turf grass

검색결과 101건 처리시간 0.03초

제초제저항성 들잔디(Zoysia japonica Steud.) 이벤트 Jeju Green21의 환경위해성평가 (Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified Herbicide-Tolerant zoysiagrass (Event: Jeju Green21))

  • 배태웅;강홍규;송인자;선현진;고석민;송필순;이효연
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
    • /
    • 제38권2호
    • /
    • pp.105-116
    • /
    • 2011
  • Transgenic zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) expressing the bar gene inserted in the plant genome has been generated previously through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The GM zoysiagrass (event: JG21) permits efficient management of weed control of widely cultivated zoysiagrass fields, reducing the frequency and cost of using various herbicides for weed control. Now we have carried out the environmental risk assessment of JG21 prior to applying to the governmental regulatory agency for the commercial release of the GM turf grass outside of test plots. The morphological phenotypes, molecular analysis, weediness and gene flow from each test plot of JG21 and wild-type zoysiagrasses have been evaluated by selectively analyzing environmental effects. There were no marked differences in morphological phenotypes between JG21 and wild-type grasses. The JG21 retained its stable integration in the host plant in T1 generation, exhibiting a 3:1 segregation ratio according to the Mendelian genetics. We confirmed the copy number (1) of JG21 by using Southern blot analysis, as the transgenic plants were tolerant to ammonium glufosinate throughout the culture period. From cross-fertilization and gene flow studies, we found a 9% cross-pollination rate at the center of JG21 field and 0% at distances over 3 m from the field. The JG21 and wild-type zoysiagrass plants are not considered "weed" because zoysiagrasses generally are not dominant and do not spread into weedy areas easily. We assessed the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of the transgene DNA to soil microorganisms from JG21 and wild-type plants. The bar gene was not detected from the total genomic DNA extracted from each rhizosphere soil of GM and non-GM Zoysia grass fields. Through the monitoring of JG21 transgene's unintentional release into the environment, we found no evidence for either pollen mediated gene flow of zoysiagrass or seed dispersal from the test field within a 3 km radius of the natural habitat.

예초관리에 따른 Kentucky bluegrass의 품종간의 생육과 Thatch 축적 I. 예초잔여물의 제거 하에서의 품종간의 차이 (The Growth and Thatch Accumulation of Kentucky Bluegrasses as Affected by Cutting Management. Varietal Differences under Removing Clipping Residues)

  • 윤용범;이주삼
    • 아시안잔디학회지
    • /
    • 제6권1호
    • /
    • pp.29-37
    • /
    • 1992
  • This experiment was carried out in order to study the changes of morphological characters of the growth and thatch accumulation in :3 varieties of Kentucky bluegrass under removing clipping residues as affected by cutting management. The varieties used were Park, Kenhiuc and Newport.The results obtained are as follows; 1. The dry weight of leaf. stem and number of tiller was highest at 22. June and lowest at 21. Aug in alt varieties. And then the dry weight of rhizome, root and thatch increased with growth progressed) Tabte 3). 2. The relationship of the dry weight of biological yield and number of tillers was quadratic ally increased in the growth stage of spring($R^2$= 0.982**), and linearlly increased in the growth stage of autumn(r 0.944*)(Fig. 1). :3. The dry weight of thatch increased as an exponentially equation in alt :3 varieties of Kentucky blue-grass(Fig. 2). Thatch increased rate(TIR) can used to estimate the specifying a quantity of thatch accumulation from the turf. Thatch increase rate equation as follows. where TH$_2$ is the dry weightof thatch at T$_2$ survey time and TH$_1$ is the dry weight of thatch at $TH_1$ is the dry weight of thatch at $T_1$ survey time. $TIR(mg/cm^2/day)=\frac{Ln\;TH_2 - Ln\; TH_1}{T_2 - T_1}$ 4. Correlation coefficients between the dry weight of thatch and leaf weight was -0.633(P>0.05), and number of tiller of tillers was -0.666(P>0.5), respectively. It means that thatch accumu-lation increased with growth depression of leaf and stem.

  • PDF

SCB저농도액비의 기능성향상을 위한 섬유소 분해 미생물균주탐색 (Screening of Cellulose Decomposing Microorganisms for Functional Improvement for SCB (Slurry Composting and Biofiltering) Liquid Fertilizer)

  • 임혜정;김영선;함선규
    • 아시안잔디학회지
    • /
    • 제25권1호
    • /
    • pp.48-51
    • /
    • 2011
  • 본 연구는 SCB저농도액비의 기능성향상을 위한 섬유소분해 미생물균주를 탐색하고 선발하기 위해 수행되었다. 예초물 퇴비에서 섬유소분해 미생물균주는 배양 및 형태적 특성에 따라 5개의 균주를 선발하였다. 선발된 섬유소 분해 미생물균주의 배지에 따른 균생장은 TSB배지에서 배양할 때 균의 생장속도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 섬유소분해 미생물균주를 SCB저농도액비에 접종한 결과, 접종 후 18시간에는 균생장이 거의 이루어지지 않다가 24시간이 지나면서 급격히 증가하여 36시간 후에 균생장이 최고조를 이룬 뒤 48시간 이후에는 사멸기가 시작되는 것으로 조사되었다. NB배지에서 보다 TSB배지에서 CDMs의 생장속도가 빠른 것으로 조사되었다. 주요 잔디병원균에 대한 항균력을 검정한 결과 Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2(IV)와 Pythium spp.에서 CDMs을 첨가한 SCB 저농도액비는 각각 14.1, 11.0, 26.8% 균사생장이 억제되었다. 통계적인 유의차는 없었으나, 잔디 퇴비에서 선발된 CDMs을 배양한 SCB저농도액비를 지속적으로 코스관리에 이용한다면 일부 잔디병원균에 효능이 있을 것으로 기대된다.

포장재료의 심리적 특성 분석 (Psychological Character Analysis of Pavement Materials)

  • 김대현
    • 한국조경학회지
    • /
    • 제32권5호
    • /
    • pp.43-51
    • /
    • 2004
  • Recently, the importance of choosing correct pavement materials has been increasing in urban spaces and streets. Much research regarding the pavement theory and construction method have been conducted, but analysis in terms of human psychological character has not yet been performed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the psychological characters to 12 pavement materials, that are commonly used in our urban spaces and streets. The results of the psychological character for each pavement material can be summarized as follows: 1. The psychological characters to each pavement material were as follows: ① Clay embodies a natural, traditional, soft and intimate psychological character; ② Pebble stone has a natural, hard, cool and intimate psychological character; ③ Turf grass incorporates an intimate and soft psychological character; ④ Ceramic brick has an artificial and hard psychological character; ⑤ Tile pavement has a modern, artificial, hard and cool psychological character; ⑥ Water permeable concrete has a modern and artificial psychological character; ⑦ Flag stone has a natural psychological character; ⑧ Granite has a modern and artificial psychological character; ⑨ Portland concrete has an artificial and hard psychological character; ⑩ Small compacted brick has an artificial, dynamic and modern psychological character; ⑪ Wood block pavement has a natural and traditional psychological character; ⑫ Asphalt concrete pavement has a modern, hard and artificial character. 2. On the results of the cluster analysis regarding psychological indexes for 12 pavement materials, pavement materials were categorized in 3 clusters. Among them, one cluster was mainly used as the most popular pavement material in our urban spaces and streets. From this point of view, psychological character for pavement material in our urban spaces and streets was not as various as we expected. 3. In conclusion, the proper selection of pavement materials was very important and the factors affecting the human psychological character should be considered in the design of urban spaces and streets.

몇가지 낙엽에서의 궐련벌레, Lasioderma serricorne F.(Coleoptera : Anobiidae), 생태적 특성에 관한 연구 (Ecological characteristics of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne F., on several leaf litters)

  • 오명희
    • 한국연초학회지
    • /
    • 제22권1호
    • /
    • pp.51-57
    • /
    • 2000
  • The feeding preference of cigarette beetles, Lasioderma serricorne F., was tested using various leaf litters. The number of the trapped L. serricome was 45.25$\pm$10.44 at flue-cured leaf tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., 23.50$\pm$6.0 at chinese juniper, Juniperus chinensis L., 1l.75$\pm$4.99 at oak, Qqercus acutissiuma C., and 1l.50$\pm$2.52 at rice-straw, (Oryza. sativa L.). The response of oviposition was 93.20$\pm$26.22 at flue-cured leaf tobacco, 53.60$\pm$11.82 at chinese juniper, 48.20$\pm$20.90 at oriental arborvitae, Thuja orientalis L., 31.80$\pm$18.10 at cherry-tree, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea M., and 29.40$\pm$13.7 at rice-straw. However, the oviposition was respectively low at gingko, Ginkgo biloba L.,(5.40$\pm$2.97), turf grass, Zoysia japonica S., (5.20$\pm$13.7), and oak (3.00$\pm$l.41). The augmentation was maximum at chinese juniper (27.33$\pm$19.44 of emerged adults) followed by Magnolia obovata (8.50$\pm$9.33). Fifty percent of the tested species leaf litters including cherry-tree did not show any augmentation. The adult activities after hibernation were primarily found in May and June at Kwangju and Suwon, and in April at Chungju. The field activity of L. serricome at Suwon was mostly lower than that at other places, except in August at Chungju. The first appearance of L. serricome was observed earlier at Chungju and Kwangju than at Suwon, and the frequency of insect appearance was high in July, August, and September. L. serricome could hibernate by feeding on many kinds of plant leaf litters and it's population could be maintained in the open field in Korea.

  • PDF

식물뿌리에 의한 인발력 증가에 관한 연구 (A Study of Pull-out strength increasement by root of grasses)

  • 김태균;채수권;전승훈;정재철
    • 한국습지학회지
    • /
    • 제14권2호
    • /
    • pp.199-210
    • /
    • 2012
  • 본 연구에서는 매트형 식생호안공법에 이용되는 물억새, 사초, 갈대의 성장기간의 경과에 따른 인발력 증가에 대하여 실험하고, 뿌리의 무게와 인발력의 관계를 도출하기 위한 현장 실험을 시행하였다. 흙의 전단력은 임의단면에서의 뿌리 단면적과 인발력의 함수로 나타낼 수 있으므로 인발력 측정은 흙의 전단력 측정을 위한 기초자료로 이용될 수 있다. 현장실험결과 3가지 초종 모두 시간의 경과에 따라 뿌리 무게가 증가하고, 그에 따른 인발력도 증가하였으나, 초종별 특성에는 차이를 보이며, 이는 물억새, 사초의 성장, 번식특성과 갈대의 성장, 번식이 다르기 때문으로 판단된다. 갈대는 두 식물에 비하여 지하경에 의한 번식이 활발하며, 번식을 위하여 지하경이 증가하고, 그에 따라 뿌리 무게, 인발력이 비례하여 증가한다.

Biodiversity, Spore Density and Root Colonization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi at Expressway Cut-slopes in Korea

  • Lee, Kyung Joon;Lee, Kyu Hwa;Tamolang-Castillo, Evangeline;Budi, Sri Wilarso
    • 한국산림과학회지
    • /
    • 제98권5호
    • /
    • pp.539-547
    • /
    • 2009
  • This study was conducted to investigate the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biodiversity, spore density and root colonization in relation to site ages at expressway cut-slopes in Korea. Stabilization of exposed surface involved soil amendments and spraying seed mixture of turf grasses and/or nitrogen-fixing shrub species. Eighteen sites were selected with varying ages (2 to 16 years). Soil samples collected in October from each site were analyzed for fungal diversity and spore counts. Fine root samples from the plants were assayed for fungal colonization. Of the total 37 plants inspected in the sites, 26 species had endomycorrhizal colonization with an average root colonization rate of 18%, and with a range from 1 to 67%. The average endomycorrhizal colonization rate of initially introduced Festuca arundinacea which became the most dominant grass in later stage showed 22.8%, while that of Lespedeza bicolor which became the most dominant woody species were 21.6%. Naturally-invading Robinia pseudoacacia showed higher colonization rate in the old sites. Although site age did not show significant effects on fungal diversity, the root colonization rates of initially introduced plants decreased with the site aging, while those of invading plants increased with aging of the sites. The soil chemical properties, pH, N, and P contents, were negatively correlated with spore density, root colonization and endomycorrhizal species diversity. A total of forty arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species in seven genera were identified. Of the 40 species, Acaulospora lacunosa, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus constrictum, Scutellospora erythropa, and Acaulospora spinosa were the five most dominant species in the decreasing order.

난지형 잔디의 건조 스트레스를 측정하기 위한 센서 기술 연구 (Sensor-based Technology for Assessing Drought Stress in Two Warm-Season Turfgrasses)

  • 이준희;;;허재호
    • 아시안잔디학회지
    • /
    • 제20권2호
    • /
    • pp.213-221
    • /
    • 2006
  • 본 연구는 토양 수분함량을 즉시 파악할 수 있는 Time Domain Radiometer(TDR)과 식물의 광합성 시 잎에서 반사되는 Reflectance를 통하여 식물의 상태를 파악할 수 있는 Multi-spectral radiometer(MSR)를 사용하여 난지형 잔디인 'Sea Isle 1' Seashore paspalum 과 'Floratam' St. Augustinegrass를 대상으로 토양수분함량과 Reflectance와의 상관관계를 파악하고자 시작하였다. 본 연구를 통해 토양 수분함량이 660, 694 wavelengths와 NDVI, LAI, stress index에서 높은 상관관계를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 Sensor-based technology가 잔디의 수분요구 시점을 미리 파악할 수 있는 기술의 기초 자료로서 활용될 수 있으며 여러 다른 Sensor-based technology를 이용한 연구로 확대될 수 있을 것이다.

새만금유역 수질오염저감을 위한 잔디초생대 적용 (Application of Turf grass VFS for Water Pollution Degradation in Saemangeum Watershed)

  • 이슬기;장정렬;최경숙
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
    • /
    • pp.647-647
    • /
    • 2015
  • 본 연구는 새만금 유역에 잔디초생대 적용 시 수질오염 저감효과와 적용비용을 산출해 보았다 또한 초생대 본래의 기능 외에 잔디의 활용성에 대해서도 평가해 보았다. 새만금유역 내 익산시 밭경지에 세로 22m${\times}$폭 5m 규모로 대조구 1개소, 처리구 2개소를 각각 조성하여, 처리구 말단에 세로 2m${\times}$폭 5m 규모의 잔디 초생대를 조성하여 실험을 수행하였다. 시험포의 경사는 8%이며, 토성은 양토로서 토양배수등급이 양호한 것으로 조사되었다. 연구기간동안 모니터링 실시한 강우에 대해 각 시험구별로 측정된 유출과의 관계를 분석한 결과 초생대 처리구의 대조구 대비 유출저감 효과는 14.1~64.0%로 나타났으며, 비점오염저감효과는 SS 9.8~73.9%, T-N 24.0~84.2%, T-P 31.6~80.9%으로 나타났다. 잔디초생대 적용시 소요되는 총비용의 산정은 초생대 조성을 위한 잔디구입비 및 관리비용, 초생대 조성 면적만큼의 작물재배 포기로 인한 손해비용 등을 고려하여 산출하였다. 그 결과 초생대 조성을 위한 잔디구입 및 조성비용과 유지관리비용은 1,730천원/ha로 소요되는 것으로 산정되었으며,, 초생대 구역의 작물 재배포기로 감수해야 할 손해비용은 1,649천원/ha로 산정되어 잔디초생대 적용을 위한 총비용은 3,379천원/ha/year로 산정되었다. 또한 차년에는 조성비용은 제외할 수 있으므로 유지관리비용 및 손해비용만을 고려한 1,899천원/ha/year이 소요되는 것으로 산정되었다. 잔디의 활용성 평가는 초생대가 완전 피복된 후 잔디를 일정부분 떼어 내어 판매할 경우를 고려하여 파악해 보았다. 그 결과 초생대 40% 규모의 잔디를 떼어내 판매할 경우에 발생할 수 있는 수익은 1,260천원/ha/year으로 추정되었으며, 떼어낸 부위의 잔디 재활착은 정상적으로 진행됨을 파악하였다. 따라서 잔디초생대는 새만금유역의 수질오염 저감효과 뿐만 아니라 잔디판매를 통한 농민 소득증대에 기여할 수 있으므로 초생대의 현장 적용성은 매우 높을 것으로 기대된다.

  • PDF

질소시용, 예초 및 재식밀도가 한국잔디(Zoysia Japonica Steud)의 생육에 미치는 영향 (Studies on the growth of Korea Lawn Grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)in Reponse to Nitrogen Application, Clipping Treatment and Plant Density)

  • 심재성
    • 자연과학논문집
    • /
    • 제1권
    • /
    • pp.61-113
    • /
    • 1987
  • The increasing emphasis placed on the production of fine turf for lawns, golf courses, parks, and other recreational sites has led to many unsolved problems as to how such turf could be best established and mainteined. For this purpose, a series of experiments were conducted under con ditions of pot and field. The results obtained were as follows EXPERIMENT I. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and clipping interval on Zoysia japonica. 1. Increasing the rate of nitrogen and frequent clipping increased tiller number of Zoysis japonica and the maximum number of tillers were obtained from 700 kg N application and freqnent clippings (10 days interval ) in October. Treatment of 350kg N with 10 days clipping interval increased tillers much more than those of 700 kgN with 20 and 30 days clipping intervals. 2. The average number of green leaves occurred during the growth period maximized by applying 700 kg N and clipping 10 days interval. 3. Increasing tiller numbers significantly decreased tops DM weight per tiller by clipping plants at interval of 10 and 20 days, irrespective of nitrogen applied, and with nil N, at the interval of 30 days. By applying 700 kg N, however, top DM weight per tiller increased as the number of tillers increased consistently. 4. The highest top DM weight was achieved from late August to early September by applying 350 and 700kgN. 5. During the growth period, differences in unders ( stolon + root ) DM weight occurred bynitrogen application were found between nil N and two applied nitrogen levels, whereas, at the same level of nitrogen applied, the increase in stolon DM weight enhanced by lengthening the clipping interval to 30 days. 6. Nitrogen efficiency to green leaves, stolon nodes and DM weight of root with high nitrogen was achieved as clipping interval was shortened. 7. By increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate applied, N content n the leaves and stems of Zoysiajaponica was increased. On the other hand, N content in root and stolon had little effect onfertilizer nitrogen, resulting in the lowest content among plant fractions. The largest content of N was recorded in leaves. Lengthening the clipping interval from 10 or 20 to 30 days tends to decrease the N content in the leaves and stems, whereas this trend did not appeared in stolon androot. 8. A positive correlations between N and K contents in tops and stolon were established andthus K content increased as N content in tops and stolon increased. Meanwhile, P content was not affected by N and clipping treatments. 9. Total soluble carbohydrate content in Zoysia japonica was largest in stolon and stem, and was reduced by increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate. Reduction in total soluble carbohydrate due to increased nitrogen rate was severer in the stolons and stems than in the leaves. 10. Increasing the rate of nitrogen applied increased the number of small and large vascular bundles in leaf blade, but shortened distance among the large vascular bundles. Shortening the clipping interval resulted in increase of the number of large vascular bundles but decrease ofdistance between large vascular bundles.EXPERIMENT II. Growth response of Zoysia japonica imposed by different plant densities. 1. Tiller numbers per unit area increased as plant density heightened. Differences in num ber between densities at higher densities than 120 D were of no significance. 2. Tiller numbers per clone attained by 110 days after transplanting were 126 at 40D,77 at 80D, 67 at 120D, 54 at 160D, and 41 at 200D. A decreasing trend of tiller numbers per clone with increasing density was noticable from 100 days after transplanting onwards. 3. During the growth period, the greatest number of green leaves per unit area were attainedin 90days after transplanting at 160D and 200D, and 100 days after transplanting at 40D, 80Dand 120D. Thus the period to reach the maximum green leaf number with the high plantdensity was likely to be earlier that with the low plant density. 4. Stolon growth up to 80 days after transplaning was relatively slow, but from 80 daysonwards, the growth quickened to range from 1.9 m/clone at 40D to 0.6m/clone at 200Din 200 days after transplanting, these followed by the stolon node produced. 5. Plant density did not affect stolon weight/clone and root weight/clone until 80 daysafter transplanting. 6. DM weight of root was heavier in the early period of growth than that of stolon, butthis trend was reversed in the late period of growth : DM weight of stolon was much higherthan that of root.EXPERIMENT Ill. Vegetative growth of Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella as affected by nitrogen and clipping height. 1. When no nitrogen was applied to Zoysia japonica, leaf blade which appeared during theAugust-early September period remained green for a perid of about 10 weeks and even leavesemerged in rate September lived for 42 days. However, leaf longevity did not exceed 8 weeks asnitrogen was applied. In contrast the leaf longevity of Zoysia matrella which emerged during the mid August-earlySeptember period was 11 weeks and, under the nitrogen applied, 9 weeks, indicating that thelife-spen of individual leaf of Zoysia matrella may be longer than that of Zoysia japorica. Clipping height had no effect on the leaf longevity in both grasses. 2. During the July-August period, tiller number, green leaf number and DM weightof Zoysia japonica were increased significantly with fertilizer nitrogen, but were not with twolevel of clipping height. This trend was reversed after late September ; no effect of nitrogen wasappeared. Instead, lax clipping increased tiller number, green leaf number and DM weight. Greenleaves stimulated by lax clipping resulted in the occurrance of more dead leaves in late October. 3. Among the stolons outgrown until early September, the primary stolon was not influencedby nitrogen and clipping treatments to produce only 2-3 stolons. However, 1st branch stoIon asaffected by nitrogen increased significantly, so most of stolons which occurred consisted of 1st branch stolons. 4. Until early September, stolon length obtained at nil nitrogen level was chiefly caused bythe primary stolons. By applying nitrogen, the primary stolons of Zoysia japonica waslonger than 1st branch stolons when severe clipping was involved and in turn, shorter than 1stbranch stolons when lax clipping was concerned. In Zoysia matrella, 1st branch stolons were muchlonger than the primary stolon when turf was clipped severely but in conditions of lax clippingthere was little difference in length between primary and 1st branch stolons. 5. Stolon nodes of both Zoysia japonica and Z. matrella were positively influenced by nit rogen, but no particular increase by imposing clipping height treatment was marked in Zoysiamatrella. Although the stolon of Zoysia japonica grew until late October, the growthstimulated by nitrogen was not so remarkable as to exceed that by nil N.

  • PDF