• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.157-175
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• 2008

A brief review of the research works on ground vibrations caused by trains moving in underground tunnels is first given. Then, the finite/infinite element approach for simulating the soil-tunnel interaction system with semi-infinite domain is summarized. The tunnel is assumed to be embedded in a homogeneous half-space or stratified soil medium. The train moving underground is modeled as an infinite harmonic line load. Factors considered in the parametric studies include the soil stratum depth, damping ratio and shear modulus of the soil with or without tunnel, and the thickness of the tunnel lining. As far as ground vibration is concerned, the existence of a concrete tunnel may somewhat compensate for the loss due to excavation of the tunnel. For a soil stratum resting on a bedrock, the resonance peak and frequency of the ground vibrations caused by the underground load can be rather accurately predicted by ignoring the existence of the tunnel. Other important findings drawn from the parametric studies are given in the conclusion.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.341-353
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• 2018

A reinforced concrete pedestrian tunnel is constructed under a four-track surface railway. Heavy rainfall and soil exposure to drying lead to soil with different water content throughout the year. A railway is an open utility that is subject to rainfall without control on the quantity of the water on it and when there is a tunnel under a railway, the water content of the soil around the tunnel is very influential. This research shows the effects of change of water content in the soil around a pedestrian tunnel under a four-track surface railway. The pedestrian tunnel and the soil block around the tunnel are modeled in 3D by the FEM and are studied under the vibrations induced by the moving trains on the four-track surface railway for different soil water contents and the effects of the soil water content on the dynamic behavior of the tunnel and the surrounding soil are demonstrated.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.421-438
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• 2016

Explosions inside transportation tunnels might result in failure of tunnel structures. This study investigated the failure mechanisms of circular cast-iron tunnels in saturated soil subjected to medium internal blast loading. This issue is crucial to tunnel safety as many transportation tunnels run through saturated soils. At the same time blast loading on saturated soils may induce residual excess pore pressure, which may result in soil liquefaction. A series of numerical simulations were carried out using Finite Element program LS-DYNA. The effect of soil liquefaction was simulated by the Federal Highway soil model. It was found that the failure modes of tunnel lining were differed with different levels of blast loading. The damage and failure of the tunnel lining was progressive in nature and they occurred mainly during lining vibration when the main event of blast loading was over. Soil liquefaction may lead to more severe failure of tunnel lining. Soil deformation and soil liquefaction were determined by the coupling effects of lining damage, lining vibration, and blast loading. The damage of tunnel lining was a result of internal blast loading as well as dynamic interaction between tunnel lining and saturated soil, and stress concentration induced by a ventilation shaft connected to the tunnel might result in more severe lining damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.20 no.1 s.69
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• pp.101-106
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• 2005

When a underground structure is constructed at the site composed of soft soil, the behavior of a underground structure Is much affected by the motion of soft soil. Therefore, the effect of soil-structure interaction is an important consideration in the design of a underground structure such as tunnel at the site composed of soft soil. This paper presents the results of the study on dynamic response of tunnel structures and soil-structure interaction effects. The computer program SASSI was used in seismic analysis of tunnel structures because it is more capable of analyzing dynamic response or structures considering soil-structure interaction. As regards the results, the flexibility of surrounding soil affects dynamic response characteristics of tunnel structures and response of tunnel structures can be amplified.

• 한국터널공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.77-86
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• 2005

In urban areas, new tunnel construction work is often taking place adjacent to existing piled foundations. In this case, careful assessment for the pile-soil-tunnel interaction is required. However, research on this topic has not been much reported, and currently only limited information is available. In this study, the complex pile-soil-tunnel interaction is investigated using the upper and lower bound methods based on kinematically possible failure mechanism and statically admissible stress field respectively. It is believed that the limit theorem is useful in understanding the complicated interaction behaviour mechanism and applicable to the pile-soil-tunnel interaction problem. The results are compared with numerical analysis. The material deformation patterns and strain data from the FE output are shown to compare well with the equivalent physical model tests. Admissible stress fields and the failure mechanisms are presented and used to develop upper and lower bound solutions to assess minimum support pressures within the tunnel.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 1986

An experiment was conducted to know the effects of planting dates (March 5, 15, and 25 and April 4) and transparent polyethylene (P.E.) film treatments(tunnel, tunnel slit, and mulch) on air and soil temperatures and growth and yield of a sweet corn variety, Great Bell. Maximum air and soil temperatures and minimum air and soil temperatures were greater at tunnel>tunnel slit>mulch in that order. Differences in maximum air and soil temperatures among the P.E. film treatments were much greater than those in minimum air and soil temperatures. However, when film was opened due to high air temperature over 40$^{\circ}C$ in the tunnel, air temperature was similar but soil temperature was lower com-pared to mulch. High temperature stress could be avoided in tunnel slit without opening film by increase in the number of slits. Cold damage of corn seedlings was avoided by tunnel and reduced by tunnel slit, and frost-damaged seedlings under the mulch were recovered in few days. The number of days from planting to silking was reduced as planting date delayed. At early plantings, tunnel enhanced early growth and silking, but it delayed at late plantings because tunnel was opened during the most of day time due to high temperature. Black streaked dwarf virus(BSDV) disease was more severe at early plantings and it was reduced in tunnel slit at late plantings because plants were grown under the film at the time of infection. The number of marketable ears was similar among all treatments except mulch at March 5 planting where BSDV was severely infected. Gross income was high in tunnel and tunnel slit at March 25 planting which had more larger marketbale ears and tunnel and tunnel slit at March 5 planting which had higher market price.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 2000

For the construction of NATM tunnel, it is required a design based on the accurate soil condition from soil investigation. However, in practice, it often designs tunnels without fully understanding the condition. Especially, when soft soil comes up, or ground water breaks out suddenly on the construction, it needs to secure the stability of tunnel by appropriate reinforcing construction according to the results of measurements on field superlatively reflecting the faced situation. This report reviews the mostsuitable stability of tunnel in the construction of soft soil of tunnel by numerical analysis using FDM after re-evaluated the soil properties through back analysis using the results of measurements to simulate abruptly occurred deformation. And applying steel pipe grouting row by row on the wall and the low part of tunnel and also applying the construction method of temporary invert after excavation of the upper part of tunnel, the excavation of soft soil tunnel secured the structural stability of tunnel has been completed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.845-862
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• 2009

Recently, Tunnel in soil has been designed frequently because Mountain Tunnel has been increased rapidly due to straight of horizontal curve and residents' complaints, tunnel portal has been planned at closed to surface for minimization of environmental damage. To excavate tunnel in soil, where displacement and crushing occur in tunnel face and crown because of unstable ground condition, appropriate reinforcement method needed. On this paper, through design and construction of the soil tunnel, consider application of reinforcement method, economical efficiency and stability.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.479-489
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• 2018

In this paper, a comparative study of the effects of soil modelling on the interaction between tunnelling in soft soil and adjacent piled structure is presented. Several three-dimensional finite element analyses are performed to study the deformation of pile caps and piles as well as tunnel internal forces during the construction of an underground tunnel. The soil is modelled by two material models: the simple, yet approximate Mohr Coulomb (MC) yield criterion; and the complex, but reasonable hardening soil (HS) model with hyperbolic relation between stress and strain. For the former model, two different values of the soil stiffness modulus ($E_{50}$ or $E_{ur}$) as well as two profiles of stiffness variation with depth (constant and linearly increasing) were used in attempts to improve its prediction. As these four attempts did not succeed, a hybrid representation in which the hardening soil is used for soil located at the highly-strained zones while the Mohr Coulomb model is utilized elsewhere was investigated. This hybrid representation, which is a compromise between rigorous and simple solutions yielded results that compare well with those of the hardening soil model. The compared results include pile cap movements, pile deformation, and tunnel internal forces. Problem symmetry is utilized and, therefore, one symmetric half of the soil medium, the tunnel boring machine, the face pressure, the final tunnel lining, the pile caps, and the piles are modelled in several construction phases.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.120-127
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• 2001

Long term earthquake observations at different tunnel sites within a variety of alluvial soil deposits have demonstrated that a circular tunnel is liable to deform in such a way that its two diagonal diameters crossing each other expand and contract alternately. Based on this knowledge, the soil-tunnel interaction and isolation effect for this particular vibration mode is investigated. Interaction effect is considered with the condition of fixed tangential strain between the tunnel and the soil. Isolation effect embodied by covering up the tunnel with isolation materials is discussed as a possible measure for mitigating seismic damage to it. When Poisson`s ratio of isolation material decreases or the shear modulus ratios of the soil to isolation material become large, the isolation effect becomes bigger.