• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.543-548
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• 2000

After Vanherweghem J-L reported the rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis that developed in patients taking the slimming preparation compounded with chinese Herb in Belgium 1993. Chinese Herb Nephropathy(CHN) has become known as a new renal disease, CHN is described as the decrease of urinary renal enzyme, neutral endopeptidase(NEP). N-acetyl-${\beta}$-Dglucosaminidase(NAG). increase of urinary low molecular protein, ${\alpha}$1-microglobulin, ${\beta}$2-microglobulin. clara cell protein(CC16), retinol-binding protein(RBP) in clinical findings, and the proximal tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis. urothelial atrophy. glomerular sclerosis in histology, Because CHN was caused by Chinese herb contained in slimming preparation, western medical doctors have thought that all Herb medicine might have caused renal disease and prohibit the taking of any Herb medicine, However. CHN was actually caused by the aristolochic acid contained in some Herb medicines. Aristolochia manshuriensis, Aristolochia fang chi, which is the substitutions of Akebia quinata, Stephania tetrandra has being used in clinical. Aristolochia manshuriensis. Aristolochia fang chi were different with Akebia quinata. Stephania tetrandra in botany, and it have not been classified with medicines in Oriental medicine, That is, the aristolochic acid, not Herb medicines. causes CHN, So, Chinese Herb Nephropathy should be changed to Aristolochic acid Nephropathy.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2016

Objectives: Alumina nanoparticles ($Al_2O_3$, Al-NPs) are used for various purposes, including as coating agents and paint additives. Their potential toxicity has raised concern for human health. This study focuses on exploring the toxic effects on the brain and kidneys caused by Al-NPs exposure in rats. Methods: The animals were orally administered Al-NPs at 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for 28 days following OECD TG 407. To determine the targeted toxicity of Al-NPs, histopathological examination and gene expression analysis were conducted on the rats. Results: The Al-NPs treatment induced kidney tubular dilatation. In the rat cerebrums, the expression levels of 126 genes experienced two-fold or greater increases in response to Al-NPs, including other genes encoding proteins involved in cell differentiation, transcription and signal transduction. In the rat kidneys, the expression levels of 152 genes also showed two-fold or greater increases in response to Al-NPs, including other genes encoding proteins involved in apoptosis, transcription and signal transduction. Conclusion: These results suggest that exposure to Al-NPs influences cellular signal pathways of kidney and cerebrum, and it can be a toxic indicators of nanometrials.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.71-85
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• 1985

The ultrastructure on the dorsal vessel of 5-day-old cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae L., was carried out using the transmission and scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows. 1) The aorta. The aorta is simple tubular type and consists of the inner and outer membrane of the myocardium and thick myocardium is located between them. However the inner membrane with $0.26{\mu}m$ thickness and outer membrane with $0.08{\mu}m$ are composed of fibrous materials, the former is composed of low and high densed fibrous materials and the latter appears homogeneous layer. The myocardium consists of typical striated muscles. The sarcomere with $1.6{\mu}m$ length and in cross section, each thick filaments are surrounded by $7{\sim}8$ thin filaments. The intercalated disc is joining the end of the two muscle cells, desmosomes and septate junctions are appeared between the neighboring muscle cells. 2) The heart. The heart composing of myocardium enclosed by its inner and outer membrane as the aorta has a series of well formed segmental chamber. The arrangement of myofilaments, cell adhensions and membrane elements are observed as same as at the aorta. The inner membrane of the heart is deeply invaginated into the myocardium than the outer membrane and a lot of well developed mitochondria with rod shape are aggregated in the folds. The longitudinally and transversely oriented tubule system formed by invagnation of the sarcolemma into the muscle bundle is built up dyad with the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the aorta. The slit is formed by deeply invagination of the inner membrane of myocadium toward the muscle layer and then the inner and outer membrane of myocardium are fused. Therefore, the ostium is formed between the myocardium and situated at the lateral side of the myocardium.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.259-267
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• 1996

In an attempt to dofine the early biochemical determinants that participate in the pathogenesis of glycerol-induced nephrotoxicity, especially focusing on oxygen free radicals and $N-acetyl-{\beta}-D-glucosaminidase$ (NAG) activity, we studied 24-hours urine outflow, 24-hours urinary protein excretion and urinary NAG activity after the injection of glycerol and also we studied malondialdehyde(MDA) level and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in the kidney of rats at 24hr after the injection of glycerol. Sprague-Dawley albino rats weighing 240 to 260 gm were injected intramuscularly with a 50% solution of glycerol(2ml/kg, 4ml/kg and 8ml/kg). The group treated with glycerol showed significantly lower urine outflow level and urinary protein excretion level and higher urinary NAG activity after the injection as compared to those of control group. Also the group treated with glycerol showed significantly higher MDA level and lower SOD activity at 24hr after the injection as compared to those of control group. These results suggest that the excessive oxygen free radicals resulting from the depression of SOD activity is an important determinant in the pathogenesis of glycerol-induced nephrotoxicity and higher urinary NAG activity is an index of renal tubular cell damage in the glycerol-induced nephrotoxicity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2010

We reported previously that the administration of Korean red ginseng water extract (KRG-WE) protected the guinea pig testis against damage induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (a potent endocrine disruptor). We also found that crude saponin from ginseng was the active ingredient responsible for this protection. Here, we examined the biological role of KRG-WE in an animal model of age-induced dysfunction of spermatogenesis. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (six 2-month-old and eighteen 12-month-old) rats were used. The young and old control groups received only vehicle. The ginseng saponin (GS)- and KRG-WE-treated groups received GS (40 mg/kg body weight/day) and KRG-WE (200 mg/kg body weight/day), respectively, for 4 months. The number of cells, Sertoli cell index, Johnsen's score, and sex hormone levels decreased significantly with age. However, the administration of KRG-WE and GS markedly improved the number of germ cells, seminiferous tubular size, and Johnsen's score in the old rats. Ginseng produced a distinct testicular histological improvement in old rats. KRG-WE and GS elevated testosterone levels, while attenuating the aberrant increase in follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels. Sperm kinematics evaluated by a computer-assisted sperm analyzer demonstrated improvement in the percentage of motile sperm, progressive sperm motility, and curvilinear velocity associated with sperm quality, supporting the beneficial role of red ginseng in senile spermatogenesis. Overall, the total water extract had a more potent effect than the corresponding saponin fraction. In conclusion, Korean red ginseng rejuvenated age-induced testicular dysfunction. Additionally, the total water extract was more potent than the corresponding saponin fraction.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.41-57
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of selenium on the adriamycininduced renal lesions in male Sprague Dawley rats. A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 2 control groups(C1: saline, C2: selenium) and 2 treatment groups(T1: adriamycin, T2: adriamycin+selenium). The rats of the C1 and T1 groups were given normal saline(0.15ml/rat), the rats of the C2 and T2 groups were given sodium selenite(0.5mg/kg) intraperitoneally three days a week for 4 weeks. The treatment groups were dosed intraperitoneally with adriamycin(2mg/kg/day) five days at the second week. Animals were sacrificed at the 1st week, 2nd week and 3rd week after dosing with adriamycin. The morphologic abnormalities of the glomeruli and tubules in the kidney of male rats were examined histopathologically and electron microscopically.The results obtained were as follows : The mean body weight of adriamycin dosed group was significantly decreased as compared with that of control group at 4th week(p<0.05). In adriamycin and selenium dosed group, the mean body weight was decreased until the end of 2nd week but gradually increased from 3rd to 4th week. The histopathological findings of the renal corpuscle in adriamycin dosed group were parietal epithelial cell proliferation, vacuolization of glomerulus, and thickened basement membrane of the parietal epithelium. Proximal convoluted tubules were significantly dilated and the lumens were filled with renal cast. These lesions were generally not very significant in the rats given adriamycin and selenium. The electron microscopical findings of the renal glomerulus in the adriamycin dosed group were focal loss and fusion of the pedicels of the podocyte, and some vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the podocytes. There were numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles in the proximal and distal convoluted tubular cells. However, these ultrastructural changes were not significantly observed in the renal tubules of the rats of adriamycin and selenium dosed group. These results suggest that selenium may act as an inhibitor of the renal lesions induced by adriamycin in male rats.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1137-1144
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• 2017

미세조류 Chlorella vulgaris는 바이오 디젤 생산을 위한 중요한 대체원료 중 하나로 간주되어 왔으나, 이러한 미생물의 산업적 적용은 낮은 바이오 매스와 지질 생산성에 의해 제약을 받아왔다. 따라서 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해 본 연구는 자외선을 이용한 무작위 돌연변이 유발 기술을 통해 높은 지질 및 바이오 매스 생산성을 가지는 C. vulgaris 균주를 분리하고 그 특성을 규명하였으며, 두 가지 유형의 대량 생산 시스템을 이용하여 바이오 매스 및 지질 함량의 산출량을 비교하였다. 분리된 돌연변이 균주 중, 특히 실험실 조건에서 UBM1-10으로 명명된 돌연변이 균주는 야생형 균주에 비해 약 1.5배 높은 세포 수율 및 지질 함량을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 UBM1-10을 선택하여 TBPR (tubular photobioreactor)과 OPR (open pond type reactor)의 두 가지 유형의 반응기를 사용하여 실외 배양 조건에서 배양하였다. 그 결과 TBPR에서 재배된 돌연변이 균주의 세포 수율은($2.6g\;l^{-1}$) OPR에서 배양된 균주의 세포 수율($0.5g\;l^{-1}$)과 비교하였을 때 약 5배 이상의 높은 세포 수율을 나타내었으며, 대량 배양 후, UBM1-10 및 모 균주의 조 지방 함량 및 조성 등에 대해 추가로 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 C. vulagris UBM1-10균주의 지질함량(0.3% w/w)이 모 균주의 지질함량(0.1%)에 비해 약 3배 이상의 조 지방 함량을 보유함을 확인하였다. 따라서 이 연구는 바이오 디젤 생산 자원으로서 C. vulgaris의 경제적 잠재성이 photoreactor type의 선택 및 전략적 돌연변이 분리 기술을 통해 증가 될 수 있음을 보여 주었다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2001

목적 : 피부나 폐, 간, 신장 등의 섬유화가 방사선 조사 후 주요한 부작용 중의 하나이나 아직까지 이 과정에서 $TGF-\beta$가 주요한 역할을 하는 것 이외에는 밝혀진 것이 거의 없는 상태이다. 또 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 및 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 유전자 활성 및 발현이 조직의 재구성과 손상, 암세포의 침윤과 전이에 관여하고 있고, 방사선이 종양의 치료에 널리 이용되고 있음에도 방사선에 의한 MMP와 TIMP 유전자의 발현에 대한 연구는 거의 없는 상태이다. 이에 저자들은 방사선 조사가 TIMP-1, TIMP-2의 발현에 어떤 영향을 끼치는지 알아보고자 본 연구를 시작하였다. 대상 및 방법 : C57BL/6 생쥐를 Varian CL4/100을 사용하여 각각 0, 2, 10 Gy의 조사량으로 전신조사를 하였다. 방사선 조사 후 24, 48 시간에 생쥐를 희생하여 폐, 간, 신장을 얻어 paraffin 포매 조직 절편을 만들어 Avidin-Biotin Complex 방법으로 면역 염색을 한 후 광학 현미경으로 관찰하여 염색의 강도와 면적에 따라 점수화 하였다. 결과 : TIMP-1은 대조군에 비해 방사선 조사 후 폐조직에서는 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 간조직에서는 간세포와 Kupffer 세포에서 발현이 증가하였고, 신장조직에서는 주로 세뇨관 세포에서 발현이 증가하였고 방사선 조사 후 경과 시간에 따른 변화는 거의 없었다. 방사선량에 따른 발현의 정도는 신장을 제외하고는 변화가 거의 없었다. TIMP-2는 폐조직에서는 2 Gy 조사 후 발현이 증가되었고, 간조직에서도 2 Gy 24 시간에는 활성이 증가했으나 10 Gy에서는 대조군 수준이었다. 신장조직에서는 10 Gy에서는 발현의 정도의 변화는 없었고 2 Gy에서는 발현이 감소하였다. 결론 : 각 장기에서 TIMP-1과 TIMP-2의 발현의 정도는 차이가 있었으며, 각 장기의 특정한 세포에서만 발현이 되었다. TIMP-1의 경우 간과 신장에서는 방사선에 의해 발현이 증가되었으나 폐에서는 발현이 증가되지 않았다. TIMP-2의 경우 폐에서는 방사선에 의해 발현이 증가하였으나 간과 폐에서는 방사선에 의한 발현의 변화는 불규칙적이었다. 방사선 조사 후 경과 시간과 방사선량에 따른 발현의 변화도 일정하지 않았다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2001

염분변화에 따른 숭어와 틸라피아의 아가미 조직과 전어체의 일반성분을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 사육수의 염분조절은 담수로부터 1일만에 $33\%_{\circ}$의 해수가 되도록 사육수를 교환하였고, 이후 15일 후에 다시 담수로 사육수를 교환하여 15일간 담수로 유지하였다. 전 실험기간중 숭어의 아가미 조직상은 별다른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 틸라피아는 염분상승에 따른 조직의 손상이 관찰되었으며, 해수 2일째에는 아가미 2차 새변 (gill lamella)의 모세혈관들이 응혈 (bloodclot)되고 새변이 중첩되는 조직상을 보였다. 염분이 상승함에 따라 숭어의 아가미 염류세포는 개구부 (apical pit)가 뚜렷하였으며, 많은 수의 미토콘드리아를 가지고 있었다. 틸라피아에서는 실험개시시에는 염류세포 개구부가 거의 닫혀있는 형태를 나타냈으며, 미토콘드리아는 담수 보다 해수에서 증가되었다. 숭어 전어체의 수분 함량은 실험개시시 $74.0\pm0.6\%$, 해수사육 15일째 $73.6\pm0.5\%$, 담수사육 15일째 $74.5\pm0.3\%$로 서로간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 틸라피아에서는 실험개시시 $72.2\pm0.1\%$였다가 해수사육 2일째에는 $70.2\pm0.2\%$로 유의하게 낮아졌다. 숭어의 전어체 단백질 함량은 실험개시시와 15일째 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 틸라피아의 지질 함량은 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 회분 함량은 차이를 나타냈다.

• 한국수의병리학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 1999

To elucidate the mechanism of age-related development in FGS/NgaKIST mice with spontaneous glomerulosclerotic lesion, we examined expression and localization of various cytokine mRNA in the kidney in the progression of diseases. This mouse model is the first to develop spontanously occuring glomerosclerotic lesion in the kidney. In this study, we detected the up-regulation of local cytokine genes such as IL-1$\beta$, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-$\alpha$, TGF-$\beta$, and IFN- $\gamma$ in the kidneys. In RT-PCR and Southern blot analysis, we detected gradual expressions of cytokine mRNA of IL-1$\beta$, IL-2, IL-6, IFN- $\gamma$, and TNF $\alpha$ mRNA during the course of disease. Other cytokines including IL -10 and TGF -$\beta$ were found to be appeared the slightly expressed level at 3 to 12 weeks before onset of inflammatory lesion but they are highly expressed at the end-stage of the disease accompaning high proteinurea and wasting. In situ RT-PCR, each cytokine mRNA were specifically localized in a variety of cells including mesangial, endothelial, parietal epithelial, tubular epithelial, arterial muscle cell, and infiltrated inflammatory cells. In addition, TNF - $\alpha$was detected moderately in the visceral and parietal epithelial cell, but weakly in endothelial and mesangial cells, whereas IL-1 $\beta$ and IL -6 were strong in mesangial regions. IL-6 and TNF- $\alpha$ was highly localized in the damaged proximal and collecting tubules. Especially, TGF -$\beta$ mRNA was highly found in mesangial cells within glomerulus and interstitium during the end-stage of this disease.. These results indicate that pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 $\beta$, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF- $\alpha$ were gradually expressed from the early stage of this disease to the end-stage, and that IL-10 and TGF-$\beta$ may be important in the accumulation of extracellular matrix(ECM) within glomerulus and periglomerular fibrosis in the progression of this disease as well as tissue destruction in end-stage of this disease.