• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.712-719
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion level on the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) of cottonseed oil when fed to growing pigs. Methods: Forty-two barrows (initial body weight = $35.51{\pm}2.01kg$) were randomly allotted to a completely randomized design with a corn-soybean meal basal diet, five levels of cottonseed oil (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) and a 10% soybean oil diet. Each diet was replicated six times with one pig per replicate. The experiment lasted 19 days, 7 d for cage adaptation, 7 d for diets adaptation and last 5 d for feces and urine collection. The energy values and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of cottonseed oil and soybean oil were calculated by the difference method, and regression equations were established to predict the energy values of cottonseed oil. The apparent digested fat of the entire intestinal tract was also regressed against dietary fat intake to determine the true total tract digestibility (TTTD) and endogenous loss of fat for cottonseed oil. Results: The results showed that the DE and ME contents of cottonseed oil were not different as the inclusion level increased. The DE and ME values determined by the regression equation were 36.28 MJ/kg and 34.96 MJ/kg, respectively, and the values were similar to the mean DE and ME values calculated by the difference method (36.18 and 35.56 MJ/kg, respectively). The ATTD of cottonseed oil was also not affected by the inclusion level of cottonseed oil, and the TTTD and EFL determined by the regression method were 92.40% and 13.83 g/kg of dry matter intake for corn-soybean basal diet. The DE, ME, and ATTD of AEE in soybean oil determined by the difference method were 35.70 MJ/kg, 35.20 MJ/kg and 92.31%, respectively. There were no differences in the DE, ME, and ATTD between cottonseed oil and soybean oil, although the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids for soybean oil was higher than for cottonseed oil. Conclusion: The DE, ME, and ATTD values of cottonseed oil were not affected by its dietary inclusion level. The energy values of cottonseed oil determined by the difference and regression methods were similar. Furthermore, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid for oils was not the decisive factor to influence the energy values and ATTD of oils.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.229-246
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• 1988

본 시험은 하절기 산란계의 생산성 저하 방지 및 사료효율개선을 목적으로 하절기 산란계 사료의 적정 에너지수준 및 단백질수준을 구명하기 위해 대사에너지 3수준(2,500, 2,700, 2,900kcal/kg) 과 단백질 2수준(15%, 17%)을 조합한 6개 처리에 49주령 된 산란기 480수를 공시하여 1988년 6월 10일부터 1988년 9월 1일까지 12주간에 걸쳐 시험을 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 생존율은 전처리구에서 98.75~100%로 처리간에 유의성이 없었으며, 대사에너지수준이나 단백질수준간에도 일정한 경향이나 큰 차이가 없었다. 2. 산란율, 난중 및 산란량은 대사에너지 2,500 kcal/kg, 단백질 17%수준에서 각각 84.37%, 62.29g, 그리고 52.55g으로 가장 우수했으며 대사에너지수준이 증가함으로써 점차 낮아졌고, 사료 내 단백질수준이 증가함으로써 유의하게 높아졌으나(p＜0.05), 산란율은 대사에너지 2,500kcal/kg과 2,700kcal/kg, 난중은 2,500kcal/kg과 2,700kcal/kg 및 2,700kcal/kg과 2,900kcal/kg 수준간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3. 사료 섭취량은 대사에너지 2,500kcal/kg, 단백질 55%수준에서 118.28g/day으로 가장 높았으며, 대사에너지수준이 증가함에 따라 사료 섭취량은 유의하게 감소했으나(p＜0.05), 사료중 단백질 수준에 따라서는 큰 차이가 없었다. 4. 대사에너지 섭취량은 대사에너지 2,900kcal/kg, 단백질 15%수준에서 326.60kcal/day로 가장 높았으며 대사에너지수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가되었으나(p＜0.05), 사료중 단백질 수준에 따라서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 5. 단백질섭취양은 대사에너지 2,500kcal/kg, 단백질 17%수준에서 19.99 g/day로 가장 높았으며 대사에너지수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 감소하였으나, 사료 중 단백질수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다(p＜0.05). 6 사료 요구율은 대사에너지와 2,500kcal/kg과 단백질 17%수준에서 2.24로 가장 낮았으나, 사료중 대사에너지수준에 따라서는 큰 차이가 없었으나, 단백질수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 개선되었다 (p＜0.05). 7. 산란kg당 대사에너지와 단백질 요구량은 2,900kcal/kg와 15% 및 2,700kcal/kg와 17%의 대사에너지와 단백질수준에서 각각 6871.64kcal와 385.76g으로 가장 높았으며 사료중의 에너지수준이 증가할수록 산란kg당 대사에너지요구량은 유의하게 증가하였으나(p＜0.05), 단백노요구량을 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았고. 사료중 단백질수준이 증가함에 따라 산란당 대사에너지 요구량은 유의하게 감소한 반면 산란당 단백질요구량은 유의하게 증가하였다(p＜0.05). 산란kg당 사료비는 2,500kcal/kg과 15%의 대사에너지와 단백질수준에서 279.84 won으로 가장 적었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 우리나라 실정에 맞는 하절기 산란계사료의 적정 대사에너지 및 단백질수준은 각각 2,500kcal/kg과 17%가 가장 적합할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.609-624
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• 2003

The genesis of methods for defining the nutritional value of feeds and the nutrient requirements of animals, and their development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe and the USA are outlined. Current energy and protein feeding systems for ruminants are described. Particular reference is made to the Australian systems which are applicable to grazing animals as well as to those given prepared feeds, and enable the effective nutritional management of a imals at pasture by means of the decision support tool GrazFeed. The scheme for predicting intakes by cattle and sheep from pastures allows for the effects of selective grazing on the composition of the feed eaten, and for reduction in herbage intake when a supplementary feed is consumed. For herbage of any given concentration of metabolizable energy (ME) in the feed dry matter the changes with season of year in the net efficiency of use of the ME for growth and fattening and in the yield of microbial crude protein, g/MJ ME, which both vary with latitude, are defined. An equation to predict the energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) of both cattle and sheep includes predictions of the additional energy costs incurred by grazing compared with housed animals and the cost, if any, of cold stress. The equation allows for the change in MEm with feed intake. A flexible procedure predicts the composition of liveweight gain made by any given breed or sex of cattle and sheep at any stage of growth, and the variation with rate of gain. Protein requirements for maintenance, production including wool growth, and reproduction, are related to the quantities of microbial true protein and undegraded dietary protein truly digested in the small intestine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1761-1768
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• 2005

Effects of alpha-galactosidase (GAL) on broiler corn-soybean meal diet was investigated. In experiment 1, sixty cockerels were allocated to five groups, including three enzyme treatments (GAL added at 0, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg diet), a nitrogen-free diet group and a fast group. The true nitrogen-corrected ME (TME$_n$) and true amino acid availability were determined. In experiment 2, 324 day-old chicks were used in a 2${\times}$3 factorial design consisting of two energy contents (high and low) and three GAL levels (0, 250, and 500 mg/kg). Three feeding phases, comprising 0-21 d, 22-35 d and 36-48 d, were involved. GAL addition improved TME$_n$ and the availability of methionine and cystine (p<0.05). The apparent ME (AME) or nitrogen-corrected AME (AME$_n$) and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, calcium, and phosphorus were improved significantly on d 21, so was crude protein and an interaction of energy and GAL on AME$_n$ (p<0.05) was found on d 35. However, daily intake and daily gain were significantly improved with GAL addition (p<0.05) during 21 d. The small intestine relative weight decreased at 250 mg/kg GAL (p<0.05) on d 35, whereas presented an interaction between GAL and energy on d 21 (p<0.05). Likewise, this treatment increased breast muscle ratio (p<0.05). On d 21, triglycerides level of broilers showed interaction between energy and enzyme levels (p<0.05). Uric acid level in 500 mg/kg GAL declined linearly (p<0.05). On d 35, quadratic effects (p<0.05) were observed in total protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol content for enzyme supplementation. And the interactive effects of energy and GAL on serum values showed more obviously. The study implies that GAL improved energy and nutrient availability of corn-soybean meal diet in broiler. The GAL supplementation to corn-soybean meal based diet can improve performance of broilers in early stages of growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.1053-1058
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• 2008

A total of 392 twenty eight week-old laying hens was used to study the effects of dietary inclusion of solvent-extracted palm kernel cake (PKC) (0%, 12.5% and 25%) and enzyme (mixture of mannanase, ${\alpha}$-galactosidase and protease) supplementation (0 kg/t, 1 kg/t and 2 kg/t) on the performance of laying hens. The levels of PKC did not significantly influence nitrogen corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) of the diets. Enzyme-supplemented PKC had significantly higher AME and TMEn values than PKC diets with no enzyme supplementation. Dietary inclusion of 12.5% and 25% PKC in the diets of laying hens did not adversely affect mean egg production or daily egg mass. However, layers consumed significantly more PKC-based diets and had significantly poorer feed conversion ratios (FCR) than controls. However, the feed intake and FCR of hens provided the 12.5% PKC-based diets with enzyme supplementation at 1 kg/t did not differ from the controls. Dietary inclusion of PKC or enzyme did not affect eggshell quality, but egg yolk colour was significantly paler when layers were fed the 25% PKC diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.971-975
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding values of red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) and to investigate its dietary supplementation on broiler performances. In Exp. 1, nutritional values of RPSOM were evaluated by analyzing chemical composition and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true available amino acid (TAAA). RPSOM contained 22.50% of CP, 4.75% of ether extract, 27.70% of crude fiber, 4.73% of crude ash and 49.97 ppm of xanthophylls. The contents of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were 34 mg and 31 mg/100 g DM, respectively. The values of TME and TMEn determined by force-feeding 16 roosters were 1.73 kcal/g and 1.63 kcal/g DM, respectively. The average TAAA value of 17 amino acids was 85.22%. In Exp. 2, a total of 225 Ross male broiler chicks, 3 weeks old, were randomly divided into 9 groups of 25 birds each and assigned to three experimental diets containing 0 (control), 5 or 10% RPSOM fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. No significant differences were observed in growth performances and carcass characteristics. The level of serum cholesterol in the 10% RPSOM group was significantly lower than that of the control group (113.92 vs. 137.50 mg/dl). The dietary RPSOM at 5 and 10% levels increased the content of C18:2 ${\omega}{\sigma}$ in leg muscle compared with the control group. The results suggested that RPSOM can be included into broiler feed up to 10% without any negative effects on broiler performances and physiological responses and used as a non-conventional plant protein source, if its nutritional values are well evaluated.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.381-388
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to determine protein quality and hematological properties of infant diets formulated from local food materials. The food materials were obtained locally, fermented, and milled into flour. The flours were mixed as 70% popcorn and 30% African locust bean (FPA), 70% popcorn and 30% bambara groundnut (FPB), and 70% popcorn, 20% bambara groundnut, and 10% African locust bean (FPAB). Proximate analysis, protein quality, hematological properties, and anthropometric measurements of the animals fed with the formulations were investigated. The protein contents of the formulated diets were significantly higher than that of Cerelac (a commercial preparation) ($15.75{\pm}0.01g$/100 g) and ogi (traditional complementary food) ($6.52{\pm}0.31g$/100 g). The energy value of FPAB ($464.94{\pm}1.22\;kcal$) was higher than those of FPA ($441.41{\pm}3.05\;kcal$) and FPB ($441.48{\pm}3.05\;kcal$). The biological value (BV) of FPAB (60.20%) was the highest followed by FPB (44.24%) and FPA (41.15%); however, BV of the diets was higher than that of ogi (10.03%) but lower than that of Cerelac (70.43%). Net protein utilization (NPU) of the formulations was 41.16-60.20%, whereas true protein digestibility was 41.05-60.05%. Metabolizable energy (232.98 kcal) and digestible energy (83.69 kcal) of FPAB were the highest, whereas that of FPA had the lowest values. The protein digestibility values corrected for amino acid score of the diets (0.22-0.44) were lower than that of Cerelac (0.52), but higher than that of ogi (0.21). The growth patterns and hematological properties (packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume) of the formulated diets were higher than those of ogi, but lower than those of Cerelac. In conclusion, we established that the FPAB food sample was rated best in terms of protein quality over the other formulated diets. Therefore, a FPAB blend may be used as a substitute for ogi.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.917-925
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• 2014

An accurate feed formulation is essential for optimizing feed efficiency and minimizing feed cost for swine and poultry production. Because energy and amino acid (AA) account for the major cost of swine and poultry diets, a precise determination of the availability of energy and AA in feedstuffs is essential for accurate diet formulations. Therefore, the methodology for determining the availability of energy and AA should be carefully selected. The total collection and index methods are 2 major procedures for estimating the availability of energy and AA in feedstuffs for swine and poultry diets. The total collection method is based on the laborious production of quantitative records of feed intake and output, whereas the index method can avoid the laborious work, but greatly relies on accurate chemical analysis of index compound. The direct method, in which the test feedstuff in a diet is the sole source of the component of interest, is widely used to determine the digestibility of nutritional components in feedstuffs. In some cases, however, it may be necessary to formulate a basal diet and a test diet in which a portion of the basal diet is replaced by the feed ingredient to be tested because of poor palatability and low level of the interested component in the test ingredients. For the digestibility of AA, due to the confounding effect on AA composition of protein in feces by microorganisms in the hind gut, ileal digestibility rather than fecal digestibility has been preferred as the reliable method for estimating AA digestibility. Depending on the contribution of ileal endogenous AA losses in the ileal digestibility calculation, ileal digestibility estimates can be expressed as apparent, standardized, and true ileal digestibility, and are usually determined using the ileal cannulation method for pigs and the slaughter method for poultry. Among these digestibility estimates, the standardized ileal AA digestibility that corrects apparent ileal digestibility for basal endogenous AA losses, provides appropriate information for the formulation of swine and poultry diets. The total quantity of energy in feedstuffs can be partitioned into different components including gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy based on the consideration of sequential energy losses during digestion and metabolism from GE in feeds. For swine, the total collection method is suggested for determining DE and ME in feedstuffs whereas for poultry the classical ME assay and the precision-fed method are applicable. Further investigation for the utilization of ME may be conducted by measuring either heat production or energy retention using indirect calorimetry or comparative slaughter method, respectively. This review provides information on the methodology used to determine accurate estimates of AA and energy availability for formulating swine and poultry diets.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

본 시험의 목적은 옥수수 사일리지의 소화율 및 에너지가치를 신속하고 정확하게 평가하는 방법으로서 근적외선분광법(NIRS)의 이용성을 확대하고 동시에 더욱 정확한 검량식을 유도하기 위하여 수행되었다. 112점의 옥수수 사일리지 시료를 이용하여 근적외선분광기를 이용하여 스펙트럼을 수집하였다. 검량기법은 변형부분 최소자승회귀법(MPLS), 산란보정법은 SNV-D 또한 1,4,4,1 수처리 방법을 이용하여 검량식을 작성하였다. 옥수수 사일리지의 소화율 측정방법에 따른 근적외선분광법의 예측 능력은 IVDMD, IVTD 및 CDMD 함량에서 각각 $SEP=1.57% (R^2v=0.70),\;SEP=1.13%(R^2v=0.73)$ 및 $SECV=1.74%\;(R^2v=0.77)$로 나타났으며 에너지 가치를 예측하기 위한 검량식 작성 및 검증 결과는 TDN, NEL 및 ME 함량에서 각각 SECV=0.69% $(R^2v=0.85)$, SECV=0.02% (R2v=0.88) 및 SECV=0.02% $(R^2v=0.88)$로 비교적 양호한 결과를 나타냈다.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.24-39
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• 2001

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional and feeding value of red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) as local vegetable protein ingredients for poultry feeding. In the first experiment, nutritional values of RPSOM were evaluated by analyzing chemical compositions and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true available amino acid (TAAA) contents. According to the chemical analysis, RPSOM contained 22.50％ of crude protein, 4.75％ of ether extract, 27.70％ of crude fiber, 0.34 mg／g of capsaicin and 49.97 ppm of xanthophylls. The values of TME and TMEn determined by force-feeding 16 roosters (ISA-Brown) were 1.73 kcal／g and 1.63 kcal／g on dry matter basis, respectively. The average TAAA value of 16 amino acids measured by the force－feeding technique was 81.70％. These values were used for formulating experimental diets containing various levels of RPSOM for broiler chicks and laying hens. Two feeding trials were made to investigate the effects of dietary incorporation of RPSOM into chicken feed performances of broiler chicks and laying hens. In the broiler feeding (Exp. 2), a total of two hundred twenty-five, 4 wk old male broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly divided into 9 groups of 25 birds each and assigned to three experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM. The birds were fed ad libitum the diets for 3 wk and feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion rate were determined. At the end of the feeding, the blood levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and cholesterol, and the body and fatty acid compositions of leg muscle were measured. No significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, body composition, serum levels of GOT, GGT and BUN among the treatments. However, blood cholesterol level was lower (P＜0.05) in 10% RPSOM diet group than those in the other. The dietary RPSOM at 5 and 10% levels increased the content of linoleic acid (P＜0.05) in leg muscle compared to that of control group. The results indicate that RPSOM can be used for broiler feed up to 10% without any significant negative effects on broiler performance. In the layer feeding (Exp. 3), the effects of dietary RPSOM on the performances of laying hen were investigated by feeding ninety 45 wk old laying hens (ISA-Brown) with experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM for 4 wk (30 birds per treatment). Measurements were made on egg production rate, egg weight, feed intake, Haugh unit, egg shell strength which was higher (P＜0.05) in layers fed 10% RPSOM diet compared to those fed 0 and 5% RPSOM diets. Thus, it can be concluded that RPSOM can be included into laying hen feed up to 10% without any harmful effects.