• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.220-226
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• 2016

Hypertriglyceridemia induces atherosclerosis and accordingly is a major causative factor in cardiovascular diseases. Macrophages that develop into foam cells are a crucial component in the development of atherosclerosis. Monocytes can be differentiated into M1 or M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages promote inflammatory responses, whereas M2 macrophages exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Recently, we found that triglyceride (TG)-treated THP-1 monocytes express a variety of macrophage-specific surface markers, indicating that TG treatment could trigger the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. In this study, we investigated whether TG-induced macrophages express the M1 or the M2 macrophage phenotype. THP-1 cells were treated with various concentrations of TG for different times and the expression of M1- and M2-specific markers was evaluated by RT-PCR. We found increased expression of M1 markers (CD40, CD80, and CD86) in TG-treated THP-1 cells in a TG dose- and time-dependent manner. The expression of M2 markers (CD163, CD200R, and CD206) showed variable responses to TG treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that TG treatment triggers the differentiation of monocytes into M1 macrophages, rather than into M2 macrophages, suggesting that TG contributes to pro-inflammatory responses.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.98-104
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• 2020

Purpose: To investigate the impact of omega-3-enriched lipid emulsion (LE) on liver enzyme (aspartate transaminase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and triglyceride (TG) levels of children undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This experimental randomized controlled group pretest-posttest design study included 14 children who underwent gastrointestinal surgery due to duodenal atresia, jejunal atresia, esophageal atresia, and need for parenteral nutrition for a minimum of 3 days at RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya between August 2018 and January 2019. These children were divided into two groups, those who received standard intravenous LE (medium-chain triglyceride [MCT]/long-chain triglyceride [LCT]) and those who received intravenous omega-3-enriched LE. Differences in AST, ALT, and TG levels were measured before surgery and 3 days after the administration of parenteral nutrition. Results: Liver enzyme and TG levels in each group did not differ significantly before versus 3 days after surgery. However, TG levels were significantly lower in the omega-3-enriched intravenous LE group (p=0.041) at 3 days after surgery, and statistically significant difference in changes in TG levels was noted at 3 days after surgery between MCT/LCT intravenous LE group and the omega-3-enriched intravenous LE group (p=0.008). Conclusion: The intravenous omega-3-enriched LE had a better TG-lowering effect than the MCT/LCT intravenous LE in children undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 1984

먹장어근육지질을 Biobeads SX-2 및 Sephadex LH-20을 이용한 칼럼크로마토그래피에 걸어 트리글리세리드(TG)획분을 분획하고 이 TG획분을 HPLC에 걸어 partition number별로 분획하였다. 그리고 partition number에 따른 TG조성, 총탄소수에 따른 TG조성 및 지방산조성을 분석한 자료를 computer처리하여 TG 구성지방산조합을 추정하였다. 총지질의 경우 포화산 $34.3\%$, monoene산 $43.1\%$, polyene산 $22.7\%$, 중요지방산은 $C_{16:0}(16.6\%),\;C_{16:1}(12.5\%)$ 및 $C_{18:1}(28.0\%)$였고, 극성지질은 포화산 $31.8\%$, monoene산 $30.1\%$, polyene산 $38.2\%$, 중요지방산은 $C_{16:0}(15.0\%),\;C_{18:0}(10.8\%),\;C_{18:1}(18.5\%),\;C_{22:5}(16.5\%)$ 및 $C_{22:6}(10.3\%)$, TG는 포화산 $29.8\%$, monoene산 $53.1\%$, polyene산 $17.2\%$, 중요지방산은 $C_{16:0}(17.1\%),\;C_{16:1}(10.1\%)$ 및 $C_{18:1}(38.4\%)$였다. 전반적으로 보면 $C_{18:1}$의 함량이 높은 것이 특징이었으며, $C_{18:0}/C_{18:1}$의 비는 0.1이였다. 극성지질은 phosphatidyl choline($65.5\%$)과 phosphatidyl ethanolamine($28.0\%$)으로 구성되어 있었다. GLC 자료 및 HPLC에서 얻은 partition number를 사용하여 먹장어 지질 TG의 구성지방산조합을 computer를 이용하여 추정한 결과 이중결합을 1개, 2개, 3개, 4개, 5개, 6개, 7개 가지고, 총탄소수는 46에서 58의 범위내에 분포하며, $0.1\%$ 이상 함유될 가능성이 있는 TG는 44종류로 추정되었으며 그 합계는 69.75였고, 중요한 TG는 ($1{\times}C_{16:0},\;2{\times}C_{18:1};\;13.5\%$), ($1{\times}C_{16:0},\;1{\times}C_{18:0},\;1{\times}C_{18:1};\;7.2\%$), ($1{\times}C_{16:1},\;2{\times}C_{18:1};\;5.4\%$), ($2{\times}C_{16:0},\;1{\times}C_{22:5};\;5.2\%$), ($1{\times}C_{14:0},\;2{\times}C_{18:1};\;4.5\%$), ($2{\times}C_{18:1},\;1{\times}C_{22:5};\;3.6\%$), ($1{\times}C_{14:0},\;1{\times}C_{18:0},\;1{\times}C_{18:1};\;2.7\%$) 및 ($1{\times}C_{14:0},\;1{\times}C_{16:0},\;1{\times}C_{18:2};\;2.2\%$)등이었다. 이들 TG중 $C_{18:1}$을 1분자이상 함유하는 것의 조함비의 합계는 $52.4\%$, 2분자이상 함유하는 것은 $35.9\%$였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.960-963
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• 2006

본 연구는 비슷한 강도의 규칙적인 수영과 트레드밀 훈련이 흰쥐의 체중, 지방량, 혈중 triglyceride, insulin, 및 랩틴 호르몬 변화에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고 운동이 비만에 미치는 영향을 과학적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과로 규칙적인 훈련은 체중과 지방량을 감소시킬 뿐만이 아니라 혈중 triglyceride, insulin, 및 랩틴 호르몬을 감소시킴으로 비만 예방에 큰 효과가 있는 것으로 알려졌으며, 같은 기간의 비슷한 강도의 운동에서 수영 훈련 보다는 트레드밀 위에서 달리는 운동이 비만 예방에 더 큰 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 추후 서로 다른 운동을 부여하여 운동생리학적인 변화를 비교할 뿐만이 아니라 이러한 원인을 규명하는 기전적인 연구가 진행되어져야 한다고 본다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.588-593
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• 2020

The accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) in macrophages induces cell death, a risk factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We had previously reported that TG-induced macrophage death is triggered by caspase-1 and -2, therefore we investigated the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. We found that potassium efflux is increased in TG-treated THP-1 macrophages and that the inhibition of potassium efflux blocks TG-induced cell death as well as caspase-1 and -2 activation. Furthermore, reducing ATP concentration (known to induce potassium efflux), restored cell viability and caspase-1 and -2 activity. The activation of pannexin-1 (a channel that releases ATP), was increased after TG treatment in THP-1 macrophages. Inhibition of pannexin-1 activity using its inhibitor, probenecid, recovered cell viability and blocked the activation of caspase-1 and -2 in TG-treated macrophages. These results suggest that TG-induced THP-1 macrophage cell death is induced via pannexin-1 activation, which increases extracellular ATP, leading to an increase in potassium efflux.

• BMB Reports
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.166-171
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• 2023

Monocytes are peripheral leukocytes that function in innate immunity. Excessive triglyceride (TG) accumulation causes monocyte death and thus can compromise innate immunity. However, the mechanisms by which TG mediates monocyte death remain unclear to date. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which TG induces monocyte death. Results showed that TG induced monocyte death by activating caspase-3/7 and promoting poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. In addition, TG induced DNA damage and activated the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/checkpoint kinase 2 and ATM-and Rad3-related (ATR)/checkpoint kinase 1 pathways, leading to the cell death. Furthermore, TG-induced DNA damage and monocyte death were mediated by caspase-2 and -8, and caspase-8 acted as an upstream molecule of caspase-2. Taken together, these results suggest that TG-induced monocyte death is mediated via the caspase-8/caspase-2/DNA damage/executioner caspase/PARP pathways.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2013

Elevated blood triglyceride (TG) levels correlate with development of atherosclerosis suggesting that TG may promote the development of this disease. During atherosclerosis, TG is taken up by tissue macrophages which result in dramatic changes in various secreted factors. One such factor is the family of matrix metalloproteases (MMP) which are involved in tissue remodeling during both physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we examined the MMP expression profile in PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages treated with TG. We found that TG-treated THP-1 macrophages showed decreased expression of MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8 and MMP-9 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In contrast, expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-10 remained relatively unchanged after TG treatment. In addition, we found that expression of select MMPs was affected by various inhibitors of signaling pathways. In particular, expression of MMP-3 was slightly recovered by cRAF and PLC signaling pathway inhibitors. These data suggests a possible role of MMPs in macrophages during TG-induced atherosclerosis.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2014

Triglyceride (TG) can cause death of macrophages and formation of foam cells thereby increasing inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. Accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages is another critical event that promotes development of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. Several proteins are known to transport intracellular cholesterol outside of the cell and these proteins are thought to be protective against atherosclerosis pathogenesis. It is unknown whether TG can affect cholesterol efflux in macrophages. In the current study, we examined mRNA expression levels of genes that promote efflux of cholesterol (ABCA1, ABCG1 and SR-B1). We found that TG treated THP-1 macrophages exhibited an increase in ABCG1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast, the expression of ABCA1 and SR-B1 remained unchanged. To identify cell signaling pathways that participate in up-regulation of ABCG1, THP-1 macrophages were treated with various cell signaling inhibitors. We found that inhibition of the JNK and p38 MAPK pathway completely abrogated up-regulation of ABCG1 whereas inhibition of MEK1 further enhanced ABCG1 expression in TG treated THP-1 macrophages. Also, TG induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK in THP-1 macrophages. These results suggest that TG may potentially influence cholesterol efflux in macrophages.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2012

Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) is the most important marker for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in NCEP-ATP III(National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III) guideline. Therefore, LDL cholesterol is pathologically meaningful, accurate measurement should be a top priority. Currently, LDLC is directly measured in most cases, but, the estimate is still used in mass health examination or screening test. This study is about the comparison of LDL-Cholesterol direct measurement with the estimate using various formula (Friedewald: [LDL-F=TC-HDL-TG/5], Nakajima: [LDL-N=TC-HDL-TG/4], Hattori: [LDL-H =0.94TC-0.94HDL-0.19TG], Puavilai: [LDL-P=TC-HDL-TG/6], Carvalho: [LDL-C=3(TC-HDL)/4]) for calculating more accurate value. We analyzed total cholesterol (TC), try-glyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and LDLC levels of 210 subjects between June and November in 2011. Until now, the Friedewald formula is the most commonly used estimate for the LDLC. When Friedewald formula was applied, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.940, showing high correlation. But, the result of the direct method was significantly different, compared with those of the Friedewald formula in triglyceride levels ${\geq}400mg/dL$(p<0.05). There was the highest correlation when we used LDL-P formula(r=0.947) in triglyceride levels <400 mg/dl. Also there was the lowest mean difference regardless of triglyceride level. Therefore, the study showed that TG/6 is more precise means of calculation than TG/5. On the other hand, the calculation of LDL-Cholesterol was underestimated, compared with direct measurement. It is necessary to have more data and modified Friedewald formula should be used for the accurate calculation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.268-276
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 건강한 한국 성인을 대상으로 손쉽게 측정 가능한 지표인 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비에 영향을 주는 영양소 섭취 및 일반적 요소를 파악하고, 이 비와 대사 증후군과의 연관성을 통해 대사증후군을 미리 예측하기 위함이다. 본 연구는 2016년도 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 건강한 성인 2,828명을 대상으로 건강 설문조사, 식이 섭취 현황과 검진조사를 활용하여 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비와 대사증후군 유무, 영양소 섭취와의 상관성을 알아보았다. 연구결과 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비와 연관성이 있는 일반적 지표는 나이, 성별, 흡연, 음주 횟수, 혈압, 공복 시 혈당, 당화혈색소, 총콜레스테롤, 고밀도지단백콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 저밀도지단백콜레스테롤, 허리둘레, BMI, 고민감도 CRP, 요산, 크레아티닌, 요산/크레아티닌 비였다. 관련 요인을 보정한 후 분석한 결과 대사증후군 유무와 TG/HDL 콜레스테롤 비는 양의 상관관계를 보였고, 대사증후군 구성요소 중 공복 시 혈당, 중성지방, 고밀도지단백콜레스테롤이 이 비와 양의 상관성을 보였다. 영양소 섭취에서는 에너지와 당질 섭취량이 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비와 연관성을 보였다. 특히 에너지 섭취량을 줄이는 것이 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비를 낮추고 대사증후군의 위험성을 낮출 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 연구결과를 볼 때 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비가 높은 일반인을 대상으로 하는 대사관련 영양 교육 및 보건 교육 관련 구체적인 프로그램의 실행이 필요함을 알 수 있다.