• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.49-54
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• 2016

As investigations dealing with digital evidence increase, so to does the need for skilled first responders and improved investigation process models. Recently the concept of digital forensic triage and preliminary analysis has been gaining popularity in investigation laboratories. At the same time, however, there has been little focus on specific training needs of first response and preliminary analysts. Instead, many organizations consider these responders to need the same skills as full digital forensic analysts. In this work we describe the 'ideal' digital investigation first responder and preliminary analyst, hardware and software requirements and most importantly, required training.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.264-274
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• 2001

About the patients who visited the emergency department of a hospital, investigative study was performed to assess and to classify them with triage tool, and to estimate the characteristics of them. 210 patients older than 15 years were investigated. Among them 11 patients who had responded inappropriately were excluded and remaining 210 patients were chosen as study subjects. Investigation had been performed for 30 days from Jan. 10, 2001 to Feb. 9, 2001. The triage tool was designed through the modification of triage tools developed by Kim and Choi. The data were analyzed with the SPSS program using mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, ANOVA and Scheffe's test. The results were as follows: 1. Of the characteristics of the study subjects, mean age of patients were 55.76 years and 70-79 years group which included 41 patients(20.6%) were most numerous. 101 (51.8%) patients visited emergency room by 119 emergency service and 91(45.7%) patients walked with assistance. 127 patients were cared in internal medicine department. 2. The distribution of triage scores were from minimum 6 points to maximum 18 points with mean $13.76{\pm}2.58$ points. 3. Triage scores had significant relationship with age(F=13.349,P=0.000), visiting method (F=8.832, P=0.000), walking status(F=28.185, p=0.000), care department(F=2.596, P=0.019), and preexisting disease(F=12.012, P=0.000). 4. After trage there were no urgent patient, 35 emergent patients(17.6%),109 subemergent patients(54.8%), and 55 nonemergent patients (27.6%). The result of emergency care were 80 admission(40.2%), 59 discharge (29.6%), 34 ICU admission(17.1%), 14 transfer to other hospital(7%), 10 operation (5%), and 2 death (2%). 5. About the time required for triage, mean duration to triage were $7.54{\pm}2.28$ mins in emergent patients, mean $7.23{\pm}2.50$ mins in subemergent patients and mean $6.49{\pm}2.19$ mins in nonemergent patients. There were no differences in duration to triage according to the severity of triage. 6. Time required in emergency treatment were mean $116.23{\pm}88.10$ in emergent patients mean $101.61{\pm}73.27$ in subemergent patients and mean $81.56{\pm}61.01$ in nonemergent patients. There were no significant difference among groups. This study depicted that triage scores were below the middle level and there were many geriatric patients in this hospital. Among the characteristics of patients, age, visiting method, walking status, care department, and accompanying disease could be data for triage of emergency patients. With triage score of a patient, the outcome of emergency care of a patient could be anticipated and this could be basal data in determining the priority of emergency nursing.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

The purpose of this investigation is to enhance the survival rate of patients by transporting them to the hospital within the golden hour through the operational improvement of emergency dispatch instruction. To this end, problems and improvements of current operating system were derived by carrying out a survey against paramedics of Incheon city in 2012 and analyzing the current emergency dispatch instruction. This study analyzed the emergency activity daily reports for one year from January 1 through December 31, 2012 and researched the consciousness of 119 emergency medical technician. According to the analysis of the survey, there were no meaningful differences in the on-site arrival times per triage. Therefore, the item of 'Emergency Classification' specified in the emergency dispatch instruction needs to be integrated in the scheme of "triage". Also, the feedbacks of the emergency action log and the emergency dispatch instruction are necessary for 'duty for operation' to review the adequacy to the severity after the end of emergency operation. Finally, the improvement of the system for the continuous communication between the paramedics and the command staff is necessary. This improvements as stated above are expected to contribute to raise survival rate of patients.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.31-41
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• 2012

The law enforcement agencies in the worldwide are confiscating or retaining computer systems involved in a crime/civil case, if there are any, at the preliminary investigation stage, even though the case does not involve a cyber-crime. They are collecting digital evidences from the suspects's systems and using them in the essential investigation procedure. It requires much time, though, to collect, duplicate and analyze disk images in general crime cases, especially in cases in which rapid response must be taken such as kidnapping and murder cases. The enterprise forensics, moreover, it is impossible to acquire and duplicate hard disk drives in mass storage server, database server and cloud environments. Therefore, it is efficient and effective to selectively collect only traces of the behavior of the user activities on operating systems or particular files in focus of triage investigation. On the other hand, if we acquire essential digital evidences from target computer, it is not forensically sound to collect just files. We need to use standard digital evidence container from various sources to prove integrity and probative of evidence. In this article, we describe a new digital evidence container, we called Xebeg, which is easily able to preserve collected digital evidences selectively for using general technology such as XML and PKZIP compression technology, which is satisfied with generality, integrity, unification, scalability and security.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2006

Purpose: Injuries are the third leading cause of death in Korea. Isolated chest injury is not uncommon and shows high mortality and morbidity. Several scoring systems are used for triage and stratification for trauma patients, but no standard system is accepted. We aimed to analyze the accuracy of identification of isolated chest injury by using several scoring systems. Methods: We reviewed a total of 75 patients admitted with isolated chest injury between January 2005 and October 2005. Medical records were reviewed by using the Injury Severity Score (ISS), the Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS). The scoring systems were compared by using statistics methods. Results: The overall predictive accuracy of the TRISS was 12.5%, 12.0% greater than those of the RTS and the ISS. By using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve, the TRISS showed an excellent discriminative power (AUROC 0.931) compared to the ISS (AUROC 0.926) and the RTS (AUROC 0.872). Conclusion: Compared with the RTS and the ISS, the TRISS is an easily applied tool with excellent prognostic abilities for isolated chest trauma patients. However, the TRISS, the ISS, and the RTS showed high specificity and low sensitivity, so another scoring system is required for triage and stratification of isolated chest injury patients.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.33-39
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• 2014

An area presenting new opportunities for both legitimate business, as well as criminal organizations, is Cloud computing. This work gives a strong background in current digital forensic science, as well as a basic understanding of the goal of Law Enforcement when conducting digital forensic investigations. These concepts are then applied to digital forensic investigation of cloud environments in both theory and practice, and supplemented with current literature on the subject. Finally, legal challenges with digital forensic investigations in cloud environments are discussed.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.23.1-23.20
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• 2020

Sepsis is conceptually defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction that is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Although there has been significant advancement in recent decades in defining and understanding sepsis pathology, clinical management of sepsis is challenging due to difficulties in diagnosis, a lack of reliable prognostic biomarkers, and treatment options that are largely limited to antibiotic therapy and fundamental supportive measures. The lack of reliable diagnostic and prognostic tests makes it difficult to triage patients who are in need of more urgent care. Furthermore, while the acute inpatient treatment of sepsis warrants ongoing attention and investigation, efforts must also be directed toward longer term survival and outcomes. Sepsis survivors experience incomplete recovery, with long-term health impairments that may require both cognitive and physical treatment and rehabilitation. This review summarizes recent advances in sepsis prognosis research and discusses progress made in elucidating the underlying causes of prolonged health deficits experienced by patients surviving the early phases of sepsis.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2006

In the investigation of superficial lymphadenopathy of unknown cause, fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology plays an invaluable role. It enables the differentiation of benign lymphadenopathy from lymphoid and non-lymphoid malignancies, obviating the need for open biopsy, and allowing the triage of patients. Cytopathologists should be familiar with the typical FNA patterns of benign lymphadenopathy, and recognize and differentiate among categories. In a minority of cases of benign lymphadenopathy, FNA can render a specific diagnosis. Benign lymphadenopathies are generally categorized into reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH), inflammatory or infectious processes, and benign lymphoproliferative disorders. RLH characteristically presents with a heterogeneous and polymorphous smear composed of normal cellular constituents of lymph nodes, in contrast with the homogeneous or monomorphic smear of most lymphomas. The caveat is that various malignant disorders may also present with polymorphous populations. It is also important to recognize thatbenign lymphoid smears may sometimes contain atypical cells that raise the suspicion of malignancy. Clinical information should always be the integral part of the diagnostic criteria in FNA of lymphadenopathy. If there is any doubt about the benign nature of the smear, it is prudent to suggest biopsy and ancillary studies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.228-236
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• 2014

Purpose: Common conditions, such as dehydration or respiratory infection can aggravate hypoxia and are associated with interstage mortality in infants who have undergone palliative surgery for congenital heart diseases. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of a home monitoring program (HMP) in decreasing infant mortality. Methods: Since its inception in May 2010, all infants who have undergone palliative surgery have been enrolled in HMP. This study was a prospective observational study and infant outcomes during HMP were compared with those of previous comparison groups. Parents were trained to measure oxygen saturation, body weight and feeding volume and to contact the hospital through the hotline for emergency situations. Telephone counseling was conducted by clinical nurse specialists every week post discharge. Results: Forty-one infants were enrolled in HMP. Nine hundred telephone counseling sessions were conducted. Seventy-three infants required telephone triage with the most common conditions being gastrointestinal (50.7%) and respiratory symptoms (32.9%). With HMP intervention, interstage mortality decreased from 18.6% (8/43) to 9.8% (4/41) (${\chi}^2$=1.15, p=.283). Conclusion: Results indicate that active measures and treatments using the HMP decrease mortality rates, however further investigation is required to identify various factors that contribute to hemodynamic complications during the interstage period.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.38-52
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to suggest the main functions and implications of public hospitals to effectively respond to the future epidemic crisis based on analyzing the accessibility to designated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) medical institutions of Seoul and examining the main features of the quarantine of Seoul municipal hospitals. Method: To analyze the response and function of Seoul municipal hospitals, we reviewed the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention ACT, 258 articles of Seoul Metropolitan Government press releases from January to the end of April, 48 articles of Seoul Metropolitan Government's daily newsletters, 2019 Health Bureau Budget report. We also referred to internal data of Seoul Children's Hospital, Seoul Seobuk Hospital, and Seoul Eunpyeong Hospital during the same period. Besides, the accessibility to medical institutions was analyzed by using the COVID-19 data which was announced daily basis. Results: The accessibility of COVID-19 patients living in the Southeastern part of Seoul to a medical institutions was 16.2km on a distance basis, and it was the lowest accessibility among four regions of Seoul since it took about 40 minutes by car. On the other hand, patients living in the Northeast part had the highest accessibility, as the access to medical institutions was 10.7km and 27 minutes by car. Also, the main functions of the municipal hospital of Seoul against COVID-19 were to shift the public hospital function to COVID-19 patients only hospitals, to perform the epidemiological investigation by medical doctors, and to support the operation of self-isolation facilities, community treatment centers and triage rooms of community health centers. Conclusion: Through the experience of COVID-19, we suggested that the functions of public hospitals will be reorganized as the reinforcement of infectious disease treatment and mental health for quarantined patients, cooperation with private hospitals, supporting for strengthening community health capacity and preparation for another epidemic.