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Study on the Characteristics of Materials and Production Techniques of Clay Seated Vairocana Buddha Triad of Seonunsa Temple, Gochang (보물 제1752호 고창 선운사 소조비로자나삼불좌상 재질특성 및 제작기법 연구(1): 소조불상 주요 구성재료 분석)

  • Lee, Hwa Soo;Lee, Han Hyoung;Han, Gyu-Seong
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.562-577
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    • 2020
  • In this study, to conserve the clay seated Vairocana Buddha triad in Seonunsa temple, Gochang (Treasure 1752), the primary materials employed for creating the clay Buddha statues were scientifically analyzed. By analyzing the soil layer constituting the Buddha statues, it is observed that the said layer comprises sand having particle size greater than that of medium sand and soil having particle size smaller than that of fine sand, which were used in a ratio of 7:3, along with the bast fibers of paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki). Hence, the aforementioned soil layer is composed of a mixture of sand and weathered soil, along with bast fibers to prevent scattering. By analyzing the tree species, it is found that the wooden materials constituting the bottom board and the interior of Buddha's sleeves of the Amitabha Buddha statue, Vairocana Buddha statue, and Medicine Buddha statue are hard pines (Pinus spp.). Additionally, three layers are found in the cross section of the gold layer. Furthermore, each of the hair sections of the Buddha statues is composed of earthy materials such as quartz, albite, microcline, mica, and magnetite, and the hair surface was painted by incorporating black materials containing magnetite.

Growth of Daphniphyllum macropodum and Climatic Factors at Mt. Naejang, Korea (내장산 지역 굴거리나무의 연륜생장과 기후요소와의 관계)

  • 구경아;박원규;공우석
    • The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.65-71
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    • 2000
  • The growth of Daphniphyllum macropodum at Mt. Naejang National Park(Naejang temple area) was investigated in connection with the climatic factors by the use of tree-ring analysis. A pair of cores was extracted from each of 18 trees in the D. macropodum community area near Younjabong for the analysis. The period of mater chronology based upon D. macropodum covers from 1915 to 1998. The growth rates of D. macropodum were very poor in the years 1920, 1932, 1934, 1937, 1942, 1946, 1964, 1969 and 1985, respectively. Response function was employed to understand the relationship between the growth of D. macropodum and climatic factors. The response function of the growth rates of D. macropodum indicated significant negative correlation with the precipitation of August and September. Poor growth of D. macropodum during the August and September nay be due to the frequent rain periods during the summer The heavy rain during the summer seems to decrease the solar radiation, which eventually caused the decrease of photosynthesis capacity. In conclusion, we hypothesize that the decrease of the photosynthesis rates during the rainy summer seasons may cause the slower growth of D. macropodum.

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Structure of Forest Communities in Chiak Mountain National Park - Case Study of Guryong Temple - Birobong Area - (치악산 국립공원의 삼림군집 구조 -구룡사-비로봉지역을 중심으로-)

  • 박인협;이경재;조재창
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 1988
  • To investigate the forest structure of Guryongsa-Birobong area in Mt. Chiak, four districts were selected and forty-five plots were set up at the districts. The leading dominant species of District I, the valley forest in which users' density was very high. was Pinus densiflora. That of District II, the valley forest in which users' density was high. and Districs III, the valley forest in which entering was restricted recently. was Comus controversa. That of District III, the ridge forest in which users' density high, was Quercus mongolica. Species diversities of District I, II, III, and IV were 1.3252, 1.3736, 14421, and 1.2546, respectively. DCA ordination were showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Quercus spp. to Carpinus laxtflora in ridge and midslope forest and from Pinus densiflora through Quercus spp. to Comtus controversa and Carpinus cordata.

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Studies on the Structure of the Forest Community in Mt. Sokri(II) -Analysis on the Plant Community by the Classification and Ordination Techniques- (속리산 삼림군집구조에 관한 연구(II) Classification 및 Ordination 방법에 의한 식생분석 -)

  • 이경재;박인협;조재창;오충현
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.33-43
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    • 1990
  • A survey of Popju Temple district. was conducted using 70 sample plots of 500$m^2$ size. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. By both techniques. the plant com-munity were divided into six groups by the altitude and soil moisture. The successional trends of tree species seem to be from Pinus densiflora, Sorbus alnifolia through Quercus serrata to Carpinus laxiflora and from P. densiflora, Fraxinus sieboldiana through Q. mongolica in the canopy layer, and from Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Rhus trichocarpa, Zanthoxylum schnifolium through Rhododendron mucronulatum, Corylus sieboldiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Magnclia sieboldii to Euonymus sieboldianus in the understory and shrub layer. The species diversity of the plant community in the burnt plot was decreased by the forest fire but the importance values of Quercus species were increased in above plot.

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Hierophany in Ancient China and the Sacred Sites (공간의 성스러움으로 본 고대 중국인의 성현(聖顯))

  • Kim, Jongseok
    • The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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    • no.31
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    • pp.173-202
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    • 2011
  • Hierophany, according to Mircea Eliade, is a natural manifestation of the initial sacred. Through hierophany, profane objects and sites transform their qualities and then they themselves become sacred. People in traditional societies, in an attempt to reenact the initial hierophany, tried to perform consecrating rituals to replicate the first moment of the initial hierophany, at the same time and site. This article focuses on the concrete sites of hierophany. In ancient China, we can see specific sites that manifest the sacred such as Kunlun(崑崙), Jianmu(建木) and zongmiao(宗廟). Kunlun has the characteristics as the Cosmic Mountain that is the realm of the gods that tiandi(天帝) built as his center on the Earth, and it bridges Heaven and Earth. Jianmu joins Heaven, Earth, and the underworld like a Cosmic Tree or Pillar. It can be stated that zongmiao, the royal ancestral temple, functions as the Center of the World, the axis mundi, in which religious human beings express their desire to live in a sacred site, and in which they can regain their initial purity of spirits by communicating with the gods and ancestors. These three are the sites of manifestation of the sacred in China.

Vegetation Structure of Abies holophylla Forest near Woljeong Temple in Odaesan National Park (오대산국립공원 월정사 전나무숲 식생구조 분석)

  • Lee, Kyong-Jae;Kim, Ji-Seok;Choi, Jin-Woo;Han, Bong-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.173-183
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    • 2008
  • This research was aimed at looking into the vegetation structure of Abies holophylla forest distributed between Iljumun of Woljeong Temple and Keumgang bridge in Odaesan National Park. It was found that existed a total of 977 tree of Abies holophylla which are more than 20cm in DBH within the target site, and in 2006 when the survey was made, the number of fallen trees and poor growth trees was about 96, accounting for 9.8% of all. The age of Abies holophylla ranged from 41 years to 135 years($11\sim82cm$ in DBH). The number of Abies holophylla over 100cm in DBH was 8 and the largest Abies holophylla was 175cm in DBH and 31m in height. Its density was 5.9 individuals per $400m^2$. As a result of the analysis of the plant community structure using the TWINSP AN classification, Abies holophylla was divided into four community types. Firstly, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla community was predicted to vary into Abies holophylla community. In case of other three other communities, Abies holophylla communities were predicted to compete with deciduous broadleaf trees, such as Tilia amurensis and Acer pictum subsp. mono. Abies holophylla forest adjacent to Woljeong Temple of Odaesan National Park has a high value as sustainable resources for culture, landscape and tourism. Thus, it is necessary to clarify the reason for the incidence of poor growth trees and fallen trees among all trees of Abies holophylla and take counter-measures against it for the preservation and management of Abies holophylla forest. In addition, a more aggressive managrment like getting rid of the deciduous broadleaf trees, such as Tilia amurensis and Acer pictum subsp. mono, which appear mostly on understory layer or shrub layer within Abies holophylla, and continuous management is also needed for the young trees of Abies holophylla which are feared to be pressurized outside from their neighboring trees because their initial growth after germination is very slow.

Studies on the Structure of Plant Community and Visitor's Activities in Mt. Naejang Park (I) - Analysis of the Vegetational Structure by the Ordination Techniques - (내장산국립공원(內藏山國立公園)의 식물군집(植物群集) 및 이용행태(利用行態)에 관한 연구 (I) - Ordination 방법에 의한 식생구조분석(植生構造分析) -)

  • Lee, Kyong Jae;Oh, Koo Kyoon;Jo, Jae Chang
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.77 no.2
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    • pp.166-177
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    • 1988
  • To investigate the structure of the plant community of the Naejang Temple District in Mt. Naejang National Park, 22 plots were set up by the vegetation physiognomy and vegetation analysis by four kinds of ordination techniques(PO, PCA, RA and DCA) was carried out. Pure and mixed forest community of Quercus variabilis and Q. mongolica were major forest communities and each of them covered 31.27 and 20.77%, respectively. The degree of human disturbance of vegetation 9, 8, 7 and 6 area covered 30.9, 67.0, 0 and 0.02%, respectively. According to stand dynamic analysis by DBH class distribution, the present Pinus densiflora and Quercus communities may be succeeded to Carpinus laxiflora communities. DCA was the most effective method of this study. DCA ordination showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from P. densiflora through Q. variabilis, Q. aliena, Sorbus alnifolia, Platycarya strobilacea to Carpinus laxiflora, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Zelkova serrata, Cornus controversa in the tree layer, and from Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Rhus trichocarpa through Styrax japonica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Sapium japonicum to Euonymus oxyphyllum, E. sieboldiana, Lindera erythrocarpa in the subtree layer.

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A Study on the Aspects and Characteristics of the Vegetation Maintenance Project at the Historic Site of Angkor, Cambodia -with the Focus on Preah Khan, Banteay Srei, and Ta Prohm Temples- (캄보디아 앙코르 유적에서 식생정비 사업의 양상과 특징에 관한 고찰 - 프레아 칸 사원·반테이 스레이 사원·타 프롬 사원을 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, Jae-Yong;Kim, Young-Mo
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.51 no.1
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    • pp.32-47
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the vegetation maintenance project that was conducted as a part of the Official Development Assistance (ODA) project for the historic site of Angkor, to analyze the aspects and characteristics of the project, and to derive implications for the establishment of future policies and strategies. First, the key words used in the vegetation maintenance project at the historic site of Angkor do not only refer to the concept of plants (and more specifically to 'trees') but also to the concept of heritage. In other words, the concept of heritage is not limited to architectural structures but is also intended to mean the vegetation and surroundings that form the historic site. Second, the expansion of the value of vegetation has contributed to the establishment of the basic principles of conservation based on the 'coexistence' between architectural structures and vegetation; here, vegetation has come to be recognized as an 'essential' element in the conservation of historic sites. Third, the range of vegetation maintenance has expanded from each tree to the surroundings of the temples, and vegetation maintenance came to adopt 'integrative' and 'active' directions to improve not only the growth environment of the vegetation but also the viewing environment experienced by visitors. This change means that it is necessary for the historic site maintenance project to comprehensively deal with the temples and their surrounding areas. Fourth, for the effective performance of the ODA project, the role of the International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (ICC-Angkor), under the influence of UNESCO, was expanded from an examination of the problems with the existing projects to a search for solutions to technical consultation and supervision. This implies that, in order to perform the ODA project in a way that is appropriate to the local conditions, it is important to reach gradual and phased agreements with ICC-Angkor.

Interpretation of Cultural Landscape at the Geumsidang(今是堂) sibigyung(12 Landscapes) in Miryang, Gyungnam (밀양 금시당(今是堂) 12경의 문화경관 해석)

  • Eom, Tae-Geon;Kim, Soo-Jin;Park, Jung-Lim;Kang, Han-Min;Sim, Woo-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 2011
  • This study has been examined characteristics of Yeoju Lee family, rich group at Miryang in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, around Geumsidang(今是堂) Lee Gwang-jin remains as a cultural landscape appeared in pictures, poetry, and a strange story. Geumsidang Lee Gwang-jin returned to his old home abandoned the middle government post after the death of Moonjeong queen in socially confused stage and tried to manage an annex to a Geumsidang located in Baekgok of Eungchun riverside, and Geumsidang he managed was affected by his teacher and uncle Wolyoun Lee Tae of a view of nature, filial behavior, and nature management etc. Also, 'Painting of 12 landscapes to Geumsidang' is landscape painting with the actual view not like the '8 landscapes of So-Sang' or '8 landscapes of Sa-Si' which is abstract landscape and Lee Gyeong-hong drew 12 landscapes of Geumsidang that includes Angbong(鶯峰: nightingale peak), Yongdu mountain(龍頭山), Mubong Buddhist temple(舞鳳寺), Maam mountain(馬巖山), Wolyeon-dae(月淵臺), Saindang village(舍人堂村), Youngnam-ru(嶺南樓), Miryang eubseong(密陽邑城), Eyeonso(梨淵沼: pear tree deep water), Yullim(栗林: chestnut tree forest), Miryang river(密陽江), Sammundong fields(沙門野), land and government office owned by Yeoju Lee family as landscape objects. 'Poems of 12 landscapes to Geumsidang' by Lee Yong-gu 11th sons of Lee Gwang-jin was written based on 'Painting of 12 landscapes to Geumsidang', and sang for time, season, and changes of the weather. All 12 poems are all a quatrain with seven Chinese characters in each line consisted of all 28 words, but does not match completely with shown elements in pictures because it is not a simple description of pictures but it is recreated by writer's personality. Therefore these painting shows not only th meaning of filial behavior but also village owned by Yeoju Lee family rich group in Miryang, and these poem recreated the pictures by changing as certain scenic spot with the object of enforcing territory of Yeoju Lee family.

Characristics and Management Plans of Myeongwoldae and Myeongwol Village Groves Located in, Jeju (제주 팽림월대(彭林月臺)의 경관특성 및 관리방안)

  • Rho, Jae-Hyun;Oh, Hyun-Kyung;Chol, Yung-Hyun;Kahng, Byung-Seon;Kim, Young-Suk
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.68-81
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    • 2014
  • This study was conducted to identify the spacialty, to illuminate the existence and values of Myeongwoldae(明月臺) and Forest Myeongwol, and to suggest the sustainable usage, preservation and management plans with the purpose of ecological and cultural landscaping characteristic and value identification. The result of the study is as follows. Castle Myeongwol and Port Myeongwol shows the status of Hallim-eup Myeongwol District which is the administrative center of western Jeju as well as is the fortress. Building Wolgyejeongsa and School Woohakdang, the head temple of education and culture, located in Myeongwol District represents the spaciality of Myeonwol-ri which was the center of education. Stand Myeongwol is one of the most representative Confucian cultural landscapes in Jeju Island and the field of communion with nature where scholars enjoy poetries, nature, changgi(Korean chess), and go in the Joseon Dynasty period. It was found that the current relics of Myeongwoldae was recovered through the maintenance project conducted by Youth Group Myeongwol composed with Hongjong-si(洪鍾時) as the center during the Japanese colonial era in 1931. It seems that the stonework of Myeongwoldae composed of three levels in the order of square, octagon, and circle based on the heaven-man unity theory of Confucianism and the octagon in the middle is the messenger of Cheonwonjibang(天圓地方), in other words, between the square-shaped earth and the circle-shaped sky. It is assumed that both Grand Bridge Myeongwol and Bridge Myeongwol were constructed as arched bridges in early days. Bridge Myeongwol is the only arched bridge remaining in Jeju Island now, which has the modern cultural heritage value. In Forest Myeongwol, 97 taxa of plants were confirmed and in accordance with 'Taxonomic Group and Class Criteria of Floristic Specific Plants', eight taxa were found; Arachniodes aristata of FD IV and Ilex cornuta, Piper kadsura, Litsea japonica, Melia azedarach, Xylosma congestum, Richosanthes kirilowii var. japonica, Dichondra repens, Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki of FD III. Otherwise, 14 taxa of naturalized plants including Apium leptophylihum which is imported to Jeju Island only were confirmed. In Forest Myeongwol, 77 trees including 41 Celtis sinensis, 30 Aphananthe aspera, two Wylosma congestum, a Pinus densiflora, a Camellia japonica, a Melia azedarach, and an Ilex cornuta form a colony. Based on the researched data, the preservation and plans of Myeongwoldae and Forest Myeongwol is suggested as follows. Myeongwoldae, Bridge Myeongwol, and Forest Myeongwol should be managed as one integrated division. Bridge Myeongwol, an arched bridge which is hard to be found in Jeju Island is a high-standard stonework requiring long-term preservation plans. Otherwise, Grand Bridge Myeongwol that is exposed to accident risks because of deterioration and needs safety diagnosis requires measures according to the result of precise safety diagnosis. It is desirable to restore it to a two-sluice arched bridge as its initial shape and to preserve and use it as a representative local landmark with Stand Myeongwol. In addition, considering the topophsis based on the analysis result, the current name of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Monument No. 19 'Myoengwol Hackberry Colony' should change to 'Myeongwol Hackberry-Muku Tree Colony'. In addition, the serial number system which is composed without distinction of hackberry and muku tree should be improved and the regular monitoring of big and old trees, specific plants, and naturalized species is required.