• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.43-53
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• 2011

The many cities are changing in the city form where the person and nature are mixed. Namely, the government invests many expense in tree field of distance space for the change in the green city. In this paper, we design and implement a tree growth management system using PDA built in 13.56MHz RFID reader and CBD(Component Based Development) for ubiquitous computing environments. Our system provides history management to increase business efficiency for location coordinate of tree and history information of tree which using RFID, the RFlD tag is attaching the new tree and that is inputting GPS location information in PDA and provides tree information of tree by location coordinate to history management. Finally, we show from a performance analysis that our system achieves about 85% average tree read rate of RFID under test scenario environments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.496-506
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• 2022

The growth of trees planted through transplantation rapidly decreases immediately after planting due to extreme disturbances such as root cutting and crown damage. Although the growth rate is recovered as time elapses, the time required to restore the original growth varies by species. Therefore, it is necessary to set an appropriate tree management period for survival after transplantation by analyzing each species' annual growth change. In this study, we analyzed the growth amount of deciduous broad-leaf species planted in the area where the riparian ecological belt was formed and proposed the management period based on the results. Slowed growth immediately after planting is a common phenomenon due to root cutting and pruning, the pre-works performed to increase tree survival rate during the transplantation process. Afterward, the original growth rate is recovered as time passes, but the time required may vary depending on the species and planting environment. Most of the trees showed a rapid decrease in growth immediately after transplantation. After that, although it is different for each species, most of them showed a gradual recovery from 2 years onwards. The analysis of the growth rate by tree species confirmed that it took 2 to 4 years, depending on the tree species, to recover the growth level before transplantation after a rapid decrease in growth immediately after transplantation. The results suggest that improving the defect rate of planted trees is necessary to meet the project objectives: ecological restoration and pollutant reduction. It requires setting a tree management period of at least two years and creating an appropriate base environment.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2024

Forest management is known to beneficially influence stand structure and wood production, yet quantitative understanding as well as an illustrative depiction of the effects of different management approaches on tree growth and stand dynamics are still scarce. Long-term management of beech forests must balance public interests with ecological aspects. Efficient forest management requires the reliable prediction of tree growth change. We aimed to develop a novel hybrid simulation approach, which realistically simulates short- as well as long-term effects of different forest management regimes commonly applied, but not limited, to German low mountain ranges, including near-natural forest management based on single-tree selection harvesting. The model basically consists of three modules for (a) natural seedling regeneration, (b) mortality adjustment, and (c) tree growth simulation. In our approach, an existing validated growth model was used to calculate single year tree growth, and expanded on by including in a newly developed simulation process using calibrated modules based on practical experience in forest management and advice from the local forest. We included the following different beech forest-management scenarios that are representative for German low mountain ranges to our simulation tool: (1) plantation, (2) continuous cover forestry, and (3) reserved forest. The simulation results show a robust consistency with expert knowledge as well as a great comparability with mid-term monitoring data, indicating a strong model performance. We successfully developed a hybrid simulation that realistically reflects different management strategies and tree growth in low mountain range. This study represents a basis for a new model calibration method, which has translational potential for further studies to develop reliable tailor-made models adjusted to local situations in beech forest management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.103-112
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• 2011

Old big tree transcends the simple meaning of trees as they are the natural monuments that embody the people's history and culture of this land. The Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea(CHA) defines and protects old big tree based not only on the size of the tree but also on its definitive cultural and natural factors such as value, implications, and originality. This research aims to identify and analyze the growth conditions, soil conditions and location character of 20 old big tree in Gyeongsangnamdo korea. The research examined the soundness of the arboreal form, the degree of damage on the bark, as well as the quantity of leafs levels to evaluate the overall condition of growth and development. Also, 9 elements such as soil texture, nitrogen and organic matter content, soil pH, phosphoric acid and EC were further analyzed The research analyzed in correlation of Growth condition and soil. Tree health related positivity that total nitrogen and organic matter. The result which analyzes location character, With natural monument old big trees raising a hand the area where is contiguous appeared with the fact that the farming village style where the rice field and the arable land of field etc. This research aimed at generating some foundational reference data for the analysis of the habitation and management conditions of natural monument old big tree within the Gyeongsangnamdo korea.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.76-81
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• 2021

With continuous decline of Philippine forest cover, sustainable forest management and restoration are essential to restore destroyed forest ecosystems. Unfortunately, of ten most planted trees in reforestation projects in the Philippines, eight are exotic species, with large leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) being the most dominant. In this study, effect of Swietenia macrophylla in reforestation projects on native tree species was evaluated. Effects of S. macrophylla leaf litter, frequency, and canopy closure on the growth of the Philippine native species Pterocarpus indicus were investigated. Results showed that S. macrophylla leaf litter significantly inhibited the growth of P. indicus seedlings based on root collar-to-shoot height. The standardized growth rate of seedlings in plots without S. macrophylla leaf litter was significantly higher than the growth rate of seedlings in plots with leaf litter. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the standardized growth rate of seedlings between plots without leaf litter and a control plot. On the contrary, S. macrophylla tree frequency and canopy closure showed no significant effect. These results attest to the negative effect of widely planted S. macrophylla to a valuable Philippine native tree P. indicus. With accumulating scientific evidence about negative effects of S. macrophylla on native trees, discontinued use in tree planting and reforestation efforts with active management of restoration sites previously planted with large leaf mahogany are needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 2011

To evaluate the value of a preserved tree as rural landscape resource, the growth environment and health condition was investigated, and the image evaluation was implemented on land~ape architectural major undergraduate students for zelkova trees in Yesan-gun. The image evaluation results of zelkova trees were as followings; 1) Typical image of preserved tree examined by Semantic Differential Scale were 'Old', 'Big', and 'Good'. 2) The 'big' image of zelkova tree and the height of tree, the width of tree crown, the breast girth of tree, the root girth of tree, the external formation of tree, and the health of tree bark is mutually related. Especially, the correlation between the 'big' and the external formation and the width of tree crown is high. 3) Typical image of preserved tree examined by Likert Scale were 'Natural', 'Green', 'Peaceful', and 'Rural'. 4) The preservation necessity for preserved tree was highly related with the state of ground, and the management necessity for preserved tree was highly related with contamination level and the state of ground. The appropriate management plan for preserved tree are proposed to improve the quality of rural landscape(basis of these results).

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.130-139
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to grasp the profitability of coffee franchise companies using ROIC tree, ROA and ROE. As a result, ROA was using assets efficiently, and some companies are in desperate need to improve their management based on past brand recognition, and a new paradigm management strategy is urgently required. In particular, the franchise company's current cost burden is greater than comparable firms. In ROE, the capital was operating efficiently. Since ROIC is very difficult to classify business related and operating related amounts accurately based on financial statement information, there is a limit to accurate ROIC calculation. Therefore, ROIC is estimated to be 7.6~38.29% as of 2016 based on ROIC calculation. In the case of continuous growth companies, investments are made to improve steady sales, but some companies seem to be unable to escape from past paradigm. In order to continue the growth of the company beyond the accounting profit in the future, the ROIC Tree can be used to measure the subdivided management performance and propose efficiency plan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.85-98
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• 2021

In this study, the characteristics of tree growth and soil environment were analyzed at 5 sites that had been planted on the back slope of dam for more than 15 years in Korea. First, as a result of investigating the growth of 15 trees planted on the back slope of the dam, the average height was 10.6m, diameter at roots was 27.3cm, and DBH was 22.9cm, showing good growth status of most of the trees. In particular, the growth levels of pine, hackberry, and oak were similar or better than those of general forests and artificial ground. As a result of excavating and investigating the roots of trees, horizontal roots grew well in the left and right directions of the back slope of the dam, and the growth of vertical roots was insufficient. Currently, the roots of trees do not directly affect dam safety, but they may continue to grow in the long term and interfere with dam management. Second, the physicochemical characteristics of the soil on the back slope of dam were generally above the intermediate level in terms of landscape design standards, and were similar to those of the domestic forest soil. Therefore, although it was judged to be suitable for plant growth, isolation of the site, soil acidification, and nutrient imbalance may affect tree growth and forest health in the long term. Through this study, it was possible to confirm the potential and applicability of planting area on the back slope of dam as an ecological base. Continuous monitoring is required for safety management and ecological value of dams in the future, and through this, it will be possible to secure the feasibility of planting trees on the slopes of new or existing dams and improving management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.45-54
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• 2012

This study intended to analyze growth condition of each object by protected tree's ground for 45 places registered to Pyeongtaek protected tree list in locational characteristics, conduct exchange analysis for impediment extent rate in crown area and tree type to the result and suggest the measures to manage artificial impediment which is an effect on protected tree condition. In this study, the tree whose area of impediment for crown area is less than 21% is tree condition of grade 1~2, less than 21~50% is grade 2~3 and more than 50% is grade 3~5. The more impediment is, the more inconvenience causes on growth and development. So, it verified that the area rate must maintain less than 21% for the root system management of protected tree. For the standard of managing artificial impediment which is an effect on the tree condition of protected trees, the below matters intend to be suggested. The first, the impediment in crown area should be less than 21%. But, if there is not artificial impediment out of crown area, the rate of impediment area is considered to increase somewhat. The second, growth space of protected tree should be maintained by crown area at least and impediment should be established out of the crown area. The third, during the national project and land development, surroundings of protected tree must be applied as park, resting place, etc. and the establishment area of impediment (artificial impediment and natural impediment) in crown area must be limited. The forth, publicity for regional people (especially, land owner) is necessary for the protection of natural inheritance and the value of dependence on local government and village which are the subject of management must be announced widely through the internet media, etc, so its importance must be recognized. The fifth, the matters related to protected tree management must be able to limit artificial damage which is for surroundings of protected tree through the mutual connection among the local governments; construction, civil engineering, architecture, water and sewage, agriculture and forest and others. Also, following studies on the effects of kinds, thickness, etc. of impediment around the protected tree on trees should be continued.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.129-138
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine the growth condition of Chionanthus retusa, roadside tree in Cheongyechon (CGC) and to investigate the relationship soil characteristics and tree vitality and chlorophyll contents of it. Growth condition of tree (condition of flower, leaves and branch, % of flowering, height, diameter at breast height, width, vitality and chlorophyll contents) and physiochemical relation item (pH, organic matter, K, Mg, Na, Ca, P) were investigated. The result are as follows : 1. The growth condition of flower, leaves and branch in the left side of CGC is better than the right side since the quantity of sunshine of left side of CGC is much more than the right side. 2. The average pH was alkaline. P and organic contents were much lower than the standards. 3. Tree vitality and chlorophyll contents were bad where were high user density and high buildings, such as 1, 2 area near Jong-gak and jongro 3 ga. Among the physiochemical factors of soil which affect tree vitality, K and P were found to be the main factors. Therefore, in order to improve the growth environment of roadside tree in CGC, it is needed to do periodical soil fertilizing and improve physical characteristics of soil such as, permeability and porosity by soil conditioner.