• Title/Summary/Keyword: Treatment-resistance

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Resistance to Naegleria fowleri infection passively acquired from immunized splenocyte, serum or milk (면역시킨 마우스의 비장세포, 혈청 또는 모유를 통해 얻을 수 있는 Naegleria fowleri 감염에 대한 방어 능력)

  • 안명희;민득영
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.79-86
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    • 1989
  • A pathogenic free-living amoeba, Naegleria fowleri, causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis to human and experimental animals. This infection is rare, but the mortality is very high. Nowadays, drug treatment or active immunization of human or mice are being tried with partial effectiveness. This study shows passive immunization effect by transfer of immunized spleen cells, serum, or milk from immunized mother in mouse experimental model. Young BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with $2~3{\times}10^{6}$ trophozoites of N. fowleri, and spleen cells and sera were collected for injection to recipient mice. There were seven transfer groups, i.e., immunized mouse serum, spleen cells, serum and spleen cells, normal mouse serum, spleen cells, serum and spleen cells, and control group. Three days later, BALB/c mice were inoculated with $1{\times}10^{4}$ trophozoites of N. fowleri intranasally. After infection, decreased mortality ana prolonged survival time of mice were noted in immunized Bloops compared with non.immuniBed control group. The groups Injected with immunized spleen cells or normal serum shewed lower moltality than that of controls bult showed no changes of Serum IgG level. The groups injected with immunized serum or normal spleen cells showed increased serum IgG level after immunization but hundred percent mortality was observed. Mother mice were ifnfnunised increperitqneeliy with $2~3{\times}10^{6}$ trephozoites of N. fowleri at the end of pregnancy and weaning Period. Soon after the delivery, Jitters born of non-immunszed mother were matched with immunized mother for feeding immune milk. After three weeks, the litters were infected with $1{\times}10^{4}$ trophozeites of N. fowleri or sacrificed for serum collection to measure the IgG levels. The results show that anti-JV. fowleri IgG from mother was transferred to litter through milk but this IgG did not inauence the mortality or survival time of the infected mice.

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The Electrical, Optical and Structural Characteristics of ITO Films Formed by RF Reactive Magnetron Sputtering (저온 스퍼터링법으로 증착된 ITO박막의 온도 변화에 따른 구조, 표면 및 전기적 특성)

  • Lee, Seok-Ryoul;Choi, Jae-Ha;Kim, Ji-Soo;Jung, Jae-Hak;Lee, Lim-Soo;Kim, Jae-Yeal
    • Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.30-34
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    • 2011
  • We investigated the structural, electrical and optical characteristics of thin films with ITO deposited by a low temperature RF reactive magnetron sputtering. The deposited thin films were annealed for 2 hours at various temperatures of $50^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$ and $250^{\circ}C$ and were analyzed by using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy and 4 point probe. The films annealed at temperatures higher than $150^{\circ}C$ were found to be crystallized and their electrical resistance were decreased from $40{\Omega}cm$to $18{\Omega}cm$. The optical transmittance of the film annealed at $150^{\circ}C$ was increased by over 87% in the 450 nm ~ 900 nm wavelength range. Our results indicate that the films with ITO deposited at even a low temperature can show better optical and electrical properties through a proper heat treatment.

Changes of Photosynthetic Pigment Contents and SOD Activity in the Leaves of Four Tree Species Exposed to SO2 (SO2 노출된 4개 수종의 엽내 광색소 함량 및 SOD 활성 변화)

  • 이재천;한심희;권기원;우수영;최정호
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.18-23
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    • 2003
  • This study was conducted to compare physiological responses of Pinus densiflora, Populus ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa, Quercus acutissima and Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus exposed to SO$_2$, by measuring photosynthetic pigment contents and SOD activity. Four woody plants were exposed to relatively high SO$_2$ concentration (500 ppb, 800 ppb) for 8h day$^{-1}$ for 7 days in a chamber. Photosynthetic pigment contents in the leaves of four species decreased with increase of SO$_2$ concentration; also chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoid content were significantly different among tree species and treatments. The ratio of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a of E. sessiliflorus and Q. acutissima increased for 500 ppb treatment but decreased at 800 ppb. This result showed that chlorophyll a was destroyed by 500 ppb SO$_2$ and chlorophyll b by 800 ppb SO$_2$. Therefore, the sensitivity of chlorophyll a to SO$_2$ may be higher than that of chlorophyll b. SOD activity differed significantly between species and treatments. SOD activity of E. sessiliflorus and Q. acutissima increased at 500 ppb but decreased at 800 ppb, but P. densiflora and P ${\times}$tomentiglandulosa maintained high SOD activity at both 500 ppb and 800 ppb. Based on the photosynthetic pigment contents and SOD activity in the leaves of four tree species, the tolerance of P. ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa to SO$_2$ was the highest of four tree species.

Development of an In Vitro Test System Measuring Transcriptional Downregulatory Activities on IL-13

  • Choi, Jeong-June;Park, Bo-Kyung;Park, Sun-Young;Yun, Chi-Young;Kim, Dong-Hee;Kim, Jin-Sook;Hwang, Eun-Sook;Jin, Mi-Rim
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.331-337
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    • 2009
  • Interleukin-13 (IL-13) has been proposed as a therapeutic target for bronchial asthma as it plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. We developed an in vitro test system measuring transcriptional downregulatory activities on IL-13 as a primary screening method to select drug candidates from natural products. The promoter region of IL-13 (-2,048 to +1) was cloned into the upstream of a luciferase gene in the plasmid pGL4.14 containing the hygromycin resistance gene as a selection marker, generating pGL4.14-IL-13. The EL-4 thymoma and RBL-2H3 mast cells transiently expressing this plasmid highly produced the luciferase activities by responding to PI (PMA and ionomycin) stimulation up to 8-fold and 13-fold compared with the control, respectively, whereas cyclosporin A, a well-known antiasthmatic agent, significantly downregulated the activities. The BF1 clone of RBL-2H3 cells constitutively expressing pGL4.14-IL-13 was established by selecting surviving cells under a constant lethal dose of hygromycin treatment. The feasibility of this system was evaluated by measuring the downregulatory activities of 354 natural products on the IL-13 promoter using the BF1 clone. An extract from Morus bombycis (named TBRC 156) significantly inhibited PI-induced luciferase activities and IL-13 mRNA expression, but not the protein expression. Fisetin (named TBRC 353) inhibited not only PI-induced luciferase activities and mRNA expression, but also the IL-13 protein secretion, whereas myricetin (named TBRC 354) could not suppress the IL-13 expression at all. Our data indicated that this in vitro test system is able to discriminate the effects on IL-13 expression, and furthermore, that it might be suitable as a simple and time-saving primary screening system to select antiasthmatic agents by measuring transcriptional activities of the IL-13 promoter.

Insulin Sensitizing and Insulin-like Effects of Water Extracts from Kalopanax pictus NAKAI in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte (엄나무 추출물이 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 인슐린 민감성과 인슐린 유사성 작용에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Ho-Kyoung;Park, Sun-Min;Ko, Byoung-Seob
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.45 no.1
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    • pp.42-46
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    • 2002
  • Effects of the water extract from Kalopanax pictus NAKAI on insulin-like action and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells were investigated. The bark of K. pictus NAKAI was treated with hot water and the extract was freeze-dried. Total extract of K. pictus NAKAI was fractionated into 6 fractions with increasing gradients from 0 to 100% MeOH on Amberlite XDA-4. Treatment of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts with 1 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 10 ${\mu}g/ml$ of K. pictus NAKAI total extracts significantly increased the differentiation of the cells. When co-treated with inducers such a dexamethasone, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine and insulin, the differentiation was increased at 1 ${\mu}g/ml$ of total extract, but not at 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, glucose uptake was increased by 3.3 times with addition of 0.3 and 3 ${\mu}g/ml$ of Fr. 1 (0-10% MeOH) and Fr. 3 (30% MeOH) at 3 ng/ml insulin. In conclusion, K. pictus NAKAI contains such compounds that play a role of insulin-like action and insulin sensitizer.

A Study on the Uplift Capacity of Cylindrical Concrete Foundations for Pipe-Framed Greenhouse (파이프 골조온실의 원주형 콘크리트 기초의 인발저항력에 관한 연구)

  • ;;;;Shino Kazuo
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.109-119
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    • 1998
  • Recently pipe-framed greenhouses are widely constructed on domestic farm area. These greenhouses are extremely light-weighted structures and so are easily damaged under strong wind due to the lack of uplift resistance of foundation piles. This experiment was carried out by laboratory soil tank to investigate the displacement be haviors of cylindrical pile foundations according to the uplift loads. Tested soils were sampled from two different greenhouse areas. The treatment for each soil type are consisted of 3 different soil moisture conditions, 2 different soil depths, and 3 different soil compaction ratios. Each test was designed to be repeated 2 times and additional tests were carried out when needed. The results are summarized as follows : 1. When the soil moisture content are low and/or pile foundations are buried relatively shallow, ultimate uplift capacity of foundation soil was generated just after begining of uplift displacement. But under the high moisture conditions and/or deeply buried depth, ultimate up-lift capacity of foundation soil was generated before the begining of uplift displacement. 2. For the case of soil S$_1$, the ultimate uplift capacity of piles depending on moisture contents was found to be highest in optimum moisture condition and in the order of air dryed and saturated moisture contents. But for the case of soil S$_2$, the ultimate uplift capacity was found to be highest in optimum moisture condition and in the order of saturated and air dryed moisture contents. 3. Ultimate uplift capacities are varied depending on the pile foundation soil moisture conditions. Under the conditions of optimum soil moisture contents with 60cm soil depth, the ultimate uplift capacity of pile foundation in compaction ratio of 80%, 85%, and 90% for soil 51 are 76kg, 115kg, and 155kg, respectively, and for soil S$_2$are 36kg, 60kg, and 92kg, respectively. But considering that typical greenhouse uplift failure be occurred under saturnted soil moisture content which prevails during high wind storm accompanying heavy rain, pile foundation is required to be designed under the soil condition of saturated moisture content. 4. Approximated safe wind velosities estimated for soil sample S$_1$and S$_2$are 32.92m/s and 26.58m/s respectively under the optimum soil condition of 90% compaction ratio and optimum moisture content. But considering the uplift failure pattern under saturated moisture contents which are typical situations of high wind accompanying heavy rain, the safe wind velosities for soil sample S$_1$and S$_2$are not any higher than 20.33m/s and 22.69m/s respectively.

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Anti-obesity and LDL-cholesterol lowering effects of silkworm hemolymph in C57BL/6N mice fed high fat diet (고지방식이 비만 유도 mouse에서 누에체액의 항비만 및 LDL-cholesterol 저하효과)

  • Nam, You Ree;Ko, Young Eun;Ly, Sun Yung
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.51 no.3
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    • pp.201-207
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, is associated with insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Many strategies, including natural alternative anti-obesity agents, are used widely to prevent obesity. This study examined the effects of silkworm hemolymph on the weight control of C57BL/6N mice fed with a high-fat diet. Methods: The mice were divided into five groups: normal group (N), high-fat diet group (HFC), high-fat diet and silkworm hemolymph (at dose of 1 mL/kg BW (HFS-1), 5 mL/kg BW (HFS-5) and 10 mL/kg (HFS-10) for 12 weeks. Results: After 12 weeks treatment, the administration of silkworm hemolymph decreased the final body weight significantly along with a decrease in the weights of epididymal fat and total fat. The plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in the HFS-1, HFS-5, and HFS-10 groups than in the HFC group. In addition, the leptin level of the HFS groups was significantly lower than those of the HFC group without a change in the plasma insulin concentration. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the silkworm hemolymph may have the potential to prevent obesity.

Effect of water temperature on protein requirement of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) fry as determined by nutrient deposition, hemato-biochemical parameters and stress resistance response

  • Fatma, Shabihul;Ahmed, Imtiaz
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.1.1-1.14
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    • 2020
  • Background: Dietary protein requirements are dependent on a variety of factors and water temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting protein requirement of fish. This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate effects of water temperature on dietary protein requirement of fry Heteropneustes fossilis which has high demand in most of the Asian markets. Methods: Quadruplicate groups of 30 fish per treatment (2.97 ± 0.65 cm; 5.11 ± 0.34 g) were fed seven isoenergetic diets (17.9 kJ g-1 gross energy; 14.99 kJ g-1 digestible energy) containing dietary protein levels ranging from 28 to 52% at two water temperatures (18 and 26 ℃). Experimental diets were fed to apparent satiation as semi-moist cakes thrice daily at 17:00, 12:00, and 17:30 h for 12 weeks. For precise information, various growth parameters, protein deposition, hematological parameters, metabolic enzymes, and stress response were analyzed, and effects of water temperature on dietary protein requirement was recommended on the basis of response from above parameters. Results: Groups held at 26 ℃ attained best growth, feed conversion, and protein deposition at 44% dietary protein indicating that temperature affected dietary protein requirement for optimum growth of H. fossilis fry and protein requirement seems to be satisfied with 44% dietary protein. Interestingly, interactive effects of both dietary protein levels and temperature were not found (P > 0.05). Fish reared at 18 ℃ had comparatively higher values for aspartate and alanine transferases than those reared at 26 ℃ water temperature which exhibited normal physiological value for these enzymes indicating that body metabolism was normal at this temperature. Hematological parameters also followed same pattern. Furthermore, fish reared at 26 ℃ water temperature exhibited more resistant to thermal stress (P < 0.05). The 95% maximum plateau of protein deposition data using second-degree polynomial regression analyses exhibited dietary protein requirement of fry H. fossilis between 40.8 and 41.8% of diet at 26 ℃ water temperature. The recommended range of dietary protein level and protein/digestible energy ratio for fry H. fossilis is 40.8-41.8% and 27.21-27.88 mg protein kJ-1 digestible energy, respectively. Conclusions: Information developed is of high significance for optimizing growth potential by making better utilization of nutrient at 26 ℃ and, to develop effective management strategies for mass culture of this highly preferred fish species.

Effects of Chinae Rhizoma Extracts on the Growth of the Dermatophytes (토복령알코홀추출물의 항진균작용)

  • Lee, Jong-Hwa;Song, Byung-Sook;Lee, Sun-Hee;Kim, Chung-Il
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.39-45
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    • 1973
  • The majority of drugs used in the treatment of superficial fungal infections has limited values due to its low efficacy or development of resistance. For the purpose of searching efficacious agent on the superficial fungal infections induced by dermatophytes which is regarded as the most malicious one, authors examined whether Chinae Rhizoma Extracts have significant on it. Extracts from Smilax china Linne used for the study are water extract (CRWE), ethanol extract (CREE) and methanol extract (CRME). In in vitro studies, the spores of the dermatophytes were inoculated on Sabouraud's glucose agar media which contained three extracts of Chinae Rhizoma in each concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, and also $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of salicylic acid and undecylenic acid $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ as comparable drugs. The growth of the dermatophytes were observed for 3 weeks. The species of the dermatophytes used in this experiment were Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum cookei, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum nanum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton verrucosum distributed from The Institute of Tropical Medicine in Belgium. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. The growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were slightly inhibited in CRWE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, and only slight inhibition on the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis and M. gypseum were observed in CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 2. Complete inhibition of T. rubrum, moderate inhibition of M. nanum & T. tonsurans, and slight inhibition of E. floccosunl, M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes in growth were observed in concentration of CREE $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. The growth of M. gypseum was slightly inhibited, moderate inhibition on the growth of M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes, and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. nanum, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observeed by CREE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. With $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of CREE, the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed slight inhibition. 3. In CRME $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum, moderate inhibition of M. gypseum and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. The growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed moderate inhibition in both CRME $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRME $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 4. In $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of undecylenic acid, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum and complete inhibition of E, floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. From the above results, it was found that Chinas Rhizoma Alcoholic Extracts(CREE & CRME) exerted significant antifungal activity, and their effects were probably derived from the pharmacological actions of triterpenoidal saponin and steroidal saponin.

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Effects of soluble silicon on development powdery mildew(Sphaerotheca fuliginea) in cucumber plants (규소 시용에 의한 오이 흰가루병 발병억제)

  • Lee, Jung-Sup;Yiem, Myeong-Sun
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.37-43
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    • 2000
  • Effects of silicon application on development of colonies of Sphaerotheca fuliginea were examined. Cucumber plants were applied with nutrient solutions amended with different concentrations of soluble silicon and selected leaves were inoculated with known concentrations of conidia of the pathogen. Colony number per leaf, colony area per leaf, and germination rate of conidia of S. fuliginea collected from the inoculated leaves were reduced as silicate concentrations in the nutrient solutions increased from 0.05 to 4.10 mM. The increase in resistance of plants to mildew infection was apparently due to silicate accumulation in leaves, and there was no correlation between cation or ionic strength effects and the silicate treatments. Silicate treatment in growth medium remarkably suppressed powdery mildew development on cucumber. Colonies of mildew fungus were visible with over approx. 38.3% of the mature leaf surface, while that of the leaves in high Si plants was 2.3% observed at 51 days after transplanting. No significant differences were observed between 1.7 mM and 3.4mM silicate treatments. Conidial germination rates were significantly reduced by increasing Si amendments. Conidial germination ranged from 14.7 to 20.3% for plants grown in low Si solution(<1.40 mM), and from 9.0 to 12.4% for plants grown in high Si solution(>1.8 mM). Foliar applications of Si with ${\geq}$ 17.0 mM decreased the number of powdery mildew colonies. Persistence of Si foliar sprays effects on cucumber demonstrated that the 17 mM Si spray applied 4 days before inoculation with S. fuliginea reduced mildew colony formation. The relationship was positive and linear.

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