• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate that the immature and mature oocytes of porcine can be cryopreserved by vitrification. Oocytes were centrifuged to polarize the cytoplasmic lipid droplets. The lipids were removed from cytoplasm by micromanipulation. Delipated oocytes were centrifuged after being preincubated with cytochalasin B(CB) fer 10 min, and lipid droplets were removed. Centrifuged oocytes were treated with CB and centrifuged to polorize lipid droplets but not delipated and control oocytes is not-treatment. Oocytes of three types were vitrified in electron microscope(EM) grids. The results of survival, maturation and cleavage rates were as follows. 1 The survival rates of immature oocytes were 15.1%, 0% and 0% in the Delipated, Centrifuged and Control after vitrification, respectively, and its rate of Delipated wassignificantly higher than Centrifuged and Control(P<.01). 2. The survival rates of mature oocytes were 12.21%, 0% and 0% in the Delipated, Centrifuged and Control after vitrification, respectively, and its rate of Delipated was significantly higher than Centrifuged and Control(P<.01). 3 The maturation rates of immature oocytes were 37.5% and 68.9% for metaphase II in the Delipated after vitrification and Non-vitrification, respectively, and its rate of Non-vitrification was significantly higher than Delipated after vitrification(P<.01). 4. The cleavage rates of immature oocytes were 12.5%, 0%, 0% and 56.1% in the Delipated, Centrifuged, Control after vitrification and Non-vitrification, respectively. It's rate of Delipated was higher than Centrifuged and Control, but there were no significant difference, and its rate of Non-vitrification was significantly higher than Delipated, Centrifuged and Control(P<.05). 5 The cleavage rates of mature oocytes were 25.0%, 0%, 0% and 67.9% in the Delipated, Centrifuged, Control after vitrification and Non-vitrification, respectively. It's rate of Delipated was higher than Centrifuged and Control, but there were no significant difference, and its rate of Non-vitrification was significantly higher than Delipated, Centrifuged and Control(P<.05).

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to assess that the effects of DEHP administration on reproductive characteristics and blood hematological and chemical values in pups born after DEHP administration in pregnant mice. DEHP was administrated to pregnant mice by intraperitoneally injection with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0mg/kg B.W, 5 times at 3 days interval from Day 1 to Day 16 in the gestation period. The body weight and reproductive organ weight(testis, epididymis and coagulating gland) in male pups on 45 day after birth was not affected in all experimental groups, but vesicular gland in DEHP groups was significantly lower than that of control group(P<0.05). The semen characteristics of male pups were not affected in DEHP treatment groups. The WBC, HB, HT, MCH and albumin values in male pups were not affected in all experimental groups, but RBC MCV, MCHC, PLT and total protein values were significantly different among the experimental groups(P<0.05). In female pups, the effects of DEHP administration were not affected the body and uterus weight, but the left ovary in 10.0mg DEHP group was significantly heavier than in control and 0.5mg DEHP group(P<0.05). The WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, albumin, BUN and total protein values in female were not different in all experimental groups. The RBC, HB and HT values were significantly different among the experimental gruop(P<0.05). The historical evaluation of testis in male pups that were grown to 45 days after birth was not different in all experimental groups. The ovary in female pups had many corpus luteum in 10.0mg DEHP group. The endometriosisi of uterus was significantly decreased in DEHP group. There results suggest that low concentration of DEHP administration in pup born after DEHP administration in pregnant mice was not affered on reproductive characteristic, but was affected on blood hematological and chemical values.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2006

Ethane 1,2-Dimethane sulfonate(EDS), a toxin which specifically kills Leydig cells(LC), has been widely used to prepare the reversible testosterone(T) depletion rat model. Previous studies including our own clearly demonstrated that the dramatic weight loss of the T-dependent accessory sex organs such as epididymis and seminal vesicle in this 'LC knock-out' rats. These weight loss could be derived from massive and abrupt death of the cells via apoptotic process. The present study was performed to test the effect of EDS administration on the expression of some apoptotic genes in the rat epididymis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats($300{\sim}350$ g B.W.) were injected with single dose of EDS(75 mg/kg, i.p.) and sacrificed on Weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Tissue weights and the numbers of the epididymal sperm were measured. The transcriptional activities of the bcl-2, bax, Fas and Fas ligand(Fas-L) were evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. As expected, the weights and the sperm counts of epididymis declined progressively after the EDS treatment during Week 1 and 2. These decrements were discontinued with a gradual return towards normal during Weeks $5{\sim}7$, although the maximal recoveries of the epididymal weights(71%) and sperm count(38%) were subnormal on Week 7. The initial level of bcl-2 transcripts persisted to Week 6 then elevated significantly on Week 7. The level of bax transcripts significantly decreased on Week 6, and no remarkable change was found in the rest of the experimental period. The transcripts for the Fas in epididymis elevated during Weeks $1{\sim}2$, returned to normal on Week 3, and the level persisted to the Week 7. Similarly, the level of Fas-L transcripts elevated during Weeks $1{\sim}3$ and returned to normal after Week 4. Our results demonstrated the transient T depletion by EDS administration could induce the changes in expression of the apoptotic genes in rat epididymis. The activation of Fas and Fas-L in the epididymis of EDS-treated rats might be responsible for the initial apototic process and consequently the tissue damage and the sperm loss. Future studies will attempt to determine the precise molecular mechanism(s) of apoptosis in the rat epididymis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.395-405
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• 2019

A recent assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projected that the global average surface temperature will increase by a value 1.5℃ from 2030 to 2052. In this study, we used a temperature gradient chamber that mimicked field conditions to evaluate the effect of increased air temperature on phenology, yield components, protein content, and oil content, to assess soybean growth. In 2017 and 2018, 'Deawonkong', 'Pungsannamulkong', and 'Deapungkong' cultivars were grown in three temperature gradient chambers. Four temperature treatment groups were established by dividing the rows along temperature regimes: ambient temperature + 1℃ (aT+1), ambient temperature + 2℃ (aT+2), ambient temperature + 3℃ (aT+3), ambient temperature + 4℃ (aT+4). Year, cultivar, and temperature treatments significantly affected yield components and seed yield. In 2017, the flowering stage of 'Deawon' and 'Pungsannamul' cultivars in the aT+4 group was delayed compared to the flowering stage of those in the aT+1 group. In 2018, the flowering stage of 'Deawon' and 'Pungsannamul' was delayed at all temperature gradients, owing to high temperature stress, whereas 'Deapung' was regularly flowering in 2017 and 2018. The duration of the grain filling period was six days shorter in 2018 than in 2017 because of high temperature stress. The total number of pods per ㎡ for 'Deawon' and 'Pungsannamul' was 48.8 and 41.5% lower in 2018 than in 2017, respectively, whereas 'Deapung' increased by 6.3%. The 100-seed weight of 'Deawon' and 'Deapung' was 29.2 and 32.1% lower, respectively. However, 'Pungsannamul' decreased by 14.7%. The protein and oil content was lower during the grain filling period in 2018 than in the same period in 2017 because of high temperature stress. In contrast, the oil content in 'Deapung' was higher in 2018 than in 2017. Our results showed that increased temperature during the grain filling period was significantly and negatively correlated with pod number, 100-seed weight, protein content, and oil content.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1180-1185
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• 2006

Lab-scale batch experiments using several 25-L transparent acrylic reactors were conducted to develop optimum capping materials that can reduce phosphorus released from polluted sediments. The sediment used in the experiment was very fine clay(8.8 $\Phi$ in mean grain size), and organic carbon($C_{org}$) content was as high as 2%. Four kinds of batches with different capping materials Brucite($Mg(OH)_2$), Sea sand($SiO_2$), Granular-gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), Double layer(brucite+sand), and one control batch were operated for 30 days. Phosphorus fluxes released from bottom sediments in the control batch were estimated to be 14.6 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, while 9.5 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, 5.2 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, 4.2 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, and 3.1 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in the batch capped with Sea sand, Granular-gypsum, Double layer, and Brucite, respectively. The results obtained from lab-scale batch experiments show that there were 70% reduction of phosphorus for some materials such as Brucite, Double layer(brucite+sand), and whereas sea sand only about 35%. The pH range of surface sediment to which Brucite was applied showed about $8.0{\sim}9.5$ in the weak alkaline state. This effect can prevent liberation of $H_2O$. The addition of gypsum into the sediment can reduce the progress of methanogenesis because of fast early diagenesis and sufficient supply of $SO_4^{2-}$ to the sediments, stimulate the SRB highly. Therefore, the application of Brucite and Gypsum can reduce phosphorus release from the sediment as a result of formation of $Mg_5(OH)(PO_4)_3$, pyrite($FeS_x$), and apatite-mineral.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.325-341
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• 2011

Objectives : This research has investigated the reality of the education of the claim and the degree of the education for the claimed of the dentistry recuperation organization in the Daejeon and Chuncheong are for the improvement of the problem in the medical expenses. Methods : It use as a basic data for the vitalizations of the education and performed the survey in the dentistry recuperation organization in the Daejeon and ChungCheong Nam BukDo which are registered in the evaluating organization for judging the health insurance in the present May 2010, and concluded just like the below. Results : 1. The education of the claim in the requirer in the dentistry recuperation organization, and the education of the claim was especially lacking when the dentist was studying in the university, and the dental hygienist had the similar educational experience in the school and the clinic (p<0.05) 2. Most of the requirer in the dental recuperation organization was hoping to get the education related to the claim work, but the dentist and the nurse's aid was relatively low (p<0.05) 3. For fixing the error of the claim, the participation and the extension of the judging standard of the insurance was the highest among the university subordinate dental hospital/dental hospital, but the health center was relatively low (p<0.05). 4. The dentist feels the economic burden in employing the special employee because the raising of the special judging people, compared to others, but the staffs such as the dental hygienist preferred it as one of ways to fix the error of the claim of the dental insurance (p<0.05) 5. Both dentists and the dental hygienist said proper time to teach the insurance was all needed in the school, and the clinic, but other workers relatively believed it should be held in the clinic (p<0.05). 6. The important factors to decide the participation of the lecture was in order of the contents of the lecture, the place of the lecture, the amount for the lecture, the superintendent of the lecture, whether it has gone through the educational score, and whether it has passed the conserving educational score was relatively less important in the university subordinate dentist/dentist, but the medical center was very effective as 4.50 (p<0.05) 7. Health Insurance Review and assessment service was very high as the managing department for supplying the lecture and the information, 70.5%, and the next was the Korean Dental Association/ Korean dental hygiene association, but dentists were preferring the association to manage in than the Health Insurance Review and assessment service to manage (p<0.05) 8. In preferring lecture for the inquiring the insurance, periodontal surgery was the highest as 4.51, the diagnosis standard for injection was high in the university subordinate hospital/dentists, and the more the year of the insurance inquiry, the less the doctor who was hoping for the lecture about the basic treatment. Conclusions : Taken together, it is decided that the inquiry education about the medical expense in the dentist, so the consistent and systematic education should be held to the related people, and from this, it is thought to reduce the problem of the inquiry of the medical expenses by fostering the knowledge and supplying the information which are related to the inquiry of the dentists.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2008

Current soil remediation principles for toxic metals have some limitations even though they vary with different technologies. An alternative technology that transforms hazardous substances into nonhazardous ones would be environmentally beneficial. Objective of this research was to assess optimum conditions for Cr(VI) reduction in soils as influenced by ZVI(Zero-Valent Iron), organic matter and moisture content. The reduction ratio of Cr(VI) was increased from 37 to 40% as organic matter content increased from 1.07 to 1.75%. In addition, Cr(VI) concentration was reduced as soil moisture content increased, but the direct effect of soil moisture content on Cr(VI) reduction was less than 5% of the Cr(VI) reduction ratio. However, combined treatment of ZVI(5%), organic matter(1.75%) and soil moisture(30%) effectively reduced the initial Cr(VI) to over 95% within 5 days and nearly 100% after 30 days by increasing oxidation of ZVI and concurrent reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The overall results demonstrated that ZVI was effective in remediating Cr(VI) contaminated soils, and the efficiency was synergistic with the combined treatments of soil moisture and organic matter.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2009

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness among adults in the western countries. Hyperglycemia is a condition, that induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of cell types in diabetes, but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the study is to understand the effects of high Glucose on Human Retinal Endothelial Cells. Retinal endothelial cells were cultured in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) containing 5, 25 and 50 mM Glucose, incubated for 24, 36 and 48 hours in humidified 5 % CO$_2$ incubator at 37$^{\circ}C$. Human Retinal Endothelial Cell Line (HREC) were characterized for morphology with different treatment by phase contrast microscopic analysis. Number of dead and viable cells was counted by trypan blue exclusion and supported by MTT assay. The intracellular Hydrogen peroxide (H$_2$O$_2$), a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation in high glucose conditions was assessed by FOX II assay and apoptosis by caspase-3 assay. The high glucose treated cells undergoing DNA fragmentation was witnessed by Agarose gel electrophoresis. We found that the cells incubated with 25 and 50 mM glucose containing medium for 48 hours altered the morphology of the cell, induced apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. The dead cell number were high in 25 and 50 mM when compared to the cells incubated with 5 mM glucose for 24, 36, and 48 hours. Also, the H$_2$O$_2$ levels and the activity of caspase-3 were increased in high glucose treated cells. Conclusions/interpretation: Our results demonstrated that elevated glucose induces apoptosis in cultured HREC. The hyperglycemia-induced increase in apoptosis may be dependent on caspase activation. The association between ROS generation and caspase-3 activation on high glucose treated cells is yet to be investigated.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the optimal physiologic mating time in Hanwoo for protection to decrease of reproductivity and improvement of production of offspring. We observed 32 cows that were devide into 4 parts of treatment : T1(12 months of age and 0.5kg daily gain), T2(12 months of age and 0.8kg daily gain), T3(15 months of age and 0.5kg daily gain) and T4(18 months and 0.5kg daily gain). The first heat of treated cows was 263.3$\pm$6.4 days and average weight was 181.1$\pm$11.3kg. It was revealed the conception rates of first insemination were 25%(T1), 75%(T4) and number of insemination of T3 and T4(both 1.5) was lower than T1 and T2(2.3 and 2.4). In return of estrus after heifer's first parturition, they(T1, T2, T3 and T4) showed 66.2 days, 76.7 days, 62.4 days and 68.5 days respectively and the average was 65.7 days. Plasma progesterone(P4) concentration was nearly the same during the observation periods of treated cows and P4 was released just after 12 months. Only 5 cows (15.6%) in 32 were showed normal estrus cycle and ovulation before 12 months. Before and after parturition, P4 concentration was decreased fastly and then there was no detection of P4 from after parturition to 40 days after milking. P4 would be released again on 45 day after parturition. The results were summarized as that the optimal mating time of Hanwoo heifers was decided by the 14 months of age, 110 cm height and 265kg weight.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.799-810
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine effects of spent composts of Se-enriched mushrooms (Se-SMC) as the dietary selenium source on carcass characteristics, plasma glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity and Se deposition in finishing Hanwoo steers. In combination with both Se-SMC and normal SMC, experimental treatment diets were formulated to contain 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 ppm of Se on a dry matter basis. A total of 20 finishing Hanwoo steers (average BW = 613 kg, average age = 20 to 24 mo) were allotted to treatments in four groups of five steers per pen for 12 wk preceding slaughter. While the experiment is employed, blood samples were taken to analyze Se concentration and GSH-Px activity, and muscle and liver samples were collected for analyses of Se contents in their tissues after slaughter. DMl and BW gain were not affected by dietary Se level and any toxic symptoms in treatments with a higher level of Se were not observed. No differences were noted for carcass characteristics. Se concentration in whole blood and plasma GSH-Px activity were linearly increased with the increasing level of dietary Se (P < 0.01). Se content in the hind leg for Se-SMC supplemented groups significantly increased (P < 0.05) upon dietary Se level, with 0.27, 0.37, 0.40 and 0.46 !1g1g dry, respectively. However, Se content in the loin was not affected by dietary Se levels. Se content in the liver was significantly increased(P < 0.05) as dietary Se increased, with 0.79, 1.40, 2.39 and 3.10 !1g1g dry, respectively. These results suggested that Se in the Se-SMC was highly bioavailable, and Se-SMC might be used not only as an inexpensive way of providing Se for ruminants but also as another way of producing Se-fortified beef.