• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.118-123
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• 2017

Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a problem in the community. TB patients usually experience malnutrition, which is characterized by both decreased body weight (BW) and body fat percentage (BFP). Leptin, an important regulator of BW, also plays an important role in cellular immunity, which is integral to defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We analyzed the effect of an anti-TB treatment regimen on the leptin level, BW, and BFP of children with TB. Methods: The design of this study was a group interrupted time series. The subjects were children with probable TB according to clinical criteria based on an Indonesian scoring system adopted from the Consensus of Expert Panel. BW; BFP; energy intake; fat and protein intake; and leptin levels before, 2 months after (intensive phase), and 6 months after (continuation phase) anti-TB treatment, were measured. About 40 children, aged 5-14 years, participated in this study. Results: The BW, BFP and leptin level increased from before treatment to after completion of the intensive phase and still showed an increased during the continuation phase: BW 18.65 kg, 19.75 kg, and 20.85 kg; BFP 18.3%, 19.5%, and 20.2%; and leptin level 1.9 mg/dL, 3.07 mg/dL, and 3.4 mg/dL, respectively (P<0.01). Conclusion: Leptin level, BW, and BFP increased throughout the course of anti-TB treatment, compared with pretreatment values. Further research is needed to compare the results with data for healthy children.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.5
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• pp.433-437
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• 2011

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in the involved organ. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by $Mycobacterium$ $tuberculosis$ and is characterized by granuloma with caseous necrosis. The clinical and histological similarity between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis has stimulated research searching for an association between mycobacterium and sarcoidosis. We report a case of a 38-year-old male with sarcoidosis that developed soon after treatment of tuberculous lymphadenitis. He was diagnosed as tuberculous lymphadenitis by microbiological confirmation. He showed clinical improvement after treatment for tuberculosis. One year later, his chest radiography showed bilateral hilar enlargement with diffuse bilateral nodules. A noncaseating granuloma was confirmed by endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration and he was diagnosed with sarcoidosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing sarcoidosis after treatment of tuberculosis in South Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.306-310
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• 2019

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is increasing in immigrants. We aimed to investigate the current status of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment for North Korean Refugees (NKR) compared to South Koreans Contacts (SKC). Methods: TB close contacts in a closed facility of SKC and NKR who underwent LTBI screening in a settlement support center for NKR were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Among tuberculin skin test (TST) ${\geq}10mm$ (n=298) reactors, the males accounted for 72.2% in SKC (n=126) and 19.5% in NKR (n=172) (p<0.01). The mean age was higher in South Korea ($42.8{\pm}9.9years$ vs. $35.4{\pm}10.0years$, p<0.01). Additionally, the mean TST size was significantly bigger in NKR ($17.39{\pm}3.9mm$ vs. $16.57{\pm}4.2mm$, p=0.03). The LTBI treatments were initiated for all screened NKR, and LTBI completion rate was only 68.0%. However, in NKR, LTBI treatment completion rate was significantly increased by shorter 4R regimen (odds ratio [OR], 9.296; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.159-20.774; p<0.01) and male (OR, 3.447; 95% CI, 1.191-9.974; p=0.02). Conclusion: LTBI treatment compliance must be improved in NKR with a shorter regimen. In addition, a larger study regarding a focus on LTBI with easy access to related data for NKR should be conducted.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.29 no.3_4
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• pp.529-546
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• 2011

A deterministic tuberculosis model for theoretically assessing the potential impact of the combined effects of case detection in the presence of treatment is formulated. The qualitative features of its equilibria are analyzed and it is found that the disease-free equilibrium may not be globally asymptotically stable when the reproduction number is less than unity. This disease threshold number is further used to assess the impact of active TB case finding alone and in conjunction with treatment. A critical threshold parameter ${\Theta}$ say for which case detection will have a positive impact is derived. Using the Centre Manifold theory, the model may exhibit the phenomenon of backward bifurcation (coexistence of a locally stable endemic equilibrium with a stable disease-free equilibrium) when the reproduction number is less than unity. It is shown that the possibility of backward bifurcation occurring decreases with increase case detection. Graphical representations suggest that increase in case finding accompanied by treatment of detected TB cases, result in a marked decrease of TB cases (both latent and active TB).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.72 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2012

Background: Detection and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) infection with contact investigation is a key component of TB control program. I evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for TB infection among contacts of recently diagnosed pulmonary TB patients in a tertiary hospital in Korea. Methods: 206 contacts of 90 adult pulmonary TB patients underwent tuberculin skin tests (TST) and chest radiography. The TST results were considered positive with an induration of 10 mm or more, suggesting TB infection. A standardized questionnaire was used to assess risk factors associated with TB infection. Results: TST was positive in 97 of 206 contacts of TB patients (47.1%) and positive rate of TST increased with age. The risk of TB infection was significantly associated with close contact with TB patients (sleeping in the same room) (odd ratio [OR], 4.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43~17.00). Conclusion: TB infection rate was higher in the elderly, and the risk of TB infection was significantly increased with close contact of TB patients.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.39-42
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• 2017

Tuberculosis is primarily a pulmonary disease and extrapulmonary involvement of the oral cavity is an infrequent occurrence accounting for 0.2 - 1.5% of all extrapulmonary sites. The authors report a case of primary tuberculosis of the oral tongue in a 60-years-old male patient who visited the clinic for ongoing tongue pain that he experienced for several months. The lesion was initially indistinguishable from the malignancy, but differential diagnosis was performed on the biopsy with Ziehl-Neelseen stain. After treatment with anti-tuberculosis, the oral lesion healed completely without surgery.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.223-231
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• 1997

A total of 322 patients with endobronchial tuberculosis (8.1%) out of 3,982 subjects who had a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination at the Department of Pulmonary Medicine of Hanyang University Hospital between the beginning of March 1982 and the end of April 1996 were included in this study. The peak incidence occurred in the second decade, and the male to female was 1 : 3.0. The barking cough with variable amounts of sputum was the most common chief complaint in 56.9% of the 313 patients. Other complaints included dyspnea, chest pain, fever, hemoptysis, and generalized weakness. Localized wheeze was heard over the chest in 16.9% of the 313 patients. Infiltration/consolidation was the most common roentgenographic finding of the chest in 64.2%. Bronchoscopically, hypertrophy with luminal narrowing was the most common findings in 32.3% of the 322 patients and left main bronchus was the most frequently involved in 24.0%. Using fiberoptic bronchoscopy allows not only substantial meaningful assessment of endobronchial tuberculosis but also makes a differential diagnosis of lung cancer in older patients. We need further evaluations of standard bronchoscopic classification of endobronchial tuberculosis, diagnostic accuracy of endobronchial tuberculosis by PCR, a large prospective study of effects of corticosteroids in endobronchial tuberculosis patients, and appropriate treatment of atelectasis by endobronchial tuberculosis.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.274-278
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• 2019

Orbital tuberculosis is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, even in endemic areas. It may involve the soft tissue, lacrimal gland, periosteum, or bones of the orbital wall. We present a case of orbital tuberculosis on the lower eyelid. An 18-year-old woman with no underlying disease visited our clinic for evaluation of an oval nodule ($1.5{\times}1.2cm$) on the right lower eyelid. Incision and drainage without biopsy was performed 2 months ago in ophthalmology department, but the periorbital mass had deteriorated, as the patient had erythematous swelling, tenderness, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Visual acuity was normal; there were no signs of proptosis, diplopia, or ophthalmoplegia. Computed tomography revealed a small abscess cavity without bony involvement. We performed an excision and biopsy through a percutaneous incision under local anesthesia. Histological examination revealed a granuloma and was diagnosed as orbital tuberculosis. The patient was additionally treated with anti-tuberculosis therapy for 6 months and recovered without complication or recurrence by 7 months. Orbital tuberculosis occurs in patients with or without associated pulmonary tuberculosis, and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with inflammatory orbital disease and an orbital mass. If recurrence occurs despite adequate initial treatment, we recommend an additional examination and excisional biopsy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.613-618
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• 2005

Background : Recently, medical treatment of multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis has been unsuccessful. Through analyzing the cases with surgical treatment, we hope to provide some help in treating multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in the future. Material and Method : A retrospective review was performed with 138cases of surgical treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis during 10years from January 1994 to December 2003 at National Masan Hospital. Results : The ratio of men to women, 5.1:1 indicates that there were more incidences in men. The number of the resistant drugs was 5.3 with a mean age of 42.6 years. Cavitary lesions on the plain chest X-rays were seen in 94cases (68.1%). 128cases had positive sputum culture preoperatively. Types of operations were 24 pnemonectomies, 83 lobectomies, 10 bilobectomies, 19 lobectomies with segmentectomies or wedge resections, 1 wedge resection, and 1 carvenoplasty. There was no death after operation. There were 6cases of air leakage over a week, 6cases of postoperative bleeding, 8cases of bronchopleural fistula and empyema, 16cases of dead space, 1case of atelectasis, 1case of wound infection, 1case of cyst as postoperative complication. Postoperative complication showed higher long-term negative conversion rate of 92.8%. Conclusion : There has been many discussions about operative indications, postoperative drug regimens, length of postoperative chemotherapy. In our study, we showed higher long-term success rate of postoperative chemotherapy with pulmonary resection on multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.484-492
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• 2001

Background : Pulmonary tuberculosis with a remaining cavitary lesion is considered to be a problem with the course of treatment. In particular, re-treatment cases tend to respond poorly to current anti-tuberculosis agents. Therefore the factors that are related with the poor closure of a cavitary lesion in pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment were evaluated. Methods : A retrospective review of the medical records and chest X -ray films of 68 patients who had chemotherapy for the pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitary lesions was made. All the patients had been followed up for more than 12 months at National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital as of Aug. 2000. Results : The male to female ratio was 3.9:1.72.4% of the patients were between 20 to 50 years of age. 66.2% of the cavitary lesions on the chest X-ray films were confined to the upper lung fields : 36.8% in the right upper lung field and 29.4% in the left upper lung field. 82.4% of the cavities were less than 40 mm in their size, and 83.8% were less than 6 mm thick. The cavitary lesions were closed in 48 cases and remained in 20 cases during a follow-up period of more than 12 months. The factors that are thought to affect to the outcomes of the cavities were age, past medication history, the number of unused drugs, and the number of sensitive drugs. Conclusion : In the treatment courses of pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitary lesions, the following factors are associated with less desirable outcome:an age over 45, a past medication history of more than 2 courses of treatment, The number of unused drugs not exceeding average 6 and the number of sensitive drugs not exceeding average 7.