• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the normative data of dentofacial transverse dimensions according to the skeletal maturation stage in Korean adolescents with good occlusion, assess gender differences and determine correlations between transverse variables. Methods: A total of 577 Korean subjects between ages 7 to 19 years and exhibiting skeletal Class I occlusion were categorized by skeletal maturation index (SMI) of Fishman using hand-wrist radiographs. Dentofacial transverse dimensions were assessed using posteroanterior cephalograms. Independent two-sample t-tests were used to analyze differences between genders. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between transverse measurements. Results: Dentofacial transverse norms relevant to skeletal maturation stages were established. The average maxillomandibular width difference and ratio at growth completion was 22.16 mm and 77.01% for males; 23.70 mm and 74.06% for females, respectively. Males had greater facial, maxillary and mandibular widths compared to females at every SMI stage. The maxillary and mandibular intermolar widths showed the strongest correlation for both sexes (r = 0.826 for males, r = 0.725 for females). Conclusions: Dentofacial transverse norms of Korean adolescents were established according to developmental stage. All dentofacial widths were greater in males at growth completion. Maxillary and mandibular intermolar widths were strongly correlated. This study may serve as a guideline for the assessment of dentofacial transverse growth according to skeletal maturation stage in Korean adolescents with good occlusion.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.324-329
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• 2014

Purpose: The finite element method (FEM) is advantageous because it can save time and cost by reducing the number of samples and experiments in the effort to identify design factors. In computational problem-solving it is necessary that the exact material properties are input for achieving a reliable analysis. However, in the case of fiber boards, it is difficult to measure their cross-directional material properties because of their small thickness. In previous research studies, the Poisson's ratio was measured by analyzing ultrasonic wave velocities. Recently, the Poisson's ratio was measured using a high-speed digital camera. In this study, we measured the transverse strain of a fiber board and calculated its Poisson's ratio using a high-speed digital camera in order to apply these estimates to a FEM analysis of a fiber board, a corrugated board, and a corrugated box. Methods: Three different fiber board samples were used in a uniaxial tensile test. The longitudinal strain was measured using the Universal Testing Machine. The transverse strain was measured using an image processing method. To calculate the transverse strain, we acquired images of the fiber board before the test onset and before the fracture occurred. Acquired images were processed using the image processing program MATLAB. After the images were converted from color to binary, we calculated the width of the fiber board. Results: The calculated Poisson's ratio ranged between 0.2968-0.4425 (Machine direction, MD) and 0.1619-0.1751 (Cross machine direction, CD). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that measurement of the transverse properties of a fiber board is possible using image processing methods. Correspondingly, these processing methods could be used to measure material properties that are difficult to measure using conventional measuring methodologies that employ strain gauge extensometers.

• KCI Concrete Journal
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2002

This is the second of two part series on experimental studies of grout type transverse joints. In this paper, grout-type transverse joints between precast concrete slabs are tested to study the fatigue behavior. The tests are per-formed with loading equipment designed and constructed especially in the lab to introduce shear fatigue failures on the joints of the test specimens with repeated loads. Non-prestressed as well as prestressed specimens are selected based on static tests and these specimens are studied to identify the effect of prestress on the fatigue strength of the grout type joint. A comparison between prestressed and non-prestressed specimens indicates that longitudinal prestressing is an effective method to increase fatigue strength of the transverse joints. Based on the fatigue test, a rational estimation of the fatigue strength is proposed to aid design of the grout-type transverse joints.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2013

PURPOSES: This study is to investigate a generated traffic noise when vehicle pass over a transverse rumble strip at toll plaza of highway. METHODS: To investigate traffic noise at toll plaza of highway, Pass-by method which is the most common used for measuring traffic noise was adopted and the traffic noise at toll plaza was measured for 10 min per hour for 11hours(13:00~24:00). RESULTS: The measured traffic noise by pass-by method was changed as function of the transverse rumble strip configuration. Generally, the maximum difference among three noise measurement sections was 7 dB(A). It might be related with traffic speed. Also, the measured traffic noise was strongly generated from a passenger car which was 2 axle. It means that the most of traffic noise on the road is generated at tire/pavement interface of the passenger car. CONCLUSIONS: The traffic noise was strongly related with vehicle speed and transverse rumble strip configuration on the road. For driver safety, the transverse rumble strip is definitely necessary. However, the complaints from residents near highway was increased by traffic noise from transverse rumble strip. Therefore, To satisfy both safety and reduction of traffic noise, the development of configuration of transverse rumble strip is necessary in the further study.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 확대머리 정착이음을 갖는 연결부의 상세에 따른 구조거동을 유한요소해석을 통해 분석하였다. 복잡한 접촉조건과 비선형 거동을 나타내는 연결부의 유한요소해석을 위하여 외연적 동해석을 활용한 준정적 해석 기법을 적용하였다. 기존 실험결과와 해석결과를 비교하여 유한요소모델의 정확성을 검토하였으며, 준정적 해석 기법은 확대머리 연결부의 비선형성을 잘 반영하는 것을 확인하였다. 다양한 정착길이, 횡방향 철근지수를 갖는 21가지 유한요소모델을 활용하여 구조해석을 수행한 결과 정착길이와 횡방향 철근지수의 증가는 강도와 연성도를 증가 시키는 것을 확인하였으나, 충분한 구조성능을 확보하기 위해서는 두 가지 설계변수 모두 일정수준을 확보해야 함을 확인하였다. 최근 개정된 확대머리 정착이음 설계기준에서는 정착길이와 횡방향 철근지수를 모두 고려하는 설계식을 제시하고 있으며, 본 연구의 결과에서도 정착길이 뿐만 아니라 횡방향 보강철근이 매우 중요한 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2010

An efficient protocol for shoot regeneration was developed for sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) internodes using the transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) culture method. The frequency of shoot regeneration and the number of adventitious buds produced from regenerated shoots depend significantly on explant age, thickness of the tTCL sections, and the phytohormones supplemented to the culture medium. A combination of 6-benzyladenine (2.0 $mg\;l^{-1}$) and a-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.5 $mg\;l^{-1}$) was found to be the best phytohormone combination for shoot bud induction, with the maximum number of shoots obtained when the tTCL sections were 0.5-1.0 mm thick and derived from 4- to 6-week-old seedlings of sesame. Well-developed shoots were rooted on MS medium without phytohormones, and 80% of the regenerated plantlets were successfully established in soil.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.470-479
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• 2013

수압파쇄는 암반에서 유체의 흐름을 촉진시키기 위한 방법으로 사용되며 지열개발, 세일가스의 개발 등 최근 에너지 분야에서 그 어느 때 보다 활발한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 수압파쇄의 대상이 되는 암반은 등방성을 갖지 않는 경우가 대부분이며 일부 퇴적암층에서는 횡등방성 암반에서 수압파쇄가 이루어진다. 횡등방성 암반에서는 수압파쇄에서 발생하는 균열의 성장 방향이 반드시 최대주응력 방향과 일치하지 않으며 이방성 구조에 따라 변화하게 된다. 그러므로 이 연구에서는 입자결합모델을 이용하여 횡등방성 암석에서의 수압파쇄 특성을 고찰하고 분석하고자 하였다. 또한 실험실 규모의 수압파쇄 실험을 실시하여 수치해석 결과의 타당성을 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 가압되는 유체의 점도 및 층리면의 각도 그리고 이방성에 의한 영향으로 균열의 성장 및 균열 패턴에 큰 차이를 보였으며, 횡등방성 모델의 경우 전단균열에 의한 수압파쇄 균열의 성장이 우세한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집(I)
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• pp.454-457
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• 2006

This study presents a strut-and-tie model for the development of headed bars in an exterior beam-column joint with transverse reinforcements. The tensile force of a headed bar is considered to be developed by head bearing together with bond along a bonded length as a partial embedment length. The model requires construction of struts with biaxially compressed nodal zones for head bearing and fan-shaped stress fields against neighboring nodal zones for bond stresses along the bonded length. Due to the existence of transverse reinforcements, the fan-shaped stress fields are divided into direct and indirect fan-shaped stress fields. A required development length and head size of a headed bar can be optimally designed by adjusting a proportion between a bond contribution and bearing contribution.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to evaluate construction issues and design for transverse steel in continuously reinforced concrete pavement(CRCP). METHODS : The first continuously reinforced concrete pavement(CRCP) design procedure appeared in the 1972 edition of the "AASHTO Interim Guide for Design of Pavement Structures", which was published in 1981 with Chapter 3 "Guide for the Design of Rigid Pavement" revised. A theory that was accepted at that time for the analysis of steel stress in concrete pavement, called subgrade drag theory(SGDT), was utilized for the design of reinforcement of CRCP - tie bar design and transverse steel design - in the aforementioned AASHTO Interim Guide. However SGDT has severe limitations due to simple assumptions made in the development of the theory. As a result, any design procedures for reinforcement utilizing SGDT may have intrinsic flaws and limitations. In this paper, CRCP design procedure for transverse steel was introduced and the limitations of assumptions for SGDT were evaluated based on various field testing. RESULTS: Various field tests were conducted to evaluate whether the assumptions of SGDT are reasonable or not. Test results show that 1) temperature variations exist along the concrete slab depth, 2) very little stress in transverse steel, and 3) warping and curling in concrete slab from the field test results. As a result, it is clearly revealed out that the assumptions of SGDT are not valid, and transverse steel and tie bar designs should be based on more reasonable theories. CONCLUSIONS : Since longitudinal joint is provided at 4.1-m spacing in Korea, as long as joint saw-cut is made in accordance with specification requirements, the probability of full-depth longitudinal cracking is extremely small. Hence, for transverse steel, the design should be based on the premise that its function is to keep the longitudinal steel at the correct locations. If longitudinal steel can be placed at the correct locations within tolerance limits, transverse steel is no longer needed.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.23-41
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• 2011

The behaviour of concrete confined by transverse reinforcement is a classical topic. Numerous studies have been conducted to establish the stress-strain relationships for concrete under various confining reinforcement arrangements. Many empirical and semi-empirical formulas exist. Simplified analytical models have also been proposed to evaluate the increase in the strength and ductility of confined concrete. However, relatively few studies have been conducted to utilise advanced computational models for a realistic simulation of the behaviour of concrete confined by transverse reinforcement. As a matter of fact, high fidelity simulations using the latest numerical solvers in conjunction with advanced material constitutive models can be a powerful means to investigating the mechanisms underlying the confining effects of different reinforcement schemes. This paper presents a study on the use of high fidelity finite element models for the investigation of the behaviour of concrete confined by stirrups, as well as the interpretation of the numerical results. The development of the models is described in detail, and the essential modelling considerations are discussed. The models are then validated by simulating representative experimental studies on short columns with different confining reinforcement schemes. The development and distribution of the confining stress and the subsequent increase in the axial strength are examined. The models are shown to be capable of reproducing the behaviour of the confined concrete realistically, paving a way for systematic parametric studies and investigation into complicated confinement, load combination, and dynamic loading situations.