• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2008

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) has been associated with the cause of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. H. pylori infection occur mostly during childhood and increase by aging. In route of transmission, Oral cavity does important role. So we employed this study to elucidate route of transmission by detection of H. pylori in infant saliva. We investigated 20 infants aged below 10 years and 20 teens aged below 20 years as study group and 71 adults aged 20 and over years as control group. H. pylori DNA was isolated from 5(25%) infants aged below 10 years, 6(30%) teens and 17(23.9%) adults by nested polymerase chain reaction(n-PCR). There was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05). The obtained results suggest that H. pylori infection is relatively common in saliva of Korean infant and oral cavity may be reservoir of H. pylori.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.503-512
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop educational materials for preventing type B viral hepatitis infection. Prior to this study, a survey had been conducted to define the educational needs of persons with hepatitis B antigen. Method: Based on the results of the former study and a review of the literature, the content of the educational materials was confined to the transmission cycle and its prevention in type B hepatitis. A professional team that consisted of writers and producers videotaped the lectures provided by professors and instructors in a nursing school. A professional graphic designer produced the leaflet to enhance the visual effects. Results: The contents of the educational materials for type B hepatitis were composed of six parts: (1) the prevalence rate (or morbidity) of type B hepatitis antigen positive and its recent trend, (2) transformation of hepatitis. (3) transmission cycle of hepatitis infection, (4) persons who are susceptible to hepatitis and need a vaccination, (5) preventive approach hepatitis vaccination and the guideline for patients' daily lives for preventing infection and (6) questions and answers. The materials were delivered in the form of lectures, visual charts, graphics, and multi-media. Conclusion: The educational materials developed in this study may provide practical information and knowledge on strategies to prevent type B hepatitis. The educational materials may be utilized in primary health care centers or school health services.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.55-75
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• 1974

Transovarial transmission of cytoplamic polyhedrosis virus in the silkworm was studied by observing the phenomena of induction, interference and virulence enhancement in the larvae from moths inoculated with hexagonal Polyhedra of cytoplasmic polythedrosis virus. The experimental results obtained are as followings. 1. The effect of inoculation with tetragonal polyhedra of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus on the rate of infective induction with hexagonal polyhedron virus and with hexagonal plus tetragonal polyhedron viruses in the larvae from moths infected with hexagonal polyhedron virus was studied. Infection rate was higher by 40 to 60 percent in the larvae from infected female group than in tile larvae from noninfected female group. 2. In the studies of the effect of formalin-feeding on the induction of infection with hexagonal polyhedron virus, infection rate was higher by 40 percent in the larvae from infected female group than in the larvae from noninfected female group. However, there was no significant difference in the infection rates between the two formalin-concentration groups. 3. The effect of cold treatment on the induction of infection with hexagonal polyhedron virus was studied. Infection rate was higher by 50 percent in the larvae from infected female group than ill the larvae from noninfected female group. No difference was found in the infection rates of the two treatment groups of 12 and 48 hours. 4. The phenomena of induction and interference were studied by observing rate of infection with hexagonal polyhedron virus induced by the inoculation with tetragonal polyhedron virus. The degree of interference of primary hexagonal polyhedron virus by secondary tetragonal Ployhedron virus was increased as the dosage of secondary virus was increased. At the concentration of 1${\times}$10$\^$8/m1 of the secondary virus, the degree of interference was similar to. that of control group. On the other hand, infection with tetragonal polyhedron virus at low concentration was interfered by the primary virus. At the concentration of 1N10f/m1 of tetragonal polyhedron virus, however, the rate of infection with tetragonal polyhedron virus was increased sharply, which is still lower by 30 percent than that of control group. 5. In the studies of induction and virulence enhancement, based on the 1ate of mixed infection with hexagonal and tetragonal polyhedron viruses, the highest difference of infection rate between experimental group and control group exceeded 40 percent when the concentration of tetragonal polyhedron virus was 1${\times}$10$\^$7/m1. However, the infection rate of control group was not affected by concentrations of tetragonal polyhedron virus.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.33-47
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• 1994

AIDS preventional efforts need to be guided by well trained health care personnel especially by school nurses for the adolescents. This study was designed to get basic data about AIDS educational program development for school nurses. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify AIDS knowledg of school nurses 2) identify AIDS attitudes of school nurses and 3) identify association between AIDS knowledge and sociodemographic characteristics. Data were collected from 173 subjects in Chonbuk province. Self-reporting questionnaire were administered during the period from 1st of June to 30th of June, 1994. AIDS related knowledge was measured by using 44 questions on cause(3 items), testing(3 items), mode of transmission(15 items), clinical manifestations(5 items), treatment(3 items), prevention(5 items), complication(4 items), infection control(3 items) and Using resources(3 items). AIDS related attitudes were measured by five point Likert scales using 13 questions on perceived threats from AIDS crisis (4 items), perceived severity to AIDS(2 items), perceived needs about psychosocial care for HIV infected patients(3 items) and perceived educational needs of AIDS(4 items). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS/PC/sup +/, using percentages, Mean and S.D. descriptive purpose and t-test or F for comparing the variables. The major findings were as follows: 1. Respondents ranged in knowledge of AIDS between 0 and 44 with the 33.79 mean score. Percentage of correctly answered respondents to each categories - mode of transmission : 87.0% - clinical manifestation : 85.0% - cause : 82.5% - prevention : 81.5% - treatment : 76.1% - infection control : 72.8% - testing of HIV infection 71.8% - using community resourses : 50.9% - complication : 45.8% 2. The respondents' attitudes of AIDS The majority(70%) showed higher perceived threat The majority(91.3%) showed higher perceived severity to AIDS crisis As a whole, perceived needs about psychosocial care for HIV infected patients negative The majority (over 96.5%) showed highly perceived educational needs of AIDS. 3. The relationship between AIDS knowledge and each of those general character. AIDS knowledge shows significant difference with age(F=3.50, p<.016), years of professional experience(F=4.14, p<.007) and received lecture about AIDS(F=4.54, p<.000). There was no significant difference between AIDS knowledge and job satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2016

The present study investigated serological and molecular prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infection in unvaccinated broiler breeder farms in Jeonbuk providence. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) had been used to determine antibody titers against MG and MS, and genome of these pathogens, respectively. Seventy five percent of farms were seropositive for MG and 94% of farms were seropositive for MS. In addition, the rate of antibody positive flocks against MG were 65.3% (32/49), while the rate of positive flocks against MS were 84.2% (80/95). The geometric mean antibody titers were $802.2{\pm}626$ and $27,726.7{\pm}2426$ against MG and MS, respectively. Interestingly, none of samples was positive for MG genome by PCR, while 94% (farms), 82% (flocks) and 62.6% (broiler breeder) were positive for MS genome by PCR. These findings suggest that the prevalence of MG or MS infection could be higher than expected. Thus, strict prevention program including vaccination and environmental sanitation should be implemented to avoid disease transmission from breeder to broilers as well as transmission among broilers.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1971

A series of experiments were conducted from 1968 to 1970 to find the transmission effects of the dwarf disease of mulberry tree in connection with inlay grafting and insect vector with the following conclusions: 1. The inlay-grafting of sound scions on diseased roots showed a 30 per cent transmission rate among the successful grafts. The inlay-grafting of diseased scions on sound roots showed a 14 per cent transmission rate among the successful grafts ir the case of scions cut and stored before wintering but no transmission effect in the case of scions prepared after wintering, There were some stocks, among the unsuccesful grasfts of diseased scions upon sound roots, that sprouted out new buds, no transmission effects were found in them, 2. Leafhoppers (Hishimonus disciguttus Walker) collected from areas with no dwarf disease infection were grouped into three plots and let to feed on mulberry tree severely infected by dwarf disease for 7 days, 14 days and 21 days respectively. After these preliminary treatment, the leafhoppers were recollected to be fed on the sound seedling divided into three plots for 10 days, 15 days and 20 days respectively to find the transmission effects. The results are that the 7 day plot showed no transmission effect whereas the 14 day plot showed a 22 per cent disease rate and the 21 day plot 61 per cent rate indicating that the longer the feeding period is the higher the transmission rate.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.796-808
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• 2018

The intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is widespread in arthropods. Recently, possibilities of novel Wolbachia-mediated hosts, their distribution, and natural rate have been anticipated, and the coconut leaf beetle Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which has garnered attention as a serious pest of palms, was subjected to this interrogation. By adopting Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and multilocus sequence type (MLST) genotypic systems, we determined the Wolbachia infection density within host developmental stages, body parts, and tissues, and the results revealed that all the tested samples of B. longissima were infected with the same Wolbachia strain (wLog), suggesting complete vertical transmission. The MLST profile elucidated two new alleles (ftsZ-234 and coxA-266) that define a new sequence type (ST-483), which indicates the particular genotypic association of B. longissima and Wolbachia. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a higher infection density in the eggs and adult stage, followed by the abdomen and reproductive tissues, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in the infection density between sexes. Moreover, the wsp and concatenated MLST alignment analysis of this study with other known Wolbachia-mediated arthropods revealed similar clustering with distinct monophyletic supergroup B. This is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence, infection dynamics, and phylogeny of the Wolbachia endosymbiont in B. longissima, which demonstrated that Wolbachia is ubiquitous across all developmental stages and distributed in the entire body of B. longissima. Understanding the Wolbachia infection dynamics would provide useful insight to build a framework for future investigations, understand its impacts on host physiology, and exploit it as a potential biocontrol agent.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.776-782
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• 2015

It is believed that surgery on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients is dangerous and should be avoided due to the possibility of postoperative infection of the patients or HIV occupational transmission to the medical staff. We discuss here the preparations and measures needed to conduct surgery safely on HIV-positive patients, based on our experience. We performed sex reassignment surgery on two HIV-positive patients from January 2013 to January 2015. Both of them were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and were asymptomatic, with a normal CD4 count ($>500cells/{\mu}L$). The HIV-RNA was undetectable within the bloodstream. All the staff wore protective clothing, glasses, and three pairs of protective gloves in the operating room because of the possibility of transmission. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered to the patients, and antiviral therapy was performed during their perioperative course. Neither of the patients had postoperative complications, and none of the medical staff experienced accidental exposure. Both patients had satisfactory surgery outcomes without complications. HIV-positive patients can undergo surgery safely without increased risk of postoperative complications or HIV transmission to the staff through the proper use of antibiotics, active antiretroviral therapy, and supplemental protective measures with post-exposure prophylaxis for the staff in case of HIV exposure.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.131-135
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• 2015

Since April 2012, more than 1,600 laboratory-confirmed human infections with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been reported, occurring primarily in countries in the Arabian Peninsula; the majority in Saudi Arabia. The MERS outbreak in Korea, which began in May 2015 through the importation of a single case who had recently traveled to Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. As of November 28th, 186 secondary and tertiary cases had been reported; 38 deaths, mainly associated with underlying chronic illnesses, were reported. One case was exported to China and has been recorded as the first MERS case in China. Thirty-seven confirmed cases were associated with the index case, who was hospitalized from May 15 to May 17. Emergency room at one of the nation's largest hospitals had been affected by hospital-to-hospital and intra-hospital transmissions of MERS-CoV, resulting in an outbreak of 90 infected patients. The vast majority of 186 confirmed cases are linked to a single transmission chain associated with health facilities. The median age of patients is 55 years, with a range of 16 to 87 years. The majority (61%) of patients are men. Twenty-five (14%) of the cases involve healthcare workers. The overall median incubation period was six days, but it was four days for secondary cases and six days for tertiary cases. There has been no evidence of airborne transmission and sustained human-to-human transmission in communities. Intensified public health measures, including contact tracing, quarantine and isolation of all contacts and suspected cases, and infection prevention and control have brought the MERS-CoV under control in Korea. Since 4 July no new cases have been reported.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the transmission of candida in denture by dental polishing lathe. Materials and Methods: Maxillary complete dentures made from the same model were infected with Candida albicans. The infected dentures were polished by dental polishing lathe with sterile pumice and distilled water. And then sterile maxillary complete dentures were polished with same method. Polishing surface was wiped with a cotton swab and the sample was checked for Candida albicans. The polishing wheel at room temperature was checked for Candida albicans every 24 hours for 3 days. Results: A considerable number of Candida was found on the polished sterile dentures. And the Candida albicans in polishing wheel was detected at up to two days. Conclusion: An anti-infection measure is urgently needed when dental polishing lathe is used for denture polishing, because of the possibility of fungal infection.