• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.2 s.61
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• pp.262-269
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• 2007

The blur phenomenon obscuring the boundary between the field of designers and that of users may be the key paradigm in the 21st century. However, we observed a number of chair design cases that could be considered as the results of blur pheonomenon in the furniture design field from mid 1960s. The backgrounds include the repulsion against the uniform functionalism, deliberation on the life in the future and the development of plastic materials and their processing methods. Under such backgrounds, the designers pursued the new and futuristic furniture design. In that process, what is about the "freedom" that the consumers as well as the designers should have in using the furniture was the important concept. This concept enabled the creation of chair design inducing the participation of consumers. They created various kinds of shapes, functions and structures that the consumers became interested in as if they had fun with toy blocks by mainly using the new material "plastic". In a formative aspect, the entire shape is classified into the organic shape and geometric shape. The unit types are divided into two kinds; type that the unit of simple shape is repeated only with size difference and irregular combination type of the units comprised of more than two shapes. In the functional aspect, some cases showed the transformation and expansion of the function more variously. Other cases changed the function of chairs to tables, cabinets, or objects. In the structural aspect, on the basis of the method assembling each unit, one method is to assemble using the hardware and the other is to assemble only with intrinsic units of chair. The chair design created by the blur phenomenon between the designers and the users as described above causes the blur phenomenon between the furniture and the space where the furniture is installed. Accordingly, it is expanding the furniture design sphere including the case that the furniture is not selected as the rifle article depending on the characteristics of interior space but it becomes the element leading the characteristics of space. This study aims to estimate the change of interior space and the furniture that my cause the blur phenomenon by examining the cases above appropriate for the paradigm of the 21st century. Furthermore, this study will enable the discussion oil the directions of future furniture design based on its results.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.443-450
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• 2001

Objective : The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor $p27^{kip1}$ protein is a negative regulator of the cell cycle, and its degradation is required for entry into the S phase. Loss of $p27^{kip1}$ expression has been reported to be associated with aggressive behavior in a variety of tumors of epithelial and lymphoid origin. However, its association with various astrocytic tumors has not been clearly demonstrated. We studied to investigate the relationship of $p27^{kip1}$ expression with the biological behavior of astrocytic tumors in addition to study on the role of $p27^{kip1}$ in the tumorigenesis of these tumors. Patients and Methods : From 1990 to 1998, a total of 29 astrocytic tumor of all grades obtained by operative resection were included for evaluation. We studied the expression of $p27^{kip1}$ protein immunohistochemical assay in astrocytic tumors and compared the findings with the clinicopathologic parameters. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. According to WHO classification, all cases were divided into astrocytomas(4 cases), anaplastic astrocytomas(9 cases), and glioblastomas(16 cases) by 3 pathologists. Clinical information was obtained from medical records, and others such as location and size of tumors from imaging studies. Results : Mean $p27^{kip1}$ protein labeling indexes(LI, mean${\pm}$standard deviation) of astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, and glioblastomas were $80.6{\pm}9.1$, $63.6{\pm}21.0$, and $28.9{\pm}18.7$, respectively, and were inversely correlated with grade of glial tumors(p<0.0001). Mean $p27^{kip1}$ protein LI in the recurrent group was lower than that in the nonrecurrent group, but there was no significant difference statistically(p=0.464). Additionally, $p27^{kip1}$ protein expression did not show any significant relationship to other prognostic factors such as age(p=0.1643), tumor size(p=0.8), or location(p=0.8). Conclusion : These results suggested that reduced expression of $p27^{kip1}$ protein may play a important role in the malignant transformation process of astrocytic tumor cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 2009

This study intends to discuss the efficient stage costume design that uses costume-rentals and production method as a realistic alternative for production of stage costume of low budget performance. Directly participating in the costume design and production of the performance , this researcher applied the methodology of corroborative study on the basis of production process and results by referring to the papers and literature published by academic society for the theory necessary for study. Centering around the western costume in the stage costumes of , the scope of study was the costume of Paris, France prevalent at the end of the 19th century which is epochal background of performance. In spite of its merit of reducing production charge and production in the low budget performance, costume-rentals is subject to the lack of considering unitγ with other visual factors and limit in reflecting the creativity of costume designer. The following actions shall be taken to solve such problem. First, it is essential to set production direction and plan that meets budget and work concept. Second, it is required to highlight the characteristic factor of the age which is the background of work so as to grant the sense of age and to produce the visual unity of costume by supplementing the costume composition. Third, it is necessary to make large effect with low lost by using costume articles that can express the characteristics of the age. Fourth, it is required to efficiently reflect the transformation of design by minimizing the damage of costume through research on the sewing method and materials as well as creative idea. In this way, the efficient stage costume could be realized in the performance with low budget by approaching costume-rentals in the viewpoint of costume design, transforming it in accordance with work concept and adding the visual factors.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2018

The study figured out the operational conditions of a two-way movement actuator made of one-way shape memory alloy (OWSMA) for versatile ventilation intelligent garments. To develop a low-power actuator that consumes energy only when a garment changes its form such as opening and closing, multiple channels of OWSMA were used, and optimum diameter of the wires was examined. For the switch device, optimum voltage application unit time was determined. Optimum diameter of OWSMA wire was determined by applying 3.7V to the pre-determined candidate diameters, which demonstrated two-way operation in previous studies. In order to evaluate the optimum voltage application time, the internal diameter of the actuator was measured while increasing and decreasing by 50 ms from the unit time of voltage application. Delay time under two-way operation of the actuator was measured to minimize interference caused by heat between channels. Power of 3.7V was applied to OWSMA for assessment of optimal time, and the whole process from heating to cooling was video-recorded with a thermal image camera to determine the point of time at which the temperature of OWSMA wire dropped below the phase transformation temperature. The results showed that $0.4{\Phi}$ was the most suitable diameter, and the optimum unit time of voltage applied to open and close the actuator was 4100ms. It was also shown that the delay time should be more than 1.8 seconds between two-way operations of the actuator.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.256-270
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• 2016

This purpose of this study is to present a new theoretical framework on birthrate recovery in advanced countries in the 21st century. As a result of socioeconomic development and individualism diffusion, the central axis of the family has transformed from the vertical axis of the father-son relation, to the horizontal axis of the husband-wife relation. This process is divided into 2 stages. In the industrialization stage, a nation or a society achieves equality of the individual in family formation, including marriage or divorce. In the post-industrialization stage, it accomplishes the couple equality in family maintenance, including child rearing and household labor. This paper grouped 33 OECD member countries as post- industrialization countries and 103 countries as industrialization countries. This study utilizes 6 variables affecting marriage and childbearing based on previous research. Research results find that during the industrialization stage, the birthrate falls as the education level of women is higher. In the post-industrialization stage, the birthrate rises as gender equality level is higher.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.359-370
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• 2017

In overseas-hospital construction, the digital hospital is a trend that is based on the developments of the information and communication technologies, state-of-the-art medical equipment, smart health, and telemedicine. Along with the increasing proportion of IT, this has resulted in the spreading of the concept throughout city-like hospitals and their transformation into digital hospitals. In the hospital-construction business, IT is a key element that will link the modernization of the mechanical, electrical, and equipment systems, construction, and medical equipment for efficiency maximization through integration. The purpose of this study is the analysis of the market-expansion success factors through the construction of a success-story-based, IT-driven overseas-hospital business. The digital-hospital concept and the development process are analyzed through a literature review, and the success factors are analyzed in terms of the cost, time, and quality that are proposed in the project-management body of knowledge. The main contributions of this study regarding the success factors are as follows: First, a cost-side need exists regarding the establishment of strategic-value engineering in terms of increasing the value from the perspectives of the IT and operational infrastructures; second, in terms of the construction time, all of the hospital systems must comply with the established deadlines for the integrated test and commissioning; and lastly, in terms of quality, it is important to ensure that the System Integration digital-hospital services are delivered according to the user requirements.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.11-18
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• 2015

PURPOSES : The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of an active noise cancellation (ANC) system in reducing the traffic noise level against frequencies from the predictive model developed by previous research. The predictive model is based on ISO 9613-2 standards using the Noble close proximity (NCPX) method and the pass-by method. This means that the use of these standards is a powerful tool for analyzing the traffic noise level because of the strengths of these methods. Traffic noise analysis was performed based on digital signal processing (DSP) for detecting traffic noise with the pass-by method at the test site. METHODS : There are several analysis methods, which are generally divided into three different types, available to evaluate traffic noise predictive models. The first method uses the classification standard of 12 vehicle types. The second method is based on a standard of four vehicle types. The third method is founded on 5 types of vehicles, which are different from the types used by the second method. This means that the second method not only consolidates 12 vehicle types into only four types, but also that the results of the noise analysis of the total traffic volume are reflected in a comparison analysis of the three types of methods. The constant percent bandwidth (CPB) analysis was used to identify the properties of different frequencies in the frequency analysis. A-weighting was applied to the DSP and to the transformation process from analog to digital signal. The root mean squared error (RMSE) was applied to compare and evaluate the predictive model results of the three analysis methods. RESULTS : The result derived from the third method, based on the classification standard of 5 vehicle types, shows the smallest values of RMSE and max and min error. However, it does not have the reduction properties of a predictive model. To evaluate the predictive model of an ANC system, a reduction analysis of the total sound pressure level (TSPL), dB(A), was conducted. As a result, the analysis based on the third method has the smallest value of RMSE and max error. The effect of traffic noise reduction was the greatest value of the types of analysis in this research. CONCLUSIONS : From the results of the error analysis, the application method for categorizing vehicle types related to the 12-vehicle classification based on previous research is appropriate to the ANC system. However, the performance of a predictive model on an ANC system is up to a value of traffic noise reduction. By the same token, the most appropriate method that influences the maximum reduction effect is found in the third method of traffic analysis. This method has a value of traffic noise reduction of 31.28 dB(A). In conclusion, research for detecting the friction noise between a tire and the road surface for the 12 vehicle types needs to be conducted to authentically demonstrate an ANC system in the Republic of Korea.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.115-124
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• 2014

In order to leach Au and Ag from gold-silver bearing sulfide concentrate, the sulfide concentrate was ground in a ball mill for a dry pre-treatment and a wet pre-treatment process. Mineralogical studies and thiourea leaching experiments were carried out with the pre-treated sulfide concentrate. The results of the pre-treatment with the concentrate samples showed the mean particle size and iso-electrical potential was smaller in the dry pre-treatment sample than in the concentrate sample, and the contents was lower in the wet pre-treatment sample than in the dry pre-treatment sample. In XRD analysis, amorphous properties were only shown in the wet pretreatment sample. The results of the concentrate sample leaching experiments showed that the best Au, Ag leaching parameters were when the addition of thiourea was at a 1.0 g concentration, ferric sulfate was 1.0 M, sulfuric acid was 2.0 M and the leaching temperature was at $60^{\circ}C$. The Au, Ag leaching rate was always much greater and faster with the wet pre-treatment samples than with the dry pre-treatment samples. Accordingly, it is expected that more Au, Ag can be leached in an eco-friendly methodology using wet pre-treatment. The pre-treatment could be improved with an optimized grinding additive reagent and through researching grinding time in future non-cyanide processes.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.19-29
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• 2011

Until now, many face recognition methods have been proposed, most of them use a 1-dimensional feature vector which is vectorized the input image without feature extraction process or input image itself is used as a feature matrix. It is known that the face recognition methods using raw image yield deteriorated performance in databases whose have severe illumination changes. In this paper, we propose a face recognition method using local statistics of gradients and correlations which are good for illumination changes. BDIP (block difference of inverse probabilities) is chosen as a local statistics of gradients and two types of BVLC (block variation of local correlation coefficients) is chosen as local statistics of correlations. When a input image enters the system, it extracts the BDIP, BVLC1 and BVLC2 feature images, fuses them, obtaining feature matrix by $(2D)^2$ PCA transformation, and classifies it with training feature matrix by nearest classifier. From experiment results of four face databases, FERET, Weizmann, Yale B, Yale, we can see that the proposed method is more reliable than other six methods in lighting and facial expression.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2001

Cleft lip and/or palate is the congenital orofacial malformation most commonly occurred in humans, The disease is multifactorial and is probably caused by genetic and/or environmental factors, So, there are many problems in research concerning etiology and in treatment of the disease, Even the most practiced and sophisticated methods of surgical repair are necessarily followed by scar contraction and fibrosis, which result in skeletal defects, dental abnormalities, cosmetic disfigurement, and speech impairment, As a result, Fetal surgery can be considered but practiced rarely when the deformity is not fatal to life, And treatment of cleft palate is performed in the form of medicine projection into uterus in animal experiments, Many studies show that growth factor and its receptor emerge from the developing palate; and the epidermal growth factor receptors have a important role in craniofacial development and in palatal fusion, The palatal morphogenesis of the avine is different from the mammal's; it takes the form of physiologic cleft palate, Recently, cleft palate fusion experiment was performed when the avine were in the period of palate formation through the exogenous TGF-β3 addition, and it showed that the exogenous TGF-β3 makes fusion of divided palate through certain process when cleft palate is occurred in palatal formation, In this study, I had the conformation of the fusion of cleft palate through the addition of TGF-β in case of chicken embryo, and observed the effect of TGF-β in EGF receptor distribution, And the following is the results of this study, 1. In case of the TGF-βl and β3 addition group, there was the decrease of EGFR(Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) immunoreactivity in mesenchymal cells beneath the medial edge epithelium and also in epithelial mesenchymal interface which is between medial edge epithelium and nasal septum in 72 hours, 2, The immunoreactivity of the control group resembles that of normal chicken embryo palate in development, 3. In the view through fluorescence confocal microscopy, there was confluence in TGF-β3 addition group, This shows that the confluence induced by exogenous TGF-β3 is related to EGFR expression in palate of chicken embryo, which is a physiologic cleft palate model.