• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.465-473
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• 2018

Objective: We evaluated the clinical characteristics and prognoses of patients with septic shock who transferred to the emergency department (ED) in a tertiary referral center. Methods: This study was performed using a prospective, multi-center registry of septic shock, with the participation of 11 tertiary referral centers in the Korean Shock Society between October 2015 and February 2017. We classified the patients as a transferred group who transferred from other hospitals after meeting the inclusion criteria upon ED arrival and a non-transferred group who presented directly to the ED. Primary outcome was hospital mortality. We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis to assess variables related to in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 2,098 patients were included, and we assigned 717 patients to the transferred group and 1,381 patients to the non-transferred group. The initial Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was higher in the transferred group than the non-transferred group (6; interquartile range [IQR], 4-9 vs. 6; IQR, 4-8; P<0.001). Mechanical ventilator (29% vs. 21%, P<0.001) and renal replacement therapy (12% vs. 9%, P=0.034) within 24 hours after ED arrival were more frequently applied in the transferred group than the non-transferred group. Overall hospital mortality was 22% and there was no significant difference between transferred and non-transferred groups (23% vs. 22%, P=0.820). Multivariable analysis showed an odds ratio for in-hospital mortality of 1.00 (95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.28; P=0.999) for the transferred group compared with the non-transferred group. Conclusion: The transferred group showed higher severity and needed more organ support procedures than the non-transferred group. However, inter-hospital transfer did not affect in-hospital mortality.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.591-599
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• 2008

A murine model immunized by systemic and mucosal delivery of plasmid DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein B (pCIgB) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was used to evaluate both the nature of the induced immunity and protection against a virulent virus. With regard to systemic delivery, the intramuscular (i.m.) immunization with pCIgB induced strong PrV-specific IgG responses in serum but was inefficient in generating a mucosal IgA response. Mucosal delivery through intranasal (i.n.) immunization of pCIgB induced both systemic and mucosal immunity at the distal mucosal site. However, the levels of systemic immunity induced by i.n. immunization were less than those induced by i.m. immunization. Moreover, i.n. genetic transfer of pCIgB appeared to induce Th2-biased immunity compared with systemic delivery, as judged by the ratio of PrV-specific IgG isotypes and Th1- and Th2-type cytokines produced by stimulated T cells. Moreover, the immunity induced by i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against i.n. challenge of a virulent PrV strain, whereas i.m. immunization produced resistance to viral infection. Therefore, although i.n. immunization was a useful route for inducing mucosal immunity at the virus entry site, i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against the lethal infection of PrV.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.20-32
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• 1999

The purpose of this retrospective research of 603 patients who were transferred to the emergency medical center of university hospital from 1 Jan, 1998 to 31 Jan, 1998 was making of basic data for emergency medical transfer system improvement countermeasure and the point at issue of overlapping reexamination ststus of patients transfered to emergency medical center of university hospital from 1,2 level hospital. The data analysis was done by SPSS, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation. The results were as follows: 1. Male to female ratio was 1.7:1 and peak age group was patients over forties and under nine years of age(70.5%) 2. Traumatic patients were 17.8%, motor vehicle accident patients were 16.7% and Non-traumatic patients were 65.3%. Transferring hospital was divided into 2groups: primary hospital, secondary hospital. The majority was secondary hospital(73.3%). The result of symptom severity classification of patients transferred to 3rd emergency medical center was urgent patients 32.5%, emergency patients 33.58%, non-emergency patients 34.0% 3. Most highest score items amoung overlapping reexamination of patients transfered to emergency medical center of university hospital from 1,2 level hospital were CBC test, simple X-ray (0.93점), CBC test(0.97점), urin test(0.88점), chemistry test(0.94점), simple X-ray(0.98점), CT(0.42점), EKG(0.89점) amoung overlapping reexamination of motor vehicle accident patients were more higher reexamination score than traumatic patients and non-traumatic patients 4. CBC test(P<0.001), urin test(P<0.001), chemistry test(P<0.001), simple X-ray(P<0.001), CT(P<0.01), EKG(P<0.001) amoung overlapping reexamination of patients in 2 level hospital were more higher reexamination score than 1 level hospital patients 5. About symptom severity classification of patients transferred to 3rd emergency medical center, CBC test(P<0.001), urin test(P<0.001), chemistry test(P<0.001), simple X-ray(P<0.01), CT(P<0.001), EKG(P<0.001) amoung overlapping reexamination items in urgent patients were more higher reexamination score than other patients 6. Influencing variation for overlapping reexamination in hospital was CBC test(P<0.001), CT (P<0.001), MRI (P<0.05).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.343-358
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• 2013

Objectives This study aimed to observe the effect of Hyangsayangwi-tang on the cisplatin-induced gastrointestinal dysfunctions in rats. Methods Four groups(each of 8 rats per group) were used in this study. Saline and distilled water treated control rats are Intact vehicle control group. Delayed gatrointestinal mortility was induced by intraperitoneal treatment of cisplatin 2mg/kg, once a week for 5 weeks(Cisplatin control group). Hyangsayangwi-tang aqueous extracts(HY) were orally administered in a volume of 5ml/kg, once a day for 14 days from 4th ciplatin treatmernt(HY group). Ondansetron 1mg/kg was subcutaneously treated, in a volume of 1ml/kg, as same as HY(ondansetron group). We measured the body weights, intestinal charcoal transit ratio, fecal parameters, fundus MDA, GSH contents and SOD, CAT activities, TPH and MAO activities, pyloric gastrin and serotonin contents with their immunoraective cells, colonic serotonin-immunoreactive cells, the histopathology of pylorus, fundus mucosa and colon. Results and Conclusions (1) The body weight gains, the small intestinal charcoal transfer rates, the fecal parameters(numbers, weights and water contents) were increased in HY, ondansetron group. (2) The inhibit of fundus antioxidant defense systems by cisplatin were decreased in HY, ondansetron group. (3) The pyloric TPH activities were increased and the pyloric MAO activities were decreased in HY group. (4) The pyloric gastric contents and the gastrin-immunoreactive cells were increased in HY group. And the pyloric serotonin contents and the pyloric and colonic serotonin-immunoreactive cells were decreased in HY group. (5) The pyloru atrophic changes and the gastric surface erosive damage regions by cisplatin were favorably inhibited by treatment of HY. HY, a representative Soeumin prescription improve GI dysfunctions and constipation retarded by cisplatin through modulations of GI enterochromaffin cells, serotonin and gastrin-producing cells and antioxidative systems. Especially HY showed the highest favorable effects more than those of ondansetron.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.441-441
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• 2009

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been widely investigated as a next-generation solar cell because of their simple fabrication process and low coats. The cells use a porous nanocrystalline TiO2 matrix coated with a sensitizer dye that acts as the light-harvesting element. The photo-exited dye injects electrons into the $TiO_2$ particles, and the oxide dye reacts with I- in the electrolyte in regenerative cycle that is completed by the reduction of $I_3^-$ at a platinum-coated counter electrode. Since $TiO_2$ porous film plays a key role in the enhancement of photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSC, many scientists focus their researches on it. Especially, a high light-to-electricity conversion efficiency results from particle size and crystallographic phase, film porosity, surface structure, charge and surface area to volume ratio of porous $TiO_2$ electrodes, on which the dye can be sufficiently adsorbed. Effective treatment of the photoanode is important to improve DSSC performance. In this paper, to obtain properties of surface and dispersion as nitric acid treated $TiO_2$ photoelectrode was investigate. The photovoltaic characteristics of DSSCs based the electrode fabricated by nitric acid pre-treatment $TiO_2$ materials gave better performances on both of short circuit current density and open circuit voltage. We compare dispersion of $TiO_2$ nanoparticles before and after nitric acid treatment and measured Ti oxidized state from XPS. Low charge transfer resistance was obtained in nitric acid treated sample than that of untreated sample. The dye-sensitized solar cell based on the nitric acid treatment had open-circuit voltage of 0.71 V, a short-circuit current of 15.2 mAcm-2 and an energy conversion efficiency of 6.6 % under light intensity of $100\;mWcm^{-2}$. About 14 % increases in efficiency obtained when the $TiO_2$ electrode was treated by nitric acid.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.456-456
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• 2009

Boron doping on an n-type Si wafer is requisite process for IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact) solar cells. Fiber laser annealing is one of boron doping methods. For the boron doping, uniformly coated or deposited film is highly required. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method provides a uniform dopant film or layer which can facilitate doping. Because amorphous silicon layer absorption range for the wavelength of fiber laser does not match well for the direct annealing. In this study, to enhance thermal affection on the existing p-a-Si:H layer, a ${\mu}c$-Si:H intrinsic layer was deposited on the p-a-Si:H layer additionally by PECVD. To improve heat transfer rate to the amorphous silicon layer, and as heating both sides and protecting boron eliminating from the amorphous silicon layer. For p-a-Si:H layer with the ratio of $SiH_4$ : $B_2H_6$ : $H_2$ = 30 : 30 : 120, at $200^{\circ}C$, 50 W, 0.2 Torr for 30 minutes, and for ${\mu}c$-Si:H intrinsic layer, $SiH_4$ : $H_2$ = 10 : 300, at $200^{\circ}C$, 30 W, 0.5 Torr for 60 minutes, 2 cm $\times$ 2 cm size wafers were used. In consequence of comparing the results of lifetime measurement and sheet resistance relation, the laser condition set of 20 ~ 27 % of power, 150 ~ 160 kHz, 20 ~ 50 mm/s of marking speed, and $10\;{\sim}\;50 {\mu}m$ spacing with continuous wave mode of scanner lens showed the correlation between lifetime and sheet resistance as $100\;{\Omega}/sq$ and $11.8\;{\mu}s$ vs. $17\;{\Omega}/sq$ and $8.2\;{\mu}s$. Comparing to the singly deposited p-a-Si:H layer case, the additional ${\mu}c$-Si:H layer for doping resulted in no trade-offs, but showed slight improvement of both lifetime and sheet resistance, however sheet resistance might be confined by the additional intrinsic layer. This might come from the ineffective crystallization of amorphous silicon layer. For the additional layer case, lifetime and sheet resistance were measured as $84.8\;{\Omega}/sq$ and $11.09\;{\mu}s$ vs. $79.8\;{\Omega}/sq$ and $11.93\;{\mu}s$. The co-existence of $n^+$layeronthesamesurfaceandeliminating the laser damage should be taken into account for an IBC solar cell structure. Heavily doped uniform boron layer by fiber laser brings not only basic and essential conditions for the beginning step of IBC solar cell fabrication processes, but also the controllable doping concentration and depth that can be established according to the deposition conditions of layers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.86-86
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• 2003

Research has been in progress for more than a decade to production of useful proteins by genetic modification in cattle. However, the levels of protein production in transgenic cattle have been reported very low. To enhance protein production in transgenic animal, we tried homologous recombination to donor cells for production of transgenic clone cattle through nuclear transfer procedure. Thus, we constructed the two targeting vectors of human thrombopoietin (TPO) at bovine $\beta$-casein locus using homologous recombination with 13.6 kb and 9.6 kb homology. In two targeting vectors, positive selection was through the neomycin resistance gene and negative selection was by the diphtheria toxin (DT). Gene targeting was attempted in bovine embryonic fibroblasts (bEF) and bovine ear skin fibroblasts (bESF). To determine the most appropriate concentration of neomycin for bEF and bESF, G4l8 resistance was confirmed by culturing the cells in various concentrations of the drug and both of the cells were optimally selected at $900 \mu g/ml$ of neomycin. The transfected bEF and bESF by the targeting vectors were colonized efficiently at the ratio of DNA to transfection reagent such as $4 \mu g$:2 ${mu}ell$ and $1 \mu g$:$2 \mu l$. Comparing number of healthy clones from passage 4 to passage 8, bESF (17%) persist in culture for much longer than bEF (6%). The two gene-targeted bESF clones of 30 random-integrated clones with 9.6 kb homology length were confirmed, however, nothing was out of 72 random integration clones with 13.6 kb homology length, The DT also worked more efficiently in clones transfected with the vector of 9.6 kb homology length. Our data suggests that the choice of donor cell for long culture period should be considered to obtain targeted cell clone, and the gene-targeting frequency and the DT working efficiency are dependent on the length of target homology.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.331-341
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• 2015

The main purpose of this study is reducing the cost and effort for characterization of tensile strength of fiber reinforced concrete, in order to use in structural design. For this purpose, in this study, test for fiber reinforced concrete was carried out. Because fiber reinforced concrete is consisted of diverse material, it is hard to define the correlation between mix proportions and strength. Therefore, compressive strength test and tensile strength test were carried out for the range of smaller than 100 MPa of compressive strength and 0.25~1% of steel fiber volume fraction. as a results of test, two types of tensile strength were highly affected by compressive strength of concrete. However, increase rate of tensile strength was decreased with increase of compressive strength. Increase rate of tensile strength was decreased with increase of fiber volume fraction. Database was constructed using previous research data. Because estimation equations for tensile strength of fiber reinforced concrete should be multiple variable function, linear regression is hard to apply. Therefore, in this study, we decided to use the ANN(Artificial Neural Network). ANN was constructed using multiple layer perceptron architecture. Sigmoid function was used as transfer function and back propagation training method was used. As a results of prediction using artificial neural network, predicted values of test data and previous research which was randomly selected were well agreed with each other. And the main effective parameters are water-cement ratio and fiber volume fraction.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2014

Purpose: Reconstructive surgeries for equinocavovarus foot deformities are quite variable, including hind-midfoot osteotomy or arthrodesis, soft tissue procedure, tendon transfers, etc. Comprehensive evaluation of the deformity and its etiology is mandatory for achievement of successful deformity correction. Few studies in this field have been reported. We report on the clinical and radiographic outcome of reconstruction for cavovarus foot deformities. Materials and Methods: The study is based on 16 feet with cavovarus foot deformities that underwent bony and soft tissue reconstructive surgery from 2004 to 2008. We evaluated the etiologies, varieties of surgical procedures performed, pain score, functional scores, and patient satisfaction and measured the radiographic parameters. Results: The average age at the time of surgery was 39.4 years old, with a male/female ratio of 9/4 and an average follow-up period of 23.9 months (range, 12~49 months). The etiologies of the cavovarus deformity were idiopathic 7 feet, residual poliomyelitis 5 feet, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2 feet, and Guillain-Barre syndrome and hemiplegia due to cerebrovascular accident sequela 1 foot each. Lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomies were performed in 12 feet (75%), followed by Achilles tendon lengthening and plantar fascia release in 11 feet (69%), and first metatarsal dorsiflexion osteotomy/arthrodesis and tendon transfer in 10 feet (63%). Visual analogue scale pain score showed improvement, from an average of 4.2 to 0.5 points. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score showed significant improvement, from 47.8 to 90.0 points (p<0.05). All patients were satisfied. Ankle range of motion improved from $27.5^{\circ}$ to $46.7^{\circ}$. In radiographic measurements, calcaneal pitch angle improved from $19.1^{\circ}$ to $15.8^{\circ}$, Meary angle from $13.0^{\circ}$ to $9.3^{\circ}$, Hibb's angle from $44.3^{\circ}$ to $37.0^{\circ}$, and tibio-calcaneal axis angle from varus $17.5^{\circ}$ to varus $1.5^{\circ}$ Conclusion: We achieved successful correction of cavovarus foot deformities by performing appropriate comprehensive reconstructive procedures with improved functional, radiographic measures and high patient satisfaction.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

The optimum salinity and the effects of rapid salinity change on oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion were examined in River Puffer Takifugu obscrus (total length 9.5$\pm$0.9 cm, total weight 18.7$\pm$5.4 g). Fish examined at the different transfer medium salinity (2, 12, 22 and 32 psu) after 2 months of acclimation period at each salinities. The routine metabolic rates of River puffer are shown as parabola equation, $Y=-0.0873X^2+0.6384X-0.690$ for oxygen consumption and $Y=-2.1667X^2+7.1672X+31.999$ for ammonia nitrogen excretion with the salinity medium at 2, 12. 22 and 32 psu. The oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion of River puffer trans-ferred to the low salinity medium (2 and 12 psu) showed significantly difference in each salinities rearing groups than to salinity of 22 and 32 psu. Fish has a diurnal rhythm in relate to feeding, it was showed that the peak of oxygen consumption appeared at 3 hours after feeding and the ammonia nitrogen excretion rate reached maximum 4 hours after feeding. These results may indicate that the optimum salinity for rearing of River puffer is 22 psu based on growth and feed conversion ratio. The rapid change of medium salinity had no effects on the oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion in River puffer based on this experiment.