• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-36
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• 2021

Purpose - This empirical study, aims to identify the determinants of adoption and acceptance of mobile payment as to understand why it is successful in some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa but failing in others. A comparative study of a successful mobile payment service and a purported failed one was done as to have some insights to the factors affecting acceptance of the technology. Design/methodology/approach - The strength of three notable theories: theory of diffusion of innovation (DOI), the extended unified theory of user acceptance of information technology (UTAUT2) and self-efficacy theory were use. The self-efficacy of government support inclusion as, a moderating variable in the form of infrastructure, securing transaction and price value revealed the relevance of government in the success of mobile payment service. By means of a field survey of 705 subjects in two separate regions of Africa (East and West), the data was collected and use to test the research model. Findings - The study result shows the importance of the moderating factor of government support to the success of mobile payment of any nation. The result also shows the importance of the perception of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, social influence as already revealed by other studies. Research implications or Originality - Mobile payment success in some part of Sub-Saharan Africa is well known but also suggested to fail in some Sub-Saharan African countries. Buttressing the need for understanding of the factors affecting mobile payment acceptance. This article empirically examined the factors influencing the success of mobile payment, and we implicated that if the implementation of mobile payment is to be successful for mobile commerce in any nation, adoption, acceptance and use by its citizen is imperative.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.133-160
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• 2009

In International trade the buyer and seller are normally separated from on another not only by distance but also by differences in language and culture. It is rarely possible for the performance of obligations to be simultaneous and the performance of contracts therefore calls for trust in a situation in which the parties are unlikely to feel able to trust each other unless they have a longstanding and successful relationship. Thus the seller under an international contract of sale will not wish to surrender documents of title to goods to the buyer until he has at least an assurance of payment, and no buyer will wish to pay for goods until he has received them. A gap of distrust thus exists which is often bridged by the undertaking of an intermediary known and trusted by both parties who will undertake on his own liability to pay the seller the contract price in return for the documents of title and then pass the documents to the buyer in return for the reimbursement. This is a common explanation of the theory behind the documentary letter of credit in which the undertaking of a bank of international repute serves as a "guarantee" to each party that the other will perform his obligations. The independence principle, also referred to as the "autonomy principle", is at the core of letter of credit or bank guarantee law. This principle provides that the letter of credit or bank guarantee is independent of the underlying contractual commitment - that is, the transaction that the credit is intented to secure - between the applicant and the beneficiary ; the credit is also independent of the relationship between the bank and its customer, the applicant. The most important exception to the independence principle is the doctrine of fraud in the transaction. A strict interpretation of the rule that the guarantee is independent of the underlying transaction would lead to the conclusion that neither fraud nor manifest abuse of rights by the beneficiary would constitute an objection to payment. There is one major problem related to "Independent guarantees", namely abusive or unfair callings. The beneficiary may make an unfair calling under the guarantee. The countermeasure of beneficiary's unfair calling divided three cases. First, advance countermeasure namely by contract. In other words, when the formation of the contract, the parties must insert the Force Majeure Clause, Arbitration Clause to Contract, and clear statement to the condition for demand calling. Second, post countermeasure namely by court. Many countries, including the United States, authorize the courts to grant an order enjoining the issuer from paying or enjoining the beneficiary from receiving payment under the guaranty letter. Third, Export Insurance. For example, the Export Credit Guarantees Department is prepared, subject to certain conditions, to cover the risk of unfair calling. Of course, KEIC in Korea is cover the risk of the all things for guarantees. On international projects, contractor performance is usually guaranteed by either a standby letters of credit or Independent guarantee. These instruments will be care the parties.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.6 no.5 s.27
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• pp.89-101
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• 2005

The early phase of construction projects, communication among the related participants has great influence on the further transaction of the projects. However, important decision making are made by the experience of the field managers in practice without the method for systematic analysis. For example, in building construction project, selection process for construction method has been executed by decision making of some architects dependent on their experience. As a result, there have been frequent construction method alterations during the construction process and delay of duration, addition of cost, etc have followed accordingly. The main reasons of such a mal-functional transaction are due to the absent of the reasonal procedure of decision making reflecting the characteristics of construction project. Therefore, there is a need for an supporting tool and production design for the selection of rational construction method. The objective of this study is to propose production design process and decision making model in relation to various influent factors at the early phase of construction projects. To achieve these objectives, this study 1)analyzes the prior theory about production design, 2)we have studied about selection process for optimal construction method through constraint analysis in structural works, 3)performs a case study to embody the problems of the production design, and 4)proposes a cooperative committee model for supporting production design by analyzing the results of case study and interviewing experts. It is anticipated that the effective tool of proposed model would be able to improve communication among the related participants and systematically accumulate data that might be used in similar construction projects.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.527-539
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• 2008

This paper presents a performance estimation technique based on queuing analysis for on-chip bus matrix architectures of Multi-Processor System-on-Chips(MPSoCs). Previous works relying on time-consuming simulation are not able to explore the vast design space to cope with increasing time-to-market pressure. The proposed technique gives accurate estimation results while achieving faster estimation time than cycle -accurate simulation by order of magnitude. We consider the followings for the modeling of practical memory subsystem: (1) the service time with the general distribution instead of the exponential distribution and (2) multiple-outstanding transactions to achieve high performance. The experimental results show that the proposed analysis technique has the accuracy of 94% on average and much shorter runtime ($10^5$ times faster at least) compared to simulation for the various examples: the synthetic traces and real-time application, 4-channel DVR.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2013

Reputation systems aggregate users' feedback after the completion of a transaction and compute the "reputation" of products, services, or providers, which can assist other users in decision-making in the future. With the rapid growth of online e-Learning content providing services, a suitable reputation system for more credible e-Learning content delivery has become important and is essential if educational content providers are to remain competitive. Most existing reputation systems focus on generating ratings only for user reputation; they fail to consider the reputations of products or services(item reputation). However, it is essential for B2C e-Learning services to have a reliable reputation rating mechanism for items since they offer guidance for decision-making by presenting the ranks or ratings of e-Learning content items. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel collaborative filtering based reputation rating method. Collaborative filtering, one of the most successful recommendation methods, can be used to improve a reputation system. In this method, dual information sources are formed with groups of co-oriented users and expert users and to adapt it to the reputation rating mechanism. We have evaluated its performance experimentally by comparing various reputation systems.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.65-72
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of ex ante governance mechanisms that can be exercised by franchisers on franchise contract compliance and various relationship outcomes. There are many previous studies on control mechanisms in inter-firm relationship, however, most studies focus on ex post governance mechanisms and identify the effects of behavior control and outcome control on performances. Based on transaction cost theory and agency theory, this study defines the ex ante governance mechanisms of franchisers as contractual completeness and extra contractual incentives. The author have examined the two ex ante control mechanisms on contract compliance, recontract intention, multi-shop running intention and opportunistic behaviors of franchisee. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, 137 questionnaires of food and beverage franchise stores were collected through a specialized research company. The reliability and validity of the variables were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs and hypotheses were verified through the structural equation modeling. Results - As a result of hypothesis testing, contractual completeness and extra contractual incentives have a positive effect on the contract compliance of the franchisee. It is shown that franchisee's contract compliance has a positive effect on recontract intention and multi-shop running intention and has a negative effect on opportunistic behaviors. Conclusions - This study examines the ex ante governance mechanisms such as contractual completeness and extra contractual incentives, which is relatively rare compared to ex post governance mechanism in B2B relationship. According to the results of this research, these two tools can be used as ex ante control mechanisms for franchise headquarters to use their franchisees. In addition, franchisee's contract compliance affects various relationship outcomes between franchisor and franchisees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.107-118
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• 2016

In order to ensure revenue of agricultural products which have encountered the dramatic decline of prices in distribution, the export of the domestic farm produce was started and it has been considered to play the significant role to make fundamentals for securing the stable revenue of farms and future of agricultural industries. The Korean government has endeavored to increase scale and volume of export and make the stable structure for export transaction by supporting government policies. Since the export of the agricultural products was influenced by multiple and uncertain factors such as the gap of GDP, distance, the difference of climatess between countries, in this study of agricultural exports, the attributes of export according to changed factors are derived by using RCA and gravity model. As the complexity of export environment has been increased compared to the past, it is necessary to analyze the attributes of agricultural exports. In this study, by using network theory, trade network of agricultural product, the periodic changes of relations, the changes of centrality and maxium flow are derived. Even though the trade quantity of existing agricultural fresh products are still small, the study derived the need to vertical integration for expanding agricultural product export by applying network theory.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.53-74
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• 2009

INCOTERMS have been changed almost every 10 years since ICC established INCOTERMS as trade terms for International transaction. Recently transportation has become bigger, and modernized by means of electronic appliances such as RFID, IT, and containerization. FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA were added in INCOTERMS1980 and every conditions are unified into three alphabets in INCOTERMS1990. The best features of INCOTERMS2000 are that FCA substitute FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA and customs formalities were simplified to make clear for each party of contract. It seems that business circles still stick to old customs of their trade like FOB or CIF not only in Korea but in an international practice even though there have been several revisions of INCOTERMS until now. ICC have tried to provide INCOTERMS3000 to solve problems between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. This study has tried to suggest opinions against INCOTERMS3000 and has surveyed a recognition, an actual using situation and issues of INCOTERMS to get improvements. For a recognition of INCOTERMS has been spread as you can find at tables many kinds of business circles still stick to old customs of their trade terms FOB and CIF. Now there are two alternative plans. Firstly, we need to suggest improvements against inconsistency of INCOTERMS to be applied on newly revised INCOTERMS3000 and educating business circles to use proper conditions of INCOTERMS for their doing business. Secondly, we shall participate in revising INCOTERMS to activate multimodal transport conditions of INCOTERMS and provide solutions to fill gap between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. It seems that terms of multimodal transport such as FCA, CPT, or CIP can be a perfect condition for each party of contract. We have examined the inconsistent features of Ship's rail and notions of on board, and observed how to activate multimodal transport terms. These would be hot issues of next revision of INCOTERMS and we provided improvements on each trade terms, THC charges, or others against INCOTERMS.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.97-116
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• 2004

Recently, e portion of on-line stock brokerage has been rapidly increased to be more than 50%, on the basis of contracted money. The usage of wCTS(Web Based Cyber Trading Systems) has now got into the steady state over the initial diffusion stage, which means wCTS has got more-than-half customer base in on-line service. Therefore, brokerage service providers have their competitive strategic focus on customer retention through the enhancement of customer loyalty. This study provides framework and survey results on explanation of wCTS user's loyalty, what and how factors affect wCTS user's loyalty. We adopt the results of early studies on information technology acceptance and diffusion such as TAM(Technology Acceptance Model) and IDT(Innovation Diffusion Theory). We also referred loyalty theory of marketing area and studios on CTS usage. We categorized explanation factors as three groups characteristics of users, characteristics of system, social environment. And we assumed that these three factors could affect the loyalty through two parameters : customer satisfaction and trust to the system. This study firstly shows that the ease of use and usefulness, the major factors of TAM. can also be applied to the loyalty of wCTS with resulting that the usefulness is more important than the ease of use In wCTS. Secondly, it shows that the innovative and risk-sensitive user has the lower degree of loyalty. Thirdly, it shows that the satisfaction and trust impact the loyalty simultaneously, the trust particularly impacts more strongly than the loyalty, due to the characteristics of monetary transaction in wCTS. This study provides meaningful results to the other on-line EC service fields as a first empirical research regarding the loyalty to wCTS which is a typical on-line EC service.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.153-174
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyse factors affecting performance of Global Outsourcing of the Korean Export-Importing Companies. This study aims to confirm the cause and effect relationship between independent variables; Organization Competency, Flexibility, Information Sharing and Partnership and dependent variable; the performance of Global Outsourcing. Also, another objective of this study is to discover affecting levels for the performance and activation factors of global outsourcing and to contribute to diffusion of global sourcing. This paper examined the concept and features of global sourcing and the present situation of global outsourcing at the level of domestic and overseas. From precedent studies that based on empirical studies about the transaction theory and the resource-based theory, we have derived a model with hypothesis and scale items then we conducted a survey of the Korean Export-Importing companies and empirically analysed the data. Before hypothesis testing, we conducted a basic information analysis in order to discover implication level of Global Soucring and also did reliability analysis and exploratory factor analysis using SPSS 18.0. Finally, the four hypothesis for the performance of Global Sourcing were tested with a regression model.