• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2023

PURPOSE: Falls are caused by a decline in physical and cognitive function. A quantitative evaluation tool that can comprehensively evaluate motor and cognitive functions for elderly people with an impaired physical function. This study assessed the clinical application potential by confirming the correlation between the physical function tests, cognitive and the stepping trail-making test (S-TMT). METHODS: Fourteen community-dwelling older patients (65-75 years) were recruited. The study conducted cognitive function tests with the trail-making test (TMT-A, B), and physical function tests (6-minute walking test (6MWT), short physical performance battery (SPPB), and timed up and go (TUG)). The results of were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Descriptive statistics were used for the general characteristics of the study subjects, and the correlations between S-TMT, other functional tests were examined through Pearson's correlation analysis. The statistical significance was set to .05. RESULTS: S-TMT had a significant positive correlation with the TUG (r = .588^*) and trail-making test-B (TMT-B) (r = .689^*, p < .05). Furthermore, S-TMT showed a negative correlation between SPPB (r = -.397) and 6MWT (r = -.422), but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: S-TMT is a cognitive-gait dual-task performance evaluation tool that can be performed safely. A significant correlation was confirmed between the TUG test and the TMT-B. S-TMT is a dual-task screening tool that can evaluate both physical and cognitive functions simultaneously.

• 대한작업치료학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.127-143
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• 2018

연구목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 뇌졸중 환자에게 운전 시뮬레이터와 Dynavision 훈련의 효과를 인지 평가와 주행 중 운전수행 능력 평가를 통해 비교하고, 두 가지 훈련방법의 차이에 대한 임상적 근거를 제시하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구를 위해 뇌졸중 환자 21명을 선정하여 무작위로 운전 시뮬레이터 훈련 집단(N=11)과 Dynavision 훈련 집단(N=10)으로 분류하고 각각 15회기의 훈련을 실시하였다. 대상자들의 주행 중 운전수행 능력 측정을 위해 운전 시뮬레이터 시나리오 시스템 평가를 실시하였고, 인지 능력을 측정하기 위해 DriveABLE Cognitive Assessment Tool(DCAT), Trail Making Test-A, Trail Making Test-B 그리고 Mini Mental State Examination-K 평가를 실시하였다. 결과 : 운전 시뮬레이터 훈련 집단은 모든 인지 능력평가와 대부분 운전수행 능력에서 통계적으로 유의미한 향상이 확인되었다. Dynavision 훈련 집단은 Trail Making Test-A를 제외한 모든 인지 능력 평가와 브레이크 페달 반응시간, 중앙선 침범 평균 시간 및 비율, 차선이탈 비율의 운전수행 능력에서 통계적으로 유의미하게 향상 되었다. 그리고 두 가지 훈련의 변화량은 도로주행평가의 결과 예측 지수와, 충돌사고 및 위험상황 발생 횟수에서 유의미한 차이를 보였으며, 이 변수들의 변화량은 두 가지 훈련방법의 적용 차이에 따라 모든 변수가 20% 이상의 인과적 영향력이 있음이 확인되었다. 결론 : 뇌졸중 환자의 운전훈련 방법으로 운전 시뮬레이터와 Dynavision 훈련은 모두 효과적인 중재방법임을 확인하였다. 특히 운전 시뮬레이터는 뇌졸중 환자의 운전수행 능력 전반을 향상시킬 수 있는 효과적인 훈련이며, Dynavision 훈련과는 20%의 설명력으로 훈련효과의 차이가 확인되었다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2005

Purpose:We investigated the effect of menopausal duration on cognitive function using adjunctive hormone replacement therapy(HRT) in postmenopausal women with depression. Method:Twelve postmenopausal women with depressive disorder were enrolled. Six patients having menopausal duration of less than 3 years was assigned to the short duration group and six patients of more than 3 years to the long duration group. Each patient was treated with conjugated equine estrogen(1.25mg) plus medroxyprogesterone(5mg) for 8 weeks. Cognitive performance was measured by the Verbal Memory Test, Visual Memory Test, Trail Making Test, Digit Symbol Test, and Attention Shift Test. The Beck Depression Inventory was used for evaluation of depressed mood. The reproductive hormone levels were also measured. Results:The long duration group showed the lower performance only in Trail Making Test B compared with the short duration group at baseline. After 8 weeks, the long duration group performed significantly better in the Trail Making Test B compared with the short duration group. The differences in change of depressive mood and gonadal hormone level between two groups were not significant. Conclusion:Menopausal duration before HRT may influence the effect of estrogen on cognition in some cognitive domains. This might be related with estrogen receptor hypersensitivity which induced by the longer estrogen deficiency.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.505-514
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• 2019

본 연구는 전통적 종이형태의 평가와 전자매체를 이용한 평가적용에 따른 지적장애인들의 시지각과 주의집중의 차이를 분석하는 데 있다. 연구대상은 지적장애인 12명이다. 대상자들에게 전통적 평가방식과 전자매체를 활용한 평가방식을 적용하였으며, 그 차이를 비교하였으며, 그 차이를 비교하기 위해 대상자들의 시지각과 시각적 주의집중을 평가하였다. 시지각을 평가하기 위해 Motor free visual perception test-3를 활용하였으며, 주의집중을 평가하기 위해 Trail making test를 활용하였다. 그 결과, 전자매체를 적용한 평가에서 대상자들의 시지각과 주의집중 모두 높게 나타났다. 전자매체는 지적장애인들의 시지각과 주의집중에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인으로 작용할 수 있다. 따라서, 지적장애인들에게 전자매체를 적용할 경우 이러한 차이를 고려하여야 할 것이다.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.245-255
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• 2004

Purpose: this study was to evaluate Cognitive Function Test for the Korean population. Digit Forward (DF), Digit Backward (DB) and Trail Making Test-A(TMT-A) and the translated version of the Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B) were used. The study examined the performance of Korean normal adult population whose age ranged from 20 to over 80. It was predicted that performances of the Korean population would be different from that of the United States population due primarily to their differences in language, and education. Method: Normal Korean adults at the Daejeon Metropolitan City and Chungchung Province (N=298) participated in this study. Seven age scores were evaluated; 20~29, 30~39, 40~49, 50~59, 60~69, 70~79, & >80s. The effects of age, gender, and years of education was examined, which yielded significant age and education effects. The scores were further specified accordingly in terms of years of education (0, 1~6, 7~12, 13~16, & >17), and gender. Result: As the age increased cognitive function score decreased. As the years of education increased, cognitive function scores increased. There was no difference in cognitive function scores according to gender. Age and year of education had significant effects on cognitive function and explained 52-58% of variants of each test. Conclusion: The data of the cognitive function tests are expected to be utilized for research purposes such as basic and clinical studies, as well as practical purpose such as cognitive assessment for traumatic brain injury, stroke, and elderly and nursing education for assessment tools.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2009년 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.199-203
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to investigate how the indoor temperature has influence on occupants' attention abilities as a basis of productivity. To achieve the purpose, the experiment in chamber was conducted. In the experiment, temperature was controlled according to two levels ($20^{\circ}C$ or $23^{\circ}C$) and other of factors were controlled uniformly. Subjects were exposed to those two different thermal environments. Each participant was asked to mark their answers on the state of attention measurement sheets (FAIR and Trail making test), in two conditions. Total 60 times of experiments were conducted. The main results are as follows. First, subjects showed the better attention abilities in relation to Q score at $20^{\circ}C$. But on the other hand attention abilities in relation to C score were better at $23^{\circ}C$. Second, subjects showed the better attention abilities in relation to concentrate on one task at $20^{\circ}C$.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.27-44
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Gastrodia elata Blume on the improvement of memory. Methods : This study was a 12 week, double blind, comparative clinical study. There were eligible who worked with a group of healthy seniors, all 60 years of age or older. 50 subjects were randomized either to Gastrodia elata Blume in powder form and steep in hot water or placebo. We measured the faculty of memory by using K-DRS, MMSE-K, Digit Span, Letter Fluency Test, Word List Memory Test, and the Trail Making Test, and after 12 weeks we measured the faculty of memory again using the same methods. Results : Gastrodia elata Blume steeps in the hot water group significantly increased. Initiation, perseveration level, and Memory level of K-DRS and MMSE-K score. There were no considerable differences between three groups in Digit Span and Trail Making Test score. Gastrodia elata Blume group showed significant advances in Letter Fluency Test and recognition of Word List Memory Test. Conclusions : The results suggest that Gastrodia elata Blume may have positive effects on memory improvement and function of the frontal lobe activation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 2009

Background: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is characterized by severe neuropathic pain and disability, which can result in psychological and behavioral dysfunction. The goal of the present study was to evaluate neurocognitive disability, and to assess the relationship between clinical variables and neuropsychological features in CRPS patients. Methods: We investigated the neuropsychological features of 15 CRPS I patients. The neuropsychological tests that we made comprised of a full intelligence quotient, memory quotient, trail-making test A, trail-making test B (TMT-B), and MMPI (Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory). Results: The results showed severe disability in performance on TMT-B. There was no significant correlation between specific cognitive variables and MMPI scales. Conclusions: Decreased performance on TMT-B which shows mental flexibility in the prefrontal lobe exists independently from depressive disorders in CRPS patients.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.38-49
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive function in NIDDM patients. Method: The data were collected at MI OPD in C University hospital. with Digit Span Forward & Backward, Trail Making Test-A, Trail Making Test-B, and MMSE. Result: There were significant differences in DF, DB, TMT-A, and TMT-B according to gender, and in TMT-A according to living with spouse and comorbidity. There were significant differences in DF, DB, TMT-A, TMT-B, and MMSE according to monthly income, and in DF, TMT-A, and TMT-B according to hypertensive state. But, there was no difference in cognitive function score according to diabetes-related complication and diabetes treatment modality. There was a significant positive correlation between duration of NIDDM and TMT-A(r=.215, p=.025). The global cognition score was explained 42.1% of varient by age, duration of education, monthly income, and hypertensive state. Conclusion: As above results showed, among age, duration of education, monthly income, and hypertensive state, prevented and managed hypertensive state which is modifiable factor may reduce or delay cognitive function impairment in NIDDM patients. And DF & DB, TMT-A & B could be more utilized as useful cognitive function measurements because those tests reflected cognitive function in NIDDM patients better than MMSE.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2014

Previous studies have reported that decreased cognitive ability has been consistently associated with significant declines in performance of one or both tasks under a dual-task walking condition. This study examined the relationship between specific cognitive abilities and the dual-task costs (DTCs) of spatio-temporal gait parameters in stroke patients. The spatio-temporal gait parameters were measured among 30 stroke patients while walking with and without a cognitive task (Stroop Word-Color Task) at the study participant's preferred walking speed. Cognitive abilities were measured using Computerized Neuropsychological Testing. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to quantify the associations between the neuropsychological measures and the DTCs in the spatio-temporal gait parameters. Moderate to strong correlations were found between the Auditory Continuous Performance test (ACPT) and the DTCs of the Single Support Time of Non-paretic (r=.37), the Trail Making A (TMA) test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=.71), TMA test and the DTCs of the Step Length of Paretic (r=.37), TMA test and the DTCs of the Step Length Non-paretic (r=.36), the Trail Making B (TMB) test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=.70), the Stroop Word-Color test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=-.40), Visual-span Backward (V-span B) test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=-.41), V-span B test and the DTCs of the Double Support Time of Non-paretic (r=.38), Digit-span Forward test and the DTCs of the Step Time of Non-paretic (r=-.39), and Digit-span Backward test and the DTCs of the Single Support Time of Paretic (r=.36). Especially TMA test and TMB test were found to be more strongly correlated to the DTCs of gait velocity than the other correlations. Understanding these cognitive features will provide guidance for identifying dual- task walking ability.