• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.5D
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• pp.821-829
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• 2006

Traffic load comprise primary input to pavement design causing pavement damage. therefore it should be proceeded suitable traffic load distribution modeling for pavement design and analysis. Traffic load have been represented by equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) which convert mixed traffic stream into one value for design purposes. But there are some limit to apply ESALs to other roads because it is empirical value developed as part of the original AASHO(American Association of State Highway Officials) road test. There have been many efforts to solve these problems. Several leading country have implemented M-E(Mechanistic-Empirical) design procedures based on mechanical concept. As a result, they established traffic load quantification method using load distribution model known as Axle Load Spectra. This paper details Axle Load Spectra and presents axle load distribution model based on normal mixture distribution function using truck load data collected by WIM system installed in national highway. Axle load spectra and axle load distribution model presented in this paper could be useful for basic data when making traffic load quantification plan for pavement design, overweight vehicle permit plan and pavement maintenance cost plan.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2000

The objectives of the study are to know the strain distribution and modal dynamic behaviour of steel bridge girders by actual traffic load. The live load effect depends on many parameters including the span length, gross vehicle weight, axle weight, axle configuration so on. For the estimation of static and dynamic characteristic, strain data caused by moving loads and traffic characteristics of passing vehicle under actual traffic load have measured using Bridge Weigh in Motion. To confirm the reliability of BWIM system, strain data measured using the $120{\Omega}$ strain gauge under the same condition. It is considered that the data acquired from BWIM system have reliability through the analysis and comparison between stress measured by strain data from BWIM and computed by FEM. Additionally according to the measured strain data of up-line and down-line on the highway, the up-line bridge grows more faster than the down-line bridge and girder 4 and 5 carry more load when vehicles pass the inner line and girder 2 and 3 does when vehicles pass the outer line as this case(the bridge composed with 5 girders).

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.10-13
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• 2010

For applications that are grid enabled, the grid can offer a resource balancing effect by scheduling grid jobs on machines with low utilization. When jobs communicate with each other, the internet, or with storage resources, an advanced scheduler could schedule them to minimize communications traffic or minimize the distance of the communications. We propose an intelligent load distribution algorithm to minimize communications traffic and distance of the communications using genetic algorithm. The experiments show the proposed load redistribution algorithm performs efficiently in the variance of load in grid environments.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.466-471
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• 2014

An asynchronous optical packet-switching (AOPS) node with load-balancing capability can achieve better performance in reducing the high packet-loss ratio (PLR) and time delay caused by unbalanced traffic. This paper proposes a novel dynamic load-balancing algorithm for an AOPS node with limited buffer and without wavelength converters, and considering the data flow distribution and service levels. By calculating the occupancy state of the output ports, load state of the input ports, and priorities for data flow, the traffic is balanced accordingly. Simulations demonstrate that asynchronous variant data packets and output traffic can be automatically balanced according to service levels and the data flow distribution. A PLR of less than 0.01% can be achieved, as well as an average time delay of less than 0.46 ns.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.115-122
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• 2001

Bridge load rating calculations provide a basis for determining the load carrying capacity of bridges. Load rating requires engineering judgement in determining a rating value that is applicable to maintaining the safe use of the bridge and arriving at posting and permit decisions. Load testing is an effective means in calculating the rating value of bridge. In Korea, load carrying capacity of bridge is modified by response modification factor that is determined from comparisons of measured values and analysis results. This paper presents the development of a method for determining the response the modification factor, using traffic loads. The proposed method is based on the results of computer simulations of traffic action effects. The simulation program generates random traffic actions for defined traffic conditions and determines the frequency distribution of maximum traffic action effects. A comparison between the proposed method and the present method shows good agreement in estimating the modified load carrying capacity of bridges.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.121-127
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose traffic management support and evaluate the performance through simulation. We suggest traffic management routing protocol that can guarantee reliance according to not only reduction of the Network traffic congestion but also distribution of the network load that prevents data transmission. For performance evaluation, we analyzed the average data reception rate and network load, considering the node mobility. We found that in the mobile Ad Hoc networks, the traffic management service increased the average data reception rate and reduced the network traffic congestion and network load in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.43-55
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of traffic loads on retaining wall stability. There is insufficient research on lateral earth pressure on retaining wall due to traffic load. In addition, limited detailed designs of retaining wall for transportation including number of lanes of road, magnitudes of axle loads, and vehicle formations are available. Because the lateral earth pressure on the retaining wall due to traffic loads is a function of the lateral distance from retaining wall, the wall height, and the locations of lanes, the analysis of lateral load on retaining wall from traffic loads is performed with direct or indirect reflection of these factors. As a result of the analysis, lateral earth loads induced from traffics can be considered negligible if the lateral distance of traffic load from wall exceeds the height of retaining wall. Therefore, it is practically reasonable to consider traffic loads within a lateral distance between wall and traffic load of the height of retaining wall.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.77-86
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• 1993

Recently it is reported in many countries that highway bridges are seriously damaged due to increasing volume of overloaded heavy vehicles. The safety of bridges are highly related to the design load level and the characteristics of extreme load effect induced by traffic loads during its lifetime. The maximum structural load effect during lifetime may be produced by simultaneous loading of trucks with moderate weights on a bridge rather than by single loading of extremely heavy trucks. In this study, a simulation technique to estimate extreme load effect due to traffic loadings has been developed, in which important characteristics of traffic loadings, such as heavy vehicle proportion, traffic mode, vehicle weights, headway distribution. daily traffic volume, etc., should be properly considered. In addition. sensitivity analysis on those factors have been performed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.339-342
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• 2005

This paper presents the development of a method for determining the response modification factor, using traffic load. The proposed method is based on the results of computer simulations of traffic action effects. The simulation program generates random traffic actions for defined traffic conditions and determines the frequency distribution of maximum traffic action effects. Therefore, this study is adopted to long-span bridge for the verification of the proposed method. A comparison between the proposed method and present method shows good agreement in estimating the modified load carrying capacity of bridges.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1618-1637
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• 2014

Clustering wireless sensor network is an efficient way to reduce the energy consumption of individual nodes in a cluster. In clustering, multihop routing techniques increase the load of the Cluster head near the sink. This unbalanced load on the Cluster head increases its energy consumption, thereby Cluster heads die faster and create an energy hole problem. In this paper, we propose an Energy Balancing Cluster Head (EBCH) in wireless sensor network. At First, we balance the intra cluster load among the cluster heads, which results in nonuniform distribution of nodes over an unequal cluster size. The load received by the Cluster head in the cluster distributes their traffic towards direct and multihop transmission based on the load distribution ratio. Also, we balance the energy consumption among the cluster heads to design an optimum load distribution ratio. Simulation result shows that this approach guarantees to increase the network lifetime, thereby balancing cluster head energy.