• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.200-218
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• 2015

The purpose of the present study was to examine daily lives of elderly welfare recipients and their experiences with social welfare services. Researchers collected and analyzed data through individual interviews with 11 elderly welfare recipients. A major theme in the time context was "Daily lives enduring physical and mental sufferings alone and mismatches of social welfare services": 'Starting same tedious days: trading diligent work for basic living assistance', 'Forced ritual of having meals', 'Struggle with depressing night: not attentive welfare services at closing hours', 'Welfare services suspended in holidays', 'Mind and body withered by economic hardship in winter', 'Social support for enduring weary lives'. In the space context, a major themes was "Inadequate welfare services and social interaction in the context of social isolation": 'Unhygienic and unsafe living environment', 'Hiding places: spending tedious days in vacant lots', 'Community welfare centers useful only for healthy elderly', 'Differences and similarities of elderly in urban and rural areas', 'Receiving restricted medical services at hospitals', 'Hard-to-reach public institutions', 'ambivalence about living as welfare recipients'. Based on the findings, the researchers proposed implications for policy and practice to improve elderly welfare recipients' quality of life.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.1487-1490
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• 2002

최근 분산 컴퓨팅 환경은 급진적으로 광역화되고, 이질적이며, 연합형태의 광역 시스템 구조로 변화하고 있다. 이러한 환경은 네트워크상에 광범위한 서비스를 제공하는 통신 네트워크 기반에서 구현된 수많은 객체로 구성된다. 더욱, 지구상에 존재하는 모든 객체들은 이름이나 속성에 의해 중복된 특성을 갖는다. 이러한 같은 특성을 갖는 객체들은 중복 객체로 정의된다. 그러나 기존의 네이밍이나 트레이딩 메커니즘은 독립적인 위치 투명성이 결여로 중복된 객체들의 바인딩 서비스 지원이 불가능하다. 서로 다른 시스템 상에 존재하는 중복된 객체들이 동일한 서비스를 제공한다면, 각 시스템의 부하를 고려하여 클라이언트의 요청을 분산시킬 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 본 논문에서는 광역 컴퓨팅 환경에서 중복된 객체들의 위치 관리뿐만 아니라 시스템들간의 부하 균형화를 유지하기 위해서 최소부하를 갖는 시스템에 위치한 객체의 선정하여 동적 바인딩 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 새로운 모델을 설계하고 구현하였다. 이 모델은 네이밍 및 트래이딩 기능을 통합한 서비스에 의해 중복된 객체들에 대한 단일 객체 핸들을 얻는 부분과, 얻어진 객체핸들을 사용하여 위치 서비스에 의해 하나 이상의 컨택 주소를 얻는 부분으로 구성하였다. 주어진 모델로부터, 우리는 Naming/Trading 서비스와 위치 서비스에 의한 전체 바인딩 메커니즘의 처리과정을 나타내고, 통합 바인딩 서비스의 구성요소들에 대만 구조를 상세하게 기술하였다. 끝으로 우리의 모델을 구현하기 위해, 윈도우 운영체제와 Solaris 2.5/2.7에서 사용되는 CORBA 사양을 따르는 VisBroker 4.1과 자바 언어, SQL Server 2000 그리고 LSF를 이용하였다. 그리고 구현 환경과 구성요소에 대한 수행 화면을 보였다.ool)을 사용하더라도 단순 다중 쓰레드 모델보다 더 많은 수의 클라이언트를 수용할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구팀에서 수행중인 MoIM-Messge서버의 네트워크 모듈로 다중 쓰레드 소켓폴링 모델을 적용하였다.n rate compared with conventional face recognition algorithms. 아니라 실내에서도 발생하고 있었다. 정량한 8개 화합물 각각과 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 스피어만 상관계수는 벤젠을 제외하고는 모두 유의하였다. 이중 톨루엔과 크실렌은 총 휘발성 유기화합물과 좋은 상관성 (톨루엔 0.76, 크실렌, 0.87)을 나타내었다. 이 연구는 톨루엔과 크실렌이 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 좋은 지표를 사용될 있고, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 크실렌 등 많은 휘발성 유기화합물의 발생원은 실외뿐 아니라 실내에도 있음을 나타내고 있다.>10)의 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 얻었다. 결론: $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ 핵반응을 이용하여 친전자성 방사성동위원소 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 생산하였다. 표적 챔버는 알루미늄으로 제작하였으며 본 연구에서 연구된 $[^{18}F]F_2$가스는 친핵성 치환반응으로 방사성동위원소를 도입하기 어려운 다양한 방사성의 약품개발에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.었으나 움직임 보정 후 영상을 이용하여 비교한 경우, 결합능 변화가 선조체 영역에서 국한되어 나타나며 그 유의성이 움직임 보정 전에 비하여 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 뇌활성화 과제 수행시에 동반되는 피험자의 머리 움직임에 의하여 도파민 유리가 과대평가되었으며 이는 이 연구에서 제안한 영상정합을 이용한 움직임 보정기법에 의해서 개선되

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.87-106
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• 2009

This paper is intended to suggest benchmarking ascension for the Gwangyang Port as a hub for international logistics. Most countries that seek to join. and lead, the global trading system as they work to develop production and logistics systems that establish a reputation for leadership in international logistics. Our focus in this research is on the Gwangyang Port and whether Gwangyang Port is capable of carving out a competitive niche as a hub of international logistics. Our analysis is based on comparison and analysis with benchmark port developments around the world. As proposals to promote and activate Gwangyang Port as a hub for international logistics, we recommended in this paper several benchmarks. First, Gwangyang Port FTZ must strengthen the incentive system for tenant companies and providing an inducement for new global companies. Second, Gwangyang Port needs to moderation of regulation on the investment tenant companies and strengthening one-stop service. Third, it is required to stabilize labor and management relationship and securing of flexibility of labor market. Lastly, Gwangyang Port must strengthen mutual interaction of Free Economic Zone (FEZ), Customs Free Zone(CFZ) and Free trade Zone(FTZ) in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1475-1487
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• 2018

To verify remitter's identity when the remitter transfers money to a recipient using an electronic financial service provided by the financial institution, the remitter inputs the information; such as the withdrawal account number, the withdrawal amount, the password pre-registered with the financial company, or the information from authenticating medium that is previously distributed by the financial institution. However, the 1-Way transaction between the financial institution and the remitter is exposed to a great risk of accidents such as an anomaly remittance or a voice phishing fraud. Therefore, in this study, we propose a 2-WAY trade verification model for electronic financial transaction that can be mutually agreed by allowing the recipient to share the transaction information with the remitter and the financial company. We have improved the traditional electronic financial transaction's method by replacing it to 2-WAY trade method, and it is used for various purposes; such as preventing an error within the remittance or voice phishing fraud, enhancing loan transaction and contract transaction, etc. Through these variety of applications, we are expecting to reduce the inconveniences while improving the convenience of financial transaction and vitalizing the P2P transaction of financial institution.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.115-129
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• 2023

Purpose - This study empirically analyzes the consumer value of risk management associated with illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing of fishery products imported to Korea. The global regulatory paradigm for IUU fishing has shifted from production-centered to market-centered. As a result, changes in the international fisheries trade environment emphasizing "transparency" and "legality" of the production process are accelerating. Therefore, changes in the management systems of fishery products entering the country are also needed. Accordingly, this study estimated the consumer value for risk management of IUU fishing, targeting major fish species imported to Korea, and derived the feasibility of introducing related policies. Design/methodology - This study used the choice experiment as an analysis model to estimate consumers' willingness to pay for the "possibility to check for IUU fishing." The choice experiment assumes that the value of a good or service is composed of separable attributes and that the sum of the part-worth of these individual attributes becomes the total value. In this study, respondents were presented with profiles comprising three attributes (country of origin, price, and possibility of checking IUU fishing) and the levels of frozen poulp squid, the subject of the analysis. The participants were asked to select their preferred profile. The marginal willingness to pay for each attribute was derived from the results of the respondents' choices using conditional logit model estimates. Findings - There is a marked difference in utility based on the preference of the country of origin of fishery products among consumers. In addition, the utility of fishery products that have undergone IUU fishing verification was observed to be higher, with the utility marked to be higher for lower prices. Originality/value - Estimating the policy value of the risk management in IUU fishing of imported fisheries products in this study is a novel attempt that has never been conducted before. Several studies have been conducted to assess the risk of IUU fishing associated with the import of fishery products internationally. However, such studies are yet to be conducted in Korea. Instead, policies and studies have focused on issues related to complying with trading partners' legal and transparent standards for exporting fishery products. This study should be the beginning of more in-depth empirical and theoretical explorations to establish order in the domestic seafood market and respond to changes in international regulations on IUU fishing.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.68-92
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• 1995

Recentry the structure of the retail trade have been chanaed with its environmantal changes. Some studies may be necessary on the changing process of environment and fundamental structure analyses of the retail trade. This study analyzes the location of retail trades, inhabitants' behavior in retail tredes and their desirable utilization scheme of them in Kwangju-si. Some study methods, contents and coming-out results are as follows: 1. Retail trades can be classified into independent stores, chain-stores (supermarket, voluntary chain and frenchiise system and convenience store), department stores, cooperative associations, traditional, markets mail-order marketing, automatic vending and others by service levels, selling-items, prices, managements, methods of retailing and store or nonstore type. 2. In Kwangju, the environment of retail trades is related to the consumers of population structure: chanes in consumers pattern, trends toward agings and nuclear family, increase of leisur: time and female advances to society. Rapid structural shift in retail trade has also been occurred due to these social changes. Traditionl and premodern markets until 1970s altere to supermarkets or department stores in 1980s, and various types, large enterprises and foreign capitals came into being in 1990s. 3. The locational characteristics of retail trades are resulted from the spatial analysis of the total population distribution, and from the calculation of segregation index in the light of potential demand. The densely-populated areas occurs in newly-built apartment housing complex which is distributed with a ring-shaped pattern around the old urban core. The numbers and rates of the aged over sixty in Kwangsan-gu and the circumference area of Mt.Moodeung, are larger and higher where rural elements are remarkable. A relation between population distribution and retail trade are analysed by the index of population per shop. The index of the population number per shop is lower in urban center, as a whole, being more convenient for consumers. In newly-formed apartment complex areas, on the other, the index more than 1,000 per shop, meeting not the demands for consumers. Because both the younger and the aged are numerous in these areas, the retail trade pattern pertinent to both are needed. Urban fringes including Kwangsan-gu and the vicinity of Mt.Moodeung have some problems owing to the most of population number per shop (more than 1, 500) and the most extensive as well. 4. The regional characteristic of retail trade is analyzed through the location quotient of shops by locational patterns and centerality index. Chungkum-dong is the highest-order central place in CBD. It is the core of retail trades, which has higher-ordered specialty store including three big department stores, supermarkets and large stores. Taegum-dong, Chungsu-dong, Taeui-dong, and Numun-dong that are neiahbored to Chungkum-dong fall on the second group. They have a central commercial section where large chain stores, specialty shopping streets, narrow-line retailing shops (furniture, amusement service, and gallary), supermarkets and daily markets are located. The third group is formed on the axis of state roads linking to Naju-kun, Changseong-kun, Tamyang-kun, Hwasun-kun and forme-Songjeong-eup. It is related to newly, rising apartment housing complex along a trunk road, and characterized by markets and specialty stores. The fourth group has neibourhood-shopping centers including older residential area and Songjeong-eup area with independent stores and supermarkets as main retailing functions. The last group contains inner residential area and outer part of a city including Songjeong-eup. Outer part of miscellaneous shops being occasionally found is rural rather than urban (Fig. 7). 5. The residents' behaviors using retail trade are analyzed by factors of goods and facilities. Department stores are very high level in preference for higher-order shopping-goods such as clothes for full dress in view of both diversity and quality of goods(28.9%). But they have severe traffic congestions, and high competitions for market ranges caused by their sma . 64.0% of respondents make combined purpose trips together with banking and shopping. 6. For more efficiency of retail-trading, it is necessary to induce spatial distribution policy with regard to opportunity frequency of goods selection by central place, frontier regions and age groups. Also we must consider to analyze competition among different types of retail trade and analyze the consumption behaviors of working females and younger-aged groups, in aspects of time and space. Service improvement and the rationalization of management should be accomplished in such as cooperative location (situation) must be under consideration in relations to other functions such as finance, leisure & sports, and culture centers. Various service systems such as installment, credit card and peremium ticket, new used by enterprises, must also be carried service improvement. The rationalization and professionalization in for the commercial goods are bsically requested.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2011

Since a distribution market was opened in 1993 after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round (UR), various new businesses emerged in the Korean retail industry, such as convenience shops, supermarkets, specialty stores, non-store marketing methods, and cyber shopping malls, in addition to traditional markets and department stores. Competition among these retail businesses has intensified. According to the National Statistical Office (NSO), the growth rate of the total retail industry has shown a 32% increase in the past 5 years. While department stores, supermarkets, specialty stores, and other non-store retailing venues have shown signs of stagnation at a growth rate of 20-30%, which is similar to the growth rate of the entire retail industry, convenience shops and non-store marketing have shown 60-70% growth over the same period. By comparison, the growth rate of cyber shopping malls has nearly tripled. When applying development aspects of retail businesses through the competition to the retail life cycle, mom-and-pop stores and traditional markets have already entered the decline phase as specialty stores reach their maturity phase and demonstrate their limit of growth. Department stores are now in the latter part of the growth phase, which is still considered to have some growth potential. Big super markets are still in the early part of their growth stage although they were introduced 20 years ago. Meanwhile, retail businesses such as convenience stores, supermarkets, mail order houses, and warehouse stores are entering the middle growth phase and are expected to continue with their quantitative growth. At a time when most retail businesses in Korea are in a state of development or in the full growth stage, what kind of new innovative retailing will appear and develop? Moreover, what growth engine will drive it? This study analyzes the appearance of innovative retailing and its development process by establishing a discussable consumer's choice model through the interlocking mutual behavior of differentiated competitiveness and consumers' choice based on an awareness of this issue. The analysis of the results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, if a new vacuum zone emerges at the retail market level, innovative retailing such as low price/low service or high price/high service will emerge simultaneously. Second, if the number of new businesses in the vacuum zone increases, this will create competitiveness among the businesses, and each retailer will develop raising of level. Third, if a new business that raises the level develops, competition between the new and the existing retailer will occur, and an assimilation process between the existing retailing and the new retailing will be unfolded. Fourth, each retailing will promote distribution innovations in order to break the frontier of the existing distribution technology, and other retailing will follow the innovator. On the basis of an analysis of the abovementioned results, this study presents the following three suggestions. First, responding to the consumer's decision-making process on the attributes of retail shops that promote differentiation in strategies, this study established a consumer's choice model that can be discussed in relation to changes in market share. Second, this study provided an analysis of the emerging and developmental processes of innovative retail businesses using a more precise logical structure on the basis of the consumer's choice model described in this study. Third, the development process of retail businesses discussed in this study presented retailing solutions regarding management aspects on how to compose a strong retail mix that can help retail businesses gain competitive advantages in the market.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 2017

For more efficient and proactive safety control of imported food, new trend in U.S. is emerging, which assesses the food safety control systems of exporting countries using Systems Recognition Assessment Tool and helps ensure safety of imported foods. This study examines trends in development and application of assessmemnt tool and country assessment reports in U.S. where an active discussion on this issue is in progress. The expert interviews were also conducted. U.S. Systems Recognition Assessment Tool was developed by FDA to recognize the potential value in leveraging the expertise of foreign food safety systems and help ensure safety of imported food. The tool is comprised of ten standards and provides an objective framework for determining the robustness of trading partners' overall food safety systems. Using its own tool, the U.S. FDA conducted a preliminary assessment of the food safety control systems of New Zealand and Canada. According to the U.S.-New Zealand and the U.S.-Canada assessment reports, the overall structure of the systems was similar between the countries. In summarizing the opinions of experts, such a trend in National Food Safety Control System Assessment may be utilized in the sanitary assessment and the control of imported food border inspection frequency before importing food. It would contribute to more effective distribution of national budget and increased public trust. Additionally, international collaboration as well as securing of qualified experts and sufficient budget appear to be crucial to further increase the utility of National Food Safety Control Systems Assessment. In conclusion, firstly, it is critically important for the competent authority of South Korea to proactively respond to international trend in National Food Safety Control System Assessment by identifying the details of its background, assessment purpose, core assessment elements, and assessment procedures. Secondly, it is necessary to identify and complement the weaknesses of Korea's food safety control system by reviewing it with U.S. Systems Recognition Assessment Tool. Thirdly, by adapting the assessment results from imported countries' food safety control systems to the imported food inspection intensity, the resources previously used in inspecting the imported food from accredited countries can be redistributed to inspecting the imported food from unaccredited countries, and it would contribute to more efficient imported food safety control. Fourthly, the competent authority of South Korea should also consider developing its own assessment tool designed to reflect the unique characteristics of its food safety control system and international guidelines.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

The change in the management environment of the logistics industry in the era of global competition is becoming an era in which customers choose companies. Differentiation from competitors through the provision of products and services suitable for customers As customers' choices change depending on their superiority, companies are constantly striving to receive or retain customers' choices. Ultimately, this competitive structure can be seen as the importance of long-term relationship building. Therefore, in this study, we examined how factors related to transaction characteristics performed by logistics companies for customer satisfaction in the transaction relationship between cargo companies and shippers affect performance and long-term transaction intentions. First, we derived the factors of logistics service, cost, logistics infrastructure, and company competency, which are transaction characteristics factors of a logistics company that must be specifically realized for customer satisfaction in transactions between logistics companies. Second, we analyzed how the transaction characteristics factors of a logistics company affect the company's performance, and finally, how the company's performance factors affect long-term transaction intentions. As a result of empirical analysis, there were no statistically significant results on the relationship between transaction characteristics and performance of logistics companies, which can be attributed to the small size of the logistics companies that were the sample. In other words, logistics companies that do not have sufficient capacity to provide services at low prices have no choice but to engage in constant bleeding competition. It can be seen that it reflects the characteristics of the industry. On the other hand, the relationship between corporate performance factors and long-term transaction intention was found to have a positive relationship. The higher the level of partnership with logistics companies and visible financial performance is, the higher the transaction will be in the future, and the more the transaction volume will be gradually increased. And even if it costs a little more, it can be seen that the intention to continue trading is greatly expressed.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.29-64
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• 2011

Overview of Research: Product availability is one of important competences of store to fulfill consumer needs. If stock-outs which means a product what consumer wants to buy is not available occurs, consumer will face decision-making uncertainty that leads to consumer's negative responses such as consumer dissatisfaction on store. Stockouts was much studied in the field of academia as well as practice in other countries. However, stock-outs has not been researched at all in Marketing and/or Distribution area in Korea. The main objectives of this study are to find out determinants of consumer responses such as Substitute, Delay, and Leave(SDL) when consumer encounters out-of-stock situation and then to examine the effects of these factors on consumer responses. Specifically, this study focuses on situational characteristics(e.g., purchase urgency and surprise), store characteristics (e.g., product assortment and store convenience), and consumer characteristics (e.g., brand loyalty and store loyalty). Then, this study empirically investigates relationships these factors with consumers behaviors such as product substitution, purchase delay, and store switching.