• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.205-218
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• 2000

Hull forms of Jiao Yi Ship for shipping and foreign trade in Silla and Tang Dynasty were transformed and developed in accordance to their voyage and rational routes. The trade ship was a sea ship, used by Chang Po Go's, the Silla great sea merchant ship, in the marine trade with China during the 8th and 9th century. It is not easy to presume the hull type and trade formal of Chang Po Go's Jiao Yi Ship of the 8th and 9th Century. Studying on the ship type of the trade ship is the urgent problem to be solved, in the sphere of leaning about the history of communication between China and Korea. The authors take the initial prove into this subjects, by researching Chang Po Go's marine activities, and point out that the trade ship's original type should be the Sha Ship which was the sea ship sailing th sea in northern China, in the Tang Dynasty. This study aims to present materials concerning hull forms of Chang Po Go's Jian Yi Ship by analysing ancient voyage history, foreign trade history, and ship history of Silla, Tang and Japan during the 8th and 9th century.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.21-56
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• 2021

Though known for its connections with maritime trade at varying degrees before the rise of the Manchus and their Qing Empire, Newchwang as a fortress did not become a populous urban settlement in the nineteenth century when the Euro-American observers arrived. Through examining the history of this trade-related locale in the Qing Empire, this article explores the broader historical context, especially the Eight Banners System of the Manchus, which prevented Newchwang from developing into a port-city, and the implications behind.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.275-288
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• 2004

The rising of east-north economic bloc is notable in world economy due to the rapidly growth of china economy. The China's economic standing is gradually higher and higher because the joining of the WTO at 2001, development of the exterior open-door policy and the expansion of the trade between chain and several nations. Since Korea and China normalized diplomatic ties in 1992, the two have made remarkable progress in bilateral relations in the fields of economy and diplomacy in particular. The amount of Korea's trade with China has increased by over 20% a year on the average because of the development of the economic cooperation of Korea and China. That is to say, China was sixth trade partner by the end of 1993, based on the amount of trade. But China became third partner at 1993, second partner at 2003 and first partner at the first half of 2004, based on the amount of trade. Korea can not trade with China from the Korea's port opening period to Cold War period after second world war. But historically, the two countries have shared a active and long history of trade relations from the ancient times up to now. This is because two countries get near geographically and two countries have a implication of history and culture. Not only had Korea trade with China at prehistoric age, but also at BC 7. We knew that Korea had traded with China very actively at ancient times through the Paekje(Korea's ancient country) people's village at Santung province and Changbogo's trade works. Korea-china trade relation has played an important role for the development of world economy. Therefor, based on reviewing the korea-china trade, I study the historical meaning of the trade at the region of east-north asia.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2018

Understanding the purpose and results of a Korean Envoy's medical bureaucrat (attendant) travel to China. Unlike other Envoy's medical bureaucrats, envoy's trade made profits for those who participated. This article investigates the protocols of a Korean Envoy's medical attendant which include: (1) A prominent family member or high-ranking official does not participate in the Envoy's medical bureaucrat, either himself or his descendants. This denies the general theory that the medicinal material trade helped the economic status of medical officials. (2) Envoy's medical bureaucrat is a high percentage of interpreter bureaucrat in the households of father, mother, and wife. This suggests that the information about the envoy schedule and the benefit of the envoy may have been exposed in advance. This is related to the fact that the interpreter bureaucrat is the center of the envoy trade. (3) In the nineteenth century, envoy's medical bureaucrats were more frequent among close relatives, such as father-son relationship, than in the previous century. This study restored the lineage and purpose to the medical bureaucrat's travel to China, and provides a list of Envoy's medical bureaucrat through historical data, and analyzed the household and previous office. In this regard, it can be seen that some households, which are not dominant medical bureaucracies, have pursued profit through medicinal material trade. However, it is difficult to generalize to the whole of the medical bureaucracy.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.217-227
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• 1994

The Korean clothing industry according to historical documents has a long and deep history. We can deduce the fact that cloth in material was self reliant during the pre-historic period. Although we can not find evidence of clothing material trade from the Three Kingdom era we find active trade with Kang, Jin of China and Japan followed by the spread of Korean clothing material manufacturing skills to Japan. Meanwhile the actual progress of the clothing industry came with the manufacture of cotton stuff in the Koryo era and the official and unofficial trade which brought import and export activity to Korea. Also the manufacture of clothing material by women labor although backward as it may be can be seen as stroug evidence that women labor continuously kept up the development of Korean industry. After the Koryo dynasty trade in clothing material and other clothing items contined with other nations. In conclusion we must not think that the Korean clothing industry started active development from the Chosun dynasty. It is important that we realize this fact and looking at the continuous progress of the Korean clothing industry through historical documents from early history to the Chosun era we rightly evaluate history and be proud of this legacy and also reevaluate the wrong views held before.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2012

Objectives: Hazard identification is the most important step in occupational health monitoring at the workplace. This paper reviewed the several related stuffs to the hazard identification in the semiconductor industry. Methods: I checked the MSDS system, chemical toxic informations, trade secrets and by-products by experience and the literature used in semiconductor industry. Results: I found and experienced as follows; (1) There are a few inventory and history of chemicals used in workplace. Toxic information of chemicals to be available is very limited. (2) There are many trade secrets in MSDS for chemical mixtures. It is difficult to identify the accurate information from MSDS. (3) By-products is necessary to identify that they will produce in workplace. Conclusions: It is necessary to regulate the obligations of employers which check the inventory and history of chemicals used in workplace. It is necessary to amend the trade secrets in MSDS system.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.75
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• pp.117-136
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• 2017

Trade finance services have been played an important role in the Korea trade development history since 1960's. These days the trade environment is confronted by the 4th Industrial revolution and new trade protectionism. So we need to improve the Korea Trade Finance Services in order to improve Korea trade volume. Bank of Korea(BOK) also revised the Rule of Korea Trade Finance in 2014 and enlarged the trade fund for commercial banks where they handle the trade finance to small and medium enterprises(SME) in 2016. This article handle the current state and problems of Korea trade finance services and suggest the improvement measures as follows; First, the commercial banks, which handle trade finance fund, should improve the customs and practice of judge loan for SMEs. Second, the export volume counting rule for trade loan should harmonize between BOK's Rule and Foreign Trade Management Regulation under the Foreign Trade Act. Third, the processing trade and intermediate trade also can use the trade finance like other trade. Fourth, Trade finance should be in balance between export and import finance to defend the new protectionism. It means that the trade finance should expand to import in the certain conditions. Lastly, the related trade promotion agencies and their employees should improve their skills and abilities for handling trade finance.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.117-149
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• 2013

The purpose of this essay is threefold. First, to highlight research of Seonmin KIM, whose 2006 Ph.D. dissertation elucidates complex relationships among Ming China, Choson Korea, Tokugawa Japan, and mountainous ginseng-producing "borderlands" between Korea and China; her story concludes with the remarkable rise of a borderlands power that overthrew Ming China, there-by establishing dominance that lasted into the $20^{th}$ century - the Qing Dynasty. A second purpose is to showcase application of a non-standard-model - the Hydraulic Metaphor - that elucidates economic components of Professor KIM's history via visual and intuitive mechanisms designed to be understandable for non-specialists. Last, an outline of East Asian history is placed within context of centuries of monetary evolution that eventually yielded the late-$16^{th}$-century birth of globalization.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-64
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• 2017

During the seventeenth century, Amsterdam experienced unprecedented growth and affluence, and the city developed into the world's staple market playing an indispensable role in Silk Road trade. This era, which coincides with post-reformation Dutch society, also allowed artists to produce art works depicting objects from everyday life, moving away from the earlier religious subject matter. This paper intends to look into seventeenth century Dutch paintings from their social setting, especially focusing on the influence of the Silk Road in the art making process. The paper also looks into the Chinese side of Silk Road interaction and discusses how Chinese porcelain reflects cultural influence from the Dutch. The paper incorporates Silk Road as a methodology to discuss art works departing from earlier practices in art history. This approach allows us to understand art as a product of multi-disciplinary, multi-cultural experience. The methodology invites more discussion on numerous art forms which emerged along the Silk Road trading route to expand and explore the history of East-West cultural exchange.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.25-69
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• 2019

India has occupied the most important position of sea trade in the entire South Asian region since the beginning of maritime trade. The extensive maritime trade network between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the $3^{rd}$ millennium BCE is testimony to the long maritime trade history of India. The Harappans constructed many seaports including the first high-tide dockyard in the world for berthing and servicing ships at the port town of Lothal, Gujarat. From the dawn of the historical epoch, the maritime trade network of India expanded extensively. The long 5422.6 kms coastline of the Indian mainland (excluding the coastlines of the Andaman and Nicobar islands and the Lakshwadweep Islands) is well known for its several seaports manly located at river mouths or outlets to the sea. The main objective of this paper is to discuss in detail all the major ancient seaports on the eastern coast of India and their maritime trade activities. The narrative of these ports is based on archaeological explorations and excavations, foreigners' accounts, Indian literary sources, inscriptions, archival materials, and the field study and personal observation of the author.